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TABLE OF CONTENTS

  1. Organization of the Report
  2. Executive Summary
  3. Chapter 1. NATIONAL SUMMARY
    1. Population
    2. Workers
    3. Households
    4. Diversity Across the Nation
    5. Foreign-Born Residents
    6. Vehicle Availability
    7. Zero-Vehicle Households
    8. Commuting Trends for the Nation and States
    9. Work at Home
    10. Travel Time
  4. Chapter 2. METRO AREA TRENDS
    1. Population Characteritics
    2. Worker Characteristics
  5. Chapter 3. TRAVEL TIME AND DEPARTURE TIME
    1. Travel Time
    2. Departure Time
  6. Chapter 4. MEANS OF TRAVEL TO WORK
    1. Driving Alone and Carpooling
    2. Transit
  7. Chapter 5. VEHICLE AVAILABILITY
    1. Large MSAs vs Rest of Country
    2. Vehicle Growth vs Population Growth
  8. Chapter 6. PLACE OF WORK AND COMMUTING FLOWS
    1. Overall Trends
    2. Case Studies
    3. Atlanta
    4. Chicago
    5. Portland
    6. Minneapolis
    7. Denver
  9. Chapter 7. BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR DATA USED IN THIS REPORT
  10. JOURNEY TO WORK PROFILES
    1. National Summary Statistics
    2. Atlanta, GA MSA
    3. Austin--San Marcos, TX MSA
    4. Boston--Worcester--Lawrence, MA--NH--ME--CT CMSA
    5. Buffalo--Niagara Falls, NY MSA
    6. Charlotte--Gastonia --Rock Hill, NC--SC MSA
    7. Chicago--Gary--Kenosha, IL--IN--WI CMSA
    8. Cincinnati--Hamilton, OH--KY--IN CMSA
    9. Cleveland--Akron, OH CMSA
    10. Columbus, OH MSA
    11. Dallas--Fort Worth, TX CMSA
    12. Denver--Boulder--Greeley, CO CMSA
    13. Detroit --Ann Arbor--Flint, MI CMSA
    14. Grand Rapids--Muskegon--Holland, MI MSA
    15. Greensboro--Winston-Salem--High Point, NC MSA
    16. Hartford, CT MSA
    17. Houston--Galveston--Brazoria, TX CMSA
    18. Indianapolis, IN MSA
    19. Jacksonville, FL MSA
    20. Kansas City, MO--KS MSA
    21. Las Vegas, NV--AZ MSA
    22. Los Angeles--Riverside--Orange County, CA CMSA
    23. Louisville, KY--IN MSA
    24. Memphis, TN--AR--MS MSA
    25. Miami--Fort Lauderdale, FL CMSA
    26. Milwaukee--Racine, WI CMSA
    27. Minneapolis--St. Paul, MN--WI MSA
    28. Nashville, TN MSA
    29. New Orleans, LA MSA
    30. New York--Northern New Jersey--Long Island, NY--NJ--CT--PA CMSA
    31. Norfolk--Virginia Beach--Newport News, VA--NC MSA
    32. Oklahoma City, OK MSA
    33. Orlando, FL MSA
    34. Philadelphia --Wilmington--Atlantic City, PA--NJ--DE--MD CMSA
    35. Phoenix--Mesa, AZ MSA
    36. Pittsburgh, PA MSA
    37. Portland--Salem, OR--WA CMSA
    38. Providence--Fall River--Warwick, RI--MA MSA
    39. Raleigh--Durham--Chapel Hill, NC MSA
    40. Rochester, NY MSA
    41. Sacramento--Yolo, CMSA
    42. Salt Lake City--Ogden, UT MSA
    43. San Antonio, TX MSA
    44. San Diego, CA MSA
    45. San Francisco--Oakland--San Jose, CA CMSA
    46. Seattle --Tacoma--Bremerton, WA CMSA
    47. St. Louis, MO--IL MSA
    48. Tampa--St. Petersburg--Clearwater, FL MSA
    49. Washington--Baltimore, DC--MD--VA--WV CMSA
    50. West Palm Beach--Boca Raton, FL MSA
  11. Appendix A. COMPARING METROPOLITAN AREA DEFINITIONS FROM 1990 TO 1999

List of Exhibits

  1. Organization of the Report
    1. Exhibit A Naming Conventions Used in this Report
  2. Executive Summary
    1. Exhibit B Added Population, Vehicles and Workers per Decade: 1960-2000
    2. Exhibit C Added Number of People and Workers (Millions) - 39 MSAs with Population over a Million in 1960: 1960-2000
    3. Exhibit D Household Size and Auto-ownership: 1960-2000
    4. Exhibit E Number of Workers Commuting by Private Vehicle: 1960-2000
  3. Chapter 1. NATIONAL SUMMARY
    1. Exhibit 1.1 National Summary Statistics: 1960-2000
    2. Exhibit 1.2 Added Population per Decade (millions): 1960-2000
    3. Exhibit 1.3 Added Population by Region of the Country: 1990-2000
    4. Exhibit 1.4 Fastest Growing States: 1990 - 2000
    5. Exhibit 1.5 Added Number of Workers per Decade (Millions): 1960-2000
    6. Exhibit 1.6 Trends in Worker Characteristics: 1960 and 2000
    7. Exhibit 1.7 Number of People in the Civilian Labor Force by Age Group (millions): 1990-2000
    8. Exhibit 1.8 Added Number of Households per Decade (Millions): 1960-2000
    9. Exhibit 1.9 Household Composition: 2000
    10. Exhibit 1.10 Number of Added Households by Household Type: 1990-2000
    11. Exhibit 1.11 Immigrants and Total Population Added: 1980-2000
    12. Exhibit 1.12 The Proportion of Households without Vehicles by Number of Years Resident in U.S.
    13. Exhibit 1.13 Added Number of Vehicles per Decade (Millions): 1960-2000
    14. Exhibit 1.14 Number of Households by Vehicles: 1960 and 2000
    15. Exhibit 1.15 Percent of All Households without Vehicles, with and without New York CMSA: 1980-2000
    16. Exhibit 1.16 Percent of Households without Vehicles by Race of Householder: 1970-2000
    17. Exhibit 1.17 Changes in Travel Variables: 1960 - 2000
    18. Exhibit 1.18 Means of Transportation to Work: United States: 1960- 2000
    19. Exhibit 1.19 Number of Workers Commuting by Private Vehicle: 1960-2000
    20. Exhibit 1.20 Percent of Workers who do Not Drive alone 1960-2000
    21. Exhibit 1.21 U.S. Transit Ridership (APTA) and Transit Commuting (Census) Trends: 2000
    22. Exhibit 1.22 Mode of Travel on Travel Day for Workers Making a Commute Trip Compared to "Usual Mode"
    23. Exhibit 1.23 Number and Percent of Workers who Work at Home: 2000
  4. Chapter 2. METRO AREA TRENDS
    1. Exhibit 2.1 National Summary Statistics: 1960-2000
    2. Exhibit 2.2 Largest Metropolitan Areas in 2000
    3. Exhibit 2.3 Population Change for the Ten Fastest Growing Metropolitan Areas: 1990-2000
    4. Exhibit 2.4 Five Metropolitan Areas with Largest Number of People Added: 1990 - 2000
    5. Exhibit 2.5 Change in Central and Suburban Population: 1950-2000
    6. Exhibit 2.6 Percent Share of Population in Central and Suburban Counties: 1960-2000
    7. Exhibit 2.7 Percent Change in population - MSA, Central, and Suburban Counties: 1970-2000
    8. Exhibit 2.8 Demographic Ratios and Percent Urban/Rural Population: 2000
    9. Exhibit 2.9 Median Age and Income: 1990-2000
    10. Exhibit 2.10 Areas with Greatest Change in Median Income: 1990 - 2000
    11. Exhibit 2.11a Workers as Percent of population: 1960-1980
    12. Exhibit 2.11b Workers as Percent of population: 1980-2000
    13. Exhibit 2.12 Total Workers Living in MSA: 1980-2000
    14. Exhibit 2.13 Ratio of Workers and Households: 1980-2000
    15. Exhibit 2.14 Workers by Area of Residence: 1980-2000
    16. Exhibit 2.15 Number of Workers Working in Central County (jobs):1980 -2000
  5. Chapter 3. TRAVEL TIME AND DEPARTURE TIME
    1. Exhibit 3.1 Travel Time to Work - Large MSAs and Rest of the Nation:2000
    2. Exhibit 3.2 Change in Travel Time for Large MSAs: 1990 - 2000
    3. Exhibit 3.3 Areas with a Greater than Average Increase in Travel Time (in minutes): 1990-2000
    4. Exhibit 3.4 Travel Time to Work: 1980 - 2000
    5. Exhibit 3.5 Mean Travel Time to Work: 1990-2000
    6. Exhibit 3.6 Percent distribution of Workers who Did Not Work at Home by Travel Time to Work: 1980-2000
    7. Exhibit 3.7 Departure Times to work - US and Large MSA Comparison Percent of Workers: 2000
    8. Exhibit 3.8 Departure Time to Work: 1990 - 2000
    9. Exhibit 3.9 Departure Time to Work - Percent of Workers: 1990
    10. Exhibit 3.10 Departure Time to Work - Percent of Workers: 2000
  6. Chapter 4. MEANS OF TRAVEL TO WORK
    1. Exhibit 4.1 Mode to work - United States, Large MSAs, and Rest of the Country: 2000
    2. Exhibit 4.2 Mode of Travel by Average Travel Time to Work - 6 MSAs with the Largest Percent of Transit Commuters: 2000
    3. Exhibit 4.3 Areas with Highest and Lowest Percent of Workers by Mode: 2000
    4. Exhibit 4.4 Areas with Greatest Increase in Number of Workers Using Transit: 1990-2000
    5. Exhibit 4.5 Areas with Greatest Decline in Number of Workers Using Transit: 1990-2000
    6. Exhibit 4.6 Transit Use and Vehicle Availability by Race/Ethnicity: 2000
    7. Exhibit 4.7 Areas with 100,000 or more Walking Commuters: 2000
    8. Exhibit 4.8 Areas with 10,000 or more Bicycle Commuters: 2000
    9. Exhibit 4.9 Areas with Four Percent or More Workers Working at Home: 2000
    10. Exhibit 4.10 Means of Transportation to Work: 1990
    11. Exhibit 4.11 Means of Transportation to Work: 2000
    12. Exhibit 4.12 Commutes by Private Vehicle: 1980-2000
    13. Exhibit 4.13 Transit and Walk Commutes: 1980-2000
  7. Chapter 5. VEHICLE AVAILABILITY
    1. Exhibit 5.1 Households by Vehicles Available - Large MSAs and Rest of the Country: 2000
    2. Exhibit 5.2 Growth in Vehicles Compared to Population: 1990-2000
    3. Exhibit 5.3 Areas with Highest and Lowest Vehicle Availability: 2000
    4. Exhibit 5.4 Number of Housheolds by Vehicles Available : 1980 - 2000
    5. Exhibit 5.5 Average Vehicles Available in Households: 1990-2000
    6. Exhibit 5.6 Vehicle Ownership in Central County: 2000
    7. Exhibit 5.7 Vehicle Ownership in Suburban Counties: 2000
    8. Exhibit 5.8 Change in Percent of Households by Vehicle Availability: 1990-2000
  8. Chapter 6. PLACE OF WORK AND COMMUTING FLOWS
    1. Exhibit 6.1 Journey to Work Flows, Share of Commuters: 1990-2000
    2. Exhibit 6.2 Changes in Commuter Flows: 1990-2000
    3. Exhibit 6.3 Place of Work - Workers Living in Central Counties: 1990
    4. Exhibit 6.4 Place of Work - Workers Living in Central Counties: 2000
    5. Exhibit 6.5 Place of Work - Workers Living in Suburban Counties: 1990
    6. Exhibit 6.6 Place of Work - Workers Living in Suburban County: 2000
    7. Exhibit 6.7 Population Density and Percent Households with Zero-Vehicle: 2000
    8. Exhibit 6.8 Population and worker distributions in Selected MSAs: 1980 - 2000
    9. Exhibit 6.9 Jobs (workers by place of work) and Workers (workers by place of residence): 1990-2000
    10. Exhibit 6.10 Atlanta - Added People, Workers, Jobs: 1990-2000
    11. Exhibit 6.11 Atlanta - Changes in Population Density: 1970-2000
    12. Exhibit 6.12 Atlanta - Short and Long Commutes: 1980-2000
    13. Exhibit 6.13 Atlanta - Means of Transportation to Work: 1980-2000
    14. Exhibit 6.14 Atlanta - Added Jobs and Workers: 1990 - 2000
    15. Exhibit 6.15 Atlanta - Changes in Journey to Work Flows Between Central-Suburban-Exurban areas in Atlanta: 1990-2000
    16. Exhibit 6.16 Atlanta - Worker Flow by Area Type: 1970-2000
    17. Exhibit 6.17 Chicago - Added Population, Workers, and Jobs: 1990-2000
    18. Exhibit 6.18 Chicago - Population Density: 1970-2000
    19. Exhibit 6.19 Chicago - Short and Long Commutes: 1980-2000
    20. Exhibit 6.20 Chicago - Means of Transportation to work: 1980 - 2000
    21. Exhibit 6.21 Chicago - Added Jobs and Workers: 1990-2000
    22. Exhibit 6.22 Chicago - Changes in Journey-to-Work Flows Between Central-Suburban-Ex- urban areas: 1990-2000
    23. Exhibit 6.23 Chicago - Worker Flow by Area Type: 1970 - 2000
    24. Exhibit 6.24 Portland - Added People, Workers and Jobs: 1990-2000
    25. Exhibit 6.25 Portland - Population Density: 1970-2000
    26. Exhibit 6.26 Portland - Short and Long Commutes: 1980-2000
    27. Exhibit 6.27 Portland - Means of Transportation to Work: 1980-2000
    28. Exhibit 6.28 Portland - Added Jobs and Workers: 1990-2000
    29. Exhibit 6.29 Portland - Worker Flows by Area Type: 1970-2000
    30. Exhibit 6.30 Portland - Changes in Journey-to-Work Flows Between Central-Suburban-Ex- urban areas: 1990-2000
    31. Exhibit 6.31 Minneapolis - Added People, Workers and Jobs: 1990-2000
    32. Exhibit 6.32 Minneapolis - Changes in Population Density: 1970 - 2000
    33. Exhibit 6.33 Minneapolis - Short and Long Commutes: 1980-2000
    34. Exhibit 6.34 Minneapolis - Means of Transportation to Work: 1980 - 2000
    35. Exhibit 6.35 Minneapolis - Worker Flows by Area Type: 1970 - 2000
    36. Exhibit 6.36 Minneapolis - Changes in Journey-to-Work Flows Between Central-Suburban-Ex-urban areas: 1990-2000
    37. Exhibit 6.37 Denver - Added People, Workers, and Jobs: 1990-2000
    38. Exhibit 6.38 Denver - Population Density: 1970 - 2000
    39. Exhibit 6.39 Denver - Means of Transportation to Work: 1980 - 2000
    40. Exhibit 6.40 Denver - Short and Long Commutes: 1980-2000
    41. Exhibit 6.41 Denver - Worker Flows by Area Type: 1970-2000
    42. Exhibit 6.42 Denver - Changes in Journey-to-Work Flows Between Central-Suburban-Ex- urban areas: 1990-2000
    43. Exhibit 6.43 County Classifications for 5 Selected MSAs
  9. Chapter 7. BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR DATA USED IN THIS REPORT
    1. Exhibit 7.1 Employed population versus Workers: 2000

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