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Prefabricated Bridge Elements and Systems Innovative Projects

By Elements and Systems: Total Bridge

Baldorioty de Castro Avenue Overpasses

LocationSan Juan
StatePR
Completion Date1992
DescriptionTo ease congestion on a road that carries more than 100,000 vehicles per day, the Department of Public Works provided two overpasses at each of two intersections: two 700-foot-long overpasses and two 900-foot-long ones. To minimize traffic disruption, the project was built in two stages. Piles were driven and footings cast with special forms to facilitate fast connections. Then the precast components were erected and post-tensioned: box piers positioned and post-tensioned to the footings, caps placed, and piers vertically post-tensioned. When the first two piers were in place (starting from the center of the bridge), the 100-foot-long superstructure box beams, seven per span, were set in place. Using two crews, the overpass then was erected simultaneously from the center span toward each end. Each span then was post-tensioned transversely as it was completed. The first bridge was erected in 36 hours, and the others took as little as 21 hours. The project awarded a Harry H. Edwards Industry Advancement Award.
PhotoBaldority de Castro Avenue Overpasses. Click image for larger view
Prefabricated Elementstotal
Other KeywordsPrecast bent caps; precast prestressed deck composite units; precast box piers,precast box piers,prefabricated total superstructure,total superstructure prefabrication,totally prefabricated bridges
AdvantagesMinimized traffic disruption with rapid bridge construction.
Photo CreditsDepartamento de Transportación y Obras Públicas de Puerto Rico

Beaufort and Morehead Railroad Trestle Bridge

LocationOver Newport River between Morehead City and Radio Island
StateNC
Completion Date1999
Contact PersonJohn Frye P.E.
Project Group Engineer
Structure Design Unit
North Carolina Department of Transportation
Phone: (919) 250-4049
Email: jfrye@dot.state.nc.us
DescriptionA design-build project consisting of ballasted, precast prestressed T-girders spanning transverse, precast reinforced concrete caps, supported on composite piles (24-inch steel pie piles protected by 36-inch concrete cylinder pile sleeves), this project replaced 2,298 feet of trestle-span approaches on existing alignment on each side of a single-leaf rolling bascule span. Trestle spans were replaced during weekly track outages of 4-day duration. The bridge was designed and constructed to AREMA standards and to meet NCDOT's highly-corrosive coastal environment criteria. All environmental documentation and permits, design, construction, and construction engineering and inspection were done by the design-build team.
PhotoBeaufort and Morehead Railroad Trestle Bridge. Click on image for larger view
Prefabricated Elementstotal
Other KeywordsSteel pipe piles, concrete cylinder piles, prestressed girders,precast prestressed cylinder piles,prestressed 'tee' girders,speed of construction
AdvantagesSpeed of construction: The trestle was replaced while serving rail traffic, with individual spans replaced between scheduled trains, Minimized traffic disruption, Improved constructibility.
Contract ElementsLump-sum design-build project
Related Document 1Photographs (PDF, 0.7 mb)
HTML Version
Photo CreditsNorth Carolina Department of Transportation

Cross Westchester Expressway Viaducts

LocationI-287 in Westchester County 10 miles north of New York City
StateNY
Completion Date1999
Contact PersonGeorge A. Christian P.E.
Acting Director
Structures Design and Construction Division
New York State Department of Transportation
State Campus Building 5, 6th Floor
1220 Washington Avenue
Albany NY 12232
Phone: (518) 457-6827
Fax: (518) 485-7826
Email: Gchristian@gw.dot.state.ny.us
DescriptionRequired to maintain six lanes of congested traffic and limit construction on a restricted site during replacement of two major I-287 viaducts in Westchester County, the New York State Department of Transportation accepted the contractor's value-engineering proposal to incorporate precast segmental voided pier sections for each of the 42 piers, which consisted of 8-foot match-cast segments vertically post-tensioned together and to the footings. Piers ranged from 20 to 55 feet in height, and a typical pier could be erected in one day. The proposal also changed the cast-in-place deck to 10-foot-long by 9-inch-thick precast panels, 42 to 50 feet wide to match longitudinal construction stages, supported on pairs of multi-span continuous steel tub girders. Up to 15 panels could be erected in a single shift, with 'in-line' erection methods used where side access was not available. Prior to grouting the panels to the girders, the entire deck was post-tensioned longitudinally in a variable pattern that was designed to provide a zero-tension deck under design live loads. The precast deck and pier construction reduced the contract's original 34-month schedule to 26 months.
PhotoPhoto of Cross Westchester Expressway Viaduct. Click image for larger view
Prefabricated Elementstotal
Other KeywordsPrecast segmental match-cast pier units; precast longitudinally post-tensioned deck panels; steel tub girders,full-depth deck panels,precast box piers,totally prefabricated bridges
AdvantagesMinimized traffic disruption by reducing construction time from 34 to 26 months. Improved constructibility by reducing needed access to a site-restricted expressway.
Contract Elements"A+B" bidding and incentive/disincentive provisions.
Photo CreditsNew York State Department of Transportation

Epping 13940

LocationMill Street over Lamprey River
StateNH
Completion DateAugust 24, 2004
Contact PersonPeter E. Stamnas, P.E.
New Hampshire Department of Transportation
Phone: (603) 271-2731
Email: pstamnas@dot.state.nh.us
Description

The 115' single span butted box precast elements were placed on an entirely precast substructure. Nine precast footings pieces were leveled using leveling screws and then grouted in place. Full moment connections were created between wing and abutment stems to precast footings by means of grouted splice sleeves. The connections were cured overnight, , the substructure was backfilled and the butted box beams were placed. The joints between beams were grouted and transversely post-tensioned. Finally, the deck surface was membraned and paved, and rail was placed. It took less than eight days from the time the first precast footing was lifted from the trailer to the time when the bridge was opened to traffic.

The contract included a 14 day requirement to open bridge to traffic with an incentive/disincentive of $5,000/day. The contractor received a $30,000 incentive bonus.

Photoprecast footings, in place. Click for larger version precast abutment stem and wings erected. Click for larger version precast butted box beams placed on precast abutment stem during erection. Click for larger version completed structure. Click for larger version Offset joints - stem and footing. Click for larger version Grouted splice sleeves and grout gaps to allow grout to flow. Click for larger version
Prefabricated Elementstotal
Other KeywordsPrecast prestressed box beams, speed of construction,total substructure prefabrication
AdvantagesRapid assembly time may preclude the need for a detour., traffic disruption

Kouwegok Slough Bridge

LocationUnalakleet
StateAK
Completion Date2000
Contact PersonElmer Marx, P.E.;
Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities,
(907) 465-6941
DescriptionThis is one bridge 378 ft. long and 25 ft. wide with 3 spans (25-ft center span and 114-ft end spans). Located in Unalakleet on Norton Sound in Alaska, this bridge is typical in style of bridges built in remote location within the state. Its substructure consists of pipe pile extensions that support a precast concrete pile cap beam, and its superstructure consists of rolled wide flange beams that support prefabricated full-depth concrete deck panels. Materials had to be delivered by a barge that could not operate until after July 1st because Norton Sound was frozen. The new bridge was open to traffic in August 2000, 55 days after materials were unloaded from the barge. Prefabrication for this bridge included precast concrete pile cap beams and full-depth deck panels.
PhotoDeck panels for the Kouwegok Slough Bridge. Click for larger version of image
Prefabricated Elementstotal
Other Keywordstotally prefabricated bridges
AdvantagesConstructibility
Photo CreditsAlaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities

Linn Cove Viaduct

LocationGrandfather Mountain on the Blue Ridge Parkway, milepost 304.6
StateNC
Completion Date1983
Contact PersonGary S. Jakovich
Federal Highway Administration
Phone: (703) 404-6236
Email: gary.jakovich@fhwa.dot.gov
DescriptionThe Linn Cove Viaduct is 1,243 feet long and contains 153 superstructure segments, each weighing 50 tons, along with 40 substructure segments weighing up to 45 tons. The road is at an elevation of 4,100 feet and was designed as an S-shape to wind around the scenic mountains. To avoid placement of heavy equipment in a sensitive environment, the bridge was built in one direction from the south abutment to the north almost entirely from the top down. The only exceptions to the top down method were construction of the initial span on falsework and construction of a temporary timber bridge that enabled the micropile foundation drilling machine to prepare several of the foundation sites ahead of the superstructure erection.
PhotoLinn Cove Viaduct. Click on image for larger view
Prefabricated Elementstotal
Other KeywordsElevated roadway,speed of construction
AdvantagesMinimized environmental disruption. Precasting each segment of the bridge allowed construction workers to assemble the bridge with little impact to the most environmentally sensitive section of Grandfather Mountain. This bridge also proved that a design could be environmentally sensitive in addition to being utilitarian and economical.
Related Document 1Linn Cove Viaduct Details: Plan and Elevation, Sub-footing and Footing Layout, Temporary Support, Typical Segment, Construction Notes (PDF, 3.2 mb)
HTML Version:
Photo CreditsHugh Morton of Eugene Figg, Jr.

NASA Road 1 over I-45

LocationHouston
StateTX
Completion Date2002
Contact PersonJohn P. Vogel P.E.
Bridge Design Engineer
Houston District
Texas Department of Transportation
8100 Washington Avenue
Houston TX 77251-1386
Phone: (713) 802-5235
Fax: (713) 802-5350
Email: jvogel1@dot.state.tx.us
DescriptionFor replacement of this four-span, two-lane, freeway overpass, the existing profile grade could not be raised. Designers chose box beams, which provided a shallow structure depth and eliminated most deck formwork. Careful control of pile leads for plumb during 24-inch pile driving in soft clay allowed placement of piles without templates to within 2 inches of plan location. High-performance concrete was used to pour shear keys between the beams and the concrete wearing surface, and use of a concrete wearing surface readily accounted for differential beam camber. Bridge railing was slip-formed as soon as the composite concrete wearing surface achieved strength. All construction occurred during short-duration, partial, phased road closures. The existing low-clearance bridge was demolished and the new bridge completed in 10 days.
PhotoPhoto of NASA Road 1 over I-45
Prefabricated Elementstotal
Other KeywordsPrecast piles/columns; precast prestressed beams,precast concrete piles/columns,precast prestressed box beams
AdvantagesMinimized traffic disruption: Trestle piles could be driven in the soft Houston clay faster than shafts could be drilled and columns poured.
Contract ElementsCalendar-day definition of working day, incentive/disincentive contract, milestone completion of project phases, delayed start time to allow for fabrication of precast elements.
Related Document 1NASA Road 1 over I-45 Bridge Layout (PDF, 0.3 mb)
HTML Version
Related Document 2Keys to Project Success
Related Document 3High-Performance Mix Designs
Photo CreditsTexas Department of Transportation

Pelican Creek Bridge

LocationChichagof Island
StateAK
Completion Date1992
Contact PersonMike Higgs, P.E.,
Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities,
(907) 465-8896
Description

This bridge has precast decked double-tee girders with precast caps and steel piles. It is one bridge 178 ft. long and 18 ft. wide with 3 spans.

A small fishing community on Chicagof Island in southeast Alaska needed a new bridge quickly after buying a fire truck that was too heavy for their old timber bridge. Construction requirements included staying out of the sensitive creek bed and completing work within a short time defined by the Department of Fish and Game. The Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities chose a totally prefabricated bridge with all material, including rock for the approach fill, barged to the work site. The contractor floated in barges at high tide and anchored them in the creek. Crews drove steel piles from barges, drove a large wheeled crane onto the barges, and then used the crane to install first caps and then decked double-tee girders, post-tensioning the diaphragms. No heavy equipment was lodged in the creek bed. All construction completed in approximately 5 weeks in 1992.

Alaska DOT regularly uses decked bulb-tee girder bridges consisting of precast, prestressed girders cast with an integral deck to form a "T" shaped beam. The maximum span length is 145 ft. The superstructures are often installed in 1-2 days for a typical highway bridge. Prefabrication provided ADOT with a new bridge with a longer service life and lower maintenance costs, and it facilitated safe construction in a sensitive environment. Total prefabrication improved constructibility for Trucano Construction crews and reduced labor costs. Residents of the island got a new bridge quickly constructed and strong enough to support their civic vehicles.

PhotoOld and new Pelican Creek Bridge on Chicagof Island, Alaska. Click for larger version of image Substructure of new Pelican Creek Bridge on Chicagof Island, Alaska. Click for larger version of image New Pelican Creek Bridge on Chicagof Island, Alaska. Click for larger version of image Construction of new Pelican Creek Bridge on Chicagof Island, Alaska. Click for larger version of image Construction of new Pelican Creek Bridge on Chicagof Island, Alaska. Click for larger version of image
Prefabricated Elementstotal
Other Keywordstotally prefabricated bridges
AdvantagesMinimized environmental disruption, constructibility
Contract ElementsSuperstructure Detail Sheet
Photo CreditsAlaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities

Reedy Creek Bridge

LocationMain entrance to Walt Disney World's Animal Kingdom theme park in Orlando, FL
StateFL
Completion Date1997
Contact PersonJames S. Guarre P.E.
Phone: (206) 431-2300
Email: guarre@abam.com
DescriptionThe bridge over Reedy Creek in Osceola Parkway serves as the main entrance to Walt Disney World's Animal Kingdom. Owned by a private entity, it was designed to Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) standards and bid as a conventional contract. The winning contractor and engineer reworked the initial design using precast concrete components on the same alignment. Design constraints included the following: the bridge had to be a low-profile structure certifiable by FDOT; it had to be constructed entirely from the top with no impact to the creek bed below; design and construction had to yield a low-maintenance structure; and certain utility lines had to be carried at the center of the alignment between the two bridges. The 1,000-ft. long bridge consisted of five structures, each 200 ft. long with expansion joints at ends and at abutments. The eastbound and westbound bridges were separated by 14 ft, which carried the utility lines on suspended steel framing. Each 200-ft. structure had five 40-ft. spans designed as a continuous structure. Precast components included pile caps and deck panels. All the pile caps were of the same cross section, made in different lengths as needed, and simply reinforced and set on a slope to provide the transverse grade. Most of the deck panels were haunched panels--thicker at the ends. The haunched panels were prestressed with strands designed to provide eccentricity in the middle region while coming close to the neutral axis at the ends. Remaining panels were prismatic, with some of them having width varying from one end to the other, and all were simply reinforced. The shallow precast pile caps supporting the precast deck panels resulted in a total depth just under 5 ft. with the deck itself only 2 ft. 5 in. deep. Except for touch-up painting of the steel piles, all work was completed from the top with no activity on the creek bed below.
PhotoReedy Creek Bridge
Prefabricated Elementstotal
AdvantagesMinimized environmental impact, minimized environmental disruption
Photo CreditsBERGER/ABAM Engineers, Inc.

Richmond-San Rafael Bridge

LocationOn I-580 between Richmond and San Rafael
StateCA
Completion Date2004
Contact PersonInyang, P.E.,
California Department of Transportation,
(510) 231-7828
Description

This precast superstructure system with precast caps hells and piles includes 2 bridges 3,624 ft. and 2,843 ft. long and 44 ft. wide.

These 1956 bridges connect Marin and Contra Costa Counties in California. When heavy traffic and exposure to the marine environment necessitated replacement of the existing structures on the same alignments, the California Department of Transportation selected prefabrication. Allowing two lanes of traffic on both structures at all times during the day, the construction sequence closes one structure for 10 hours maximum at night. Crews install new piles outside the travel lanes of the existing bridge, install new precast prestressed bent cap shells on the piles, and pour concrete and then prestress the caps. Then crews start from the abutment using a barge-mounted crane to sequentially replace the superstructure. Two spans totaling 100 ft of existing superstructure are lifted out, and a new span is installed. Crews then install a 25-ft transition span to close the offset between new and old bents, and by morning traffic is running again. After installing four new spans, crews stress them together to make a 400-ft. continuous unit. Work on the westbound bridge will complete in Fall 2004, and work on the eastbound bridge will complete in Spring 2005.

This project uses 500-ton 100-ft precast superstructure system, precast prestressed cap shells, and piles. The use of prefabrication provided the California Department of Transportation with a new bridge that meets seismic codes with minimal traffic disruption. By fabricating off site, Tutor Saliba/Koch/Tidewater JV was better able to control quality and safety. Prefabrication enables users to access the bridge constantly, with limited disruption only at night.

PhotoInstallation of deck panels on the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge in California Photo Credit: California Department of Transportation Click for larger version of image
Prefabricated Elementstotal
Other Keywordstotally prefabricated bridges
AdvantagesMinimized traffic disruption, constructibility
Photo CreditsCalifornia Department of Transportation

Route 9/Metro North Pedestrian Bridge

LocationCroton-on-the-Hudson
StateNY
Completion Date1998
Contact PersonGeorge A. Christian P.E.
Acting Director
Structures Design and Construction Division
New York State Department of Transportation
State Campus Building 5, 6th Floor
1220 Washington Avenue
Albany NY 12232
Phone: (518) 457-6827
Fax: (518) 485-7826
Email: Gchristian@gw.dot.state.ny.us
DescriptionBuilding a pedestrian bridge in the village of Croton-on-the-Hudson involved site restrictions, a requirement for aesthetic design, and the need to limit disruption on a heavily traveled highway and a major commuter railroad. NYSDOT chose two commercial prefabricated composite superstructure spans with concrete parapets to bridge the 4-lane highway, service road, and five sets of railroad tracks. Twelve-inch diameter precast piles support 3-section piers made of precast boxes stacked vertically and post-tensioned to a cast-in-place concrete footing. Ramps are 35-foot-long precast concrete units and 20-foot precast stair sections, supported directly on precast columns with cast-in-place seats. Precast concrete's many available architectural treatments enabled meeting project aesthetic goals.
PhotoRoute 9/Metro North Pedestrian Bridge
Prefabricated Elementstotal
Other KeywordsPrecast prestressed concrete/steel superstructure units; precast box pier units; precast prestressed cylinder piles; precast ramp sections; precast stair sections; precast crash walls;concrete cylinder pile,precast box piers,precast prestressed deck composite units,prefabricated total superstructure,total superstructure prefabrication,totally prefabricated bridges
AdvantagesImproved constructibility and minimized disruption of traffic by reducing the staging area required and reducing construction time, Minimized traffic disruption.
Photo CreditsNew York State Department of Transportation

SH 66 over Mitchell Gulch

LocationSH 66 over Mitchell Gulch between Franktown and Castle Rock
StateCO
Completion Date2002
Contact PersonWes Goff P.E.
Phone: (303) 757-9116
Email: wes.goff@dot.state.co.us
DescriptionOriginally designed as 3 box culverts, the Colorado Department of Transportation accepted a value-engineering proposal for this replacement bridge to minimize traffic impact. The alternate structure has a single span with side-by-side precast slab girders welded onto precast abutments and wings welded to driven-steel H piles. Piles were driven in advance outside the existing bridge. Railing was precast into the outside girders. Except for the steel H-pile supports, the entire bridge substructure was composed of precast concrete elements. Each abutment consisted of a lower and upper backwall unit. Each of the four wingwalls for the bridge was a separate precast piece. The precast substructure units were attached in the field by welding together embedded plates precast into the elements. The bridge superstructure consisted of eight precast deck girder units each 5'-4" wide, 1'-6" deep, and 38'-4" long. The deck girders were placed on the completed abutments and then transversely post-tensioned and grouted together. The outside deck girders were constructed with integrated bridge railing to avoid the need for a separate railing installation operation in the field. Construction detours as a result of this project were reduced by the value-engineering proposal from an estimated two-to-three months to less than 48 hours.
PhotoPhoto of SH 66 over Mitchell Gulch. Click image for larger view
Prefabricated Elementstotal
Other KeywordsPrecast railing, precast retaining walls,totally prefabricated bridges
AdvantagesMinimized traffic impact, improved work-zone safety by reducing work-zone time from several months to a weekend.
Related Document 1Construction Photos (PDF, 0.4 mb)
HTML Version
Photo CreditsColorado Department of Transportation
PDF files can be viewed with the Acrobat® Reader®
Updated: 08/23/2011

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