Chapter 4. MEANS OF TRAVEL TO WORK
The private vehicle, especially driven alone to work, is the mode of choice for most Americans living in the large metropolitan areas. In every major metro area, workers who drove alone to work increased in numbers and share in the last 40 years. However, transit as a commute mode is critical in the large metro areas. Nearly 7.5 percent of commuters in large metro areas use transit, compared to less than one percent in the rest of the country. Workers are less likely to drive alone to work in the large MSAs (73 percent compared to 79 percent in the rest of the country), but the percent of workers carpooling is about the same (12 percent). Exhibits 4.10 and 4.11 show percent of workers using different modes of transportation for 1990 and 2000.
Ninety-two percent of the nation's commuters who use public transit live in the large metropolitan areas. In most areas, the travel time by public transportation is almost twice the travel time by driving alone. For 2000, the average travel time by workers who drove alone was 24.1 minutes, while transit travel time was 47.7 minutes. Carpool travel times are close to drove alone at 28.5 minutes, on average. Exhibit 4.2 shows the mean travel time by mode for the 6 large MSAs with the highest number of transit commuters
Exhibit 4.1 Mode to work - United States, Large MSAs, and Rest of the Country: 2000
| Mode | Workers who did not work at home | Travel time to work (minutes) | Mode to work (Percent of Workers) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Modes | Drove alone | Carpool | Transit (including taxicab) | Drove alone | Carpool | Transit (including taxicab) | ||
| New York | 9,042,068 | 34 | 28 | 33.1 | 52.2 | 56.3 | 9.4 | 24.9 |
| Chicago | 4,096,437 | 31 | 28.6 | 31.6 | 49.7 | 70.5 | 11 | 11.5 |
| San Francisco | 3,292,677 | 29.3 | 27.3 | 31.8 | 46 | 68.1 | 12.9 | 9.5 |
| Washington, DC | 3,704,993 | 31.7 | 29.7 | 34.8 | 47.1 | 70.4 | 12.8 | 9.4 |
| Boston | 2,807,063 | 27.7 | 26.4 | 28.3 | 43.9 | 73.9 | 8.8 | 9 |
| Philadelphia | 2,735,588 | 27.9 | 26.2 | 28.2 | 47.4 | 73.3 | 10.3 | 8.7 |
Driving Alone and Carpooling
Continuing a trend seen in previous decades, drove alone gained as the mode of choice for commuters in most of the 49 large metro areas (See Exhibit 4.12) with five exceptions: San Francisco, Seattle, Atlanta, Phoenix, and Portland, OR. Detroit has the highest drove alone share, 84.2 percent, and New York the lowest, with 56.3 percent (see Exhibit 4.3). Some of the trend to single occupant vehicles can be explained by the greater vehicle availability and by the smaller household size (many carpools include people from the same household).
Carpools, in most areas, lost market share to drove alone. In 1990, Las Vegas, Washington, D.C. and Los Angeles were the only metro areas with carpooling rates exceeding 15 percent. In 2000, the carpooling rate in Washington, D.C. declined significantly, from 15.5 percent to 12.8 percent, while drove alone increased from 66.1 percent to 70.4 percent. Over 15 percent of the workers in Los Angeles and Las Vegas used carpool to work, about the same as 1990. Atlanta, Seattle, and Phoenix were the only large MSAs to see significant increases in carpool use between 1990 and 2000. Phoenix had the highest percent of commuters using carpool in 2000 (15.3 percent) whereas Cleveland had the lowest multi- occupant commutes with 8.7 percent of workers using carpools.
Exhibit 4.3 Areas with Highest and Lowest Percent of Workers by Mode: 2000
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Transit
New York/Northern New Jersey metro area had the largest transit share (24.9%). Nearly 40 percent (2.3 million of 6 million) of the country's transit commuters live in the New York metropolitan area. Other metros with large transit shares include Chicago (11.5 percent) San Francisco (9.5 percent), Washington, D.C. (9.4 percent), and Boston (9.0 percent). All of the metro areas whose worker population exceeded 2.5 million, with the exception of Los Angeles, had a transit mode share of 8 percent or above (See Exhibit 4.13). Of the remaining large metros, only Seattle, Portland, Pittsburgh and New Orleans exceeded 5 percent transit mode share for the journey-to-work. Oklahoma City had the lowest share of workers using transit with 0.6 percent.
In 28 of the 49 largest metro areas the proportion of transit riders declined. Transit had its sharpest decline in Atlanta (4.5% to 3.7%), Chicago (13.4% to 11.5%), and Philadelphia (10.2% to 8.7%). On the other hand, a few areas saw an increase in the proportion of workers who take transit, such as Portland (4.8 percent to 5.7 percent), Seattle (6.1 percent to 6.8 percent) and Las Vegas (2.0 percent to 4.1 percent).
In terms of number of workers using transit, Exhibit 4.4 displays five of the metro areas that experienced the largest increase, and Exhibit 4.5 five metro areas that experienced the greatest decrease in the numbers of workers using transit.
Exhibit 4.4 Areas with Greatest Increase in Number of Workers Using Transit: 1990-2000
| MSA | 1990 | 2000 | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Seattle | 91,391 | 119,919 | 28,528 |
| San Francisco | 297,363 | 325,212 | 27,849 |
| Boston | 237,483 | 261,862 | 24,379 |
| New York | 2,297,445 | 2,320,155 | 22,710 |
| Portland | 41,023 | 63,126 | 22,103 |
Exhibit 4.5 Areas with Greatest Decline in Number of Workers Using Transit: 1990-2000
| MSA | 1990 | 2000 | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chicago | 526,085 | 484,835 | -41,250 |
| Philadelphia | 283,312 | 245,909 | -37,403 |
| Washington, DC | 396,466 | 361,877 | -34,589 |
| Pittsburgh | 76,199 | 65,345 | -10,854 |
| Cleveland | 56,941 | 47,111 | -9,830 |
The likelihood of using transit as a commute mode continues to vary by income, auto ownership, and race/ethnicity. Exhibit 4.6 shows the percent transit use and zero-vehicle households in the 49 largest MSAs by race and ethnicity.
Exhibit 4.6 Transit Use and Vehicle Availability by Race/Ethnicity: 2000
Walk, Bike and Work at Home
In most large metro areas in 2000, the proportion of workers walking to work hovered between two and three percent. Between 1990 and 2000, every large MSA experienced a decline in the proportion of workers who walked to work. New York has the highest percentage of people who walk to work, 5.6 percent, whereas Charlotte, NC has the lowest proportion of workers who walk, only 1.2 percent. Seven areas had over 100,000 workers who usually walked to their place of employment (Exhibit 4.7).
Exhibit 4.7 Areas with 100,000 or more Walking Commuters: 2000
| MSA | Walk | Percent |
|---|---|---|
| New York | 517,290 | 5.6 |
| Los Angeles | 173,497 | 2.6 |
| Chicago | 131,896 | 3.1 |
| Boston | 119,294 | 4.1 |
| Washington,DC | 114,425 | 3.0 |
| San Francisco | 111,662 | 3.3 |
| Philadelphia | 109,264 | 3.9 |
Bicycling to work is still a rare occurrence anywhere in the United States, whether in large metro areas or not. Only in two metro areas, both in California, does bicycle commuting exceed one percent: Sacramento and San Francisco. However, eight areas had more than 10,000 workers who usually biked to work (Exhibit 4.8).
Exhibit 4.8 Areas with 10,000 or more Bicycle Commuters: 2000
| MSA | Bicycle | Percent |
|---|---|---|
| Los Angeles | 42,887 | 0.6 |
| San Francisco | 38,588 | 1.1 |
| New York | 27,827 | 0.3 |
| Phoenix | 13,855 | 0.9 |
| Chicago | 13,077 | 0.3 |
| Boston | 11,141 | 0.4 |
| Sacramento | 10,909 | 1.4 |
| Seattle | 10,712 | 0.6 |
The percent of workers who usually worked at home increased in every large MSA except three: San Diego, Norfolk, and Jacksonville. Only in six MSAs did work at home exceed 4 percent: San Francisco, Seattle, Denver, Portland, Sacramento and West Palm Beach. Exhibit 4.9 shows the MSAs with four percent or more of workers working at home.
Exhibit 4.9 Areas with Four Percent or More Workers Working at Home: 2000
| MSA | Total Workers | Worked at Home | Percent |
|---|---|---|---|
| Portland | 1,105,133 | 50,839 | 4.6 |
| San Diego | 1,299,503 | 57,182 | 4.4 |
| Seattle | 1,776,224 | 74,605 | 4.2 |
| West Palm Beach | 475,572 | 19,454 | 4.1 |
| San Francisco | 3,432,157 | 139,480 | 4.1 |
| Sacramento | 799,989 | 32,279 | 4 |
Exhibit 4.10 Means of Transportation to Work: 1990
| MSA | Total Workers | % Drove Alone | % Car-pool | % Bus/ Street car | % Sub-way /Rail | % Walk | % Taxi | % Motor- cycle | % Bike | % Other | % Work at Home |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| New York | 9,271,089 | 55.4 | 10.4 | 7.2 | 16.7 | 6.2 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 2.4 |
| Los Angeles | 6,809,043 | 72.3 | 15.5 | 4.5 | 0.0 | 2.9 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 2.7 |
| Chicago | 3,922,295 | 67.6 | 12.0 | 6.7 | 6.4 | 4.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 2.1 |
| Washington, DC | 3,611,094 | 66.1 | 15.5 | 6.2 | 4.5 | 3.9 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 2.7 |
| San Francisco | 3,200,833 | 68.3 | 13.0 | 6.3 | 2.8 | 3.6 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 3.5 |
| Philadelphia | 2,784,581 | 69.1 | 12.1 | 6.1 | 4.0 | 5.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 2.2 |
| Boston | 2,760,435 | 71.9 | 10.8 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 5.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 2.5 |
| Detroit | 2,294,108 | 82.8 | 10.1 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 2.4 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 1.8 |
| Dallas | 2,038,398 | 78.6 | 13.9 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 2.3 |
| Houston | 1,768,567 | 76.1 | 14.6 | 3.6 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 2.1 |
| Atlanta | 1,542,948 | 77.9 | 13.0 | 3.4 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 2.2 |
| Miami | 1,476,085 | 75.3 | 14.5 | 3.6 | 0.6 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 2.0 |
| Seattle | 1,499,734 | 73.1 | 12.1 | 5.6 | 0.0 | 3.6 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 3.6 |
| Phoenix | 1,036,017 | 74.9 | 14.5 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 2.7 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 2.9 |
| Minneapolis | 1,344,797 | 75.9 | 11.3 | 5.1 | 0.0 | 3.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 3.5 |
| Cleveland | 1,282,092 | 79.5 | 10.3 | 4.1 | 0.3 | 3.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 2.0 |
| San Diego | 1,230,446 | 70.9 | 13.8 | 3.2 | 0.0 | 4.5 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 5.0 |
| St. Louis | 1,166,023 | 79.6 | 12.2 | 2.8 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 2.4 |
| Denver | 1,026,847 | 75.0 | 12.5 | 3.9 | 0.0 | 3.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 3.7 |
| Tampa | 914,711 | 78.8 | 13.3 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 2.3 |
| Pittsburgh | 1,023,825 | 72.0 | 12.7 | 7.2 | 0.2 | 5.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 2.1 |
| Portland | 861,141 | 73.8 | 12.7 | 4.6 | 0.1 | 3.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 3.8 |
| Cincinnati | 844,125 | 79.0 | 11.7 | 3.4 | 0.0 | 3.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 2.2 |
| Sacramento | 685,945 | 75.2 | 13.7 | 2.1 | 0.2 | 2.7 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 0.6 | 3.1 |
| Kansas City | 778,624 | 79.8 | 12.6 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 2.8 |
| Milwaukee | 772,752 | 77.2 | 10.9 | 4.8 | 0.0 | 4.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 2.2 |
| Orlando | 614,382 | 78.0 | 13.4 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 3.4 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 2.0 |
| Indianapolis | 683,007 | 79.7 | 12.9 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 2.4 |
| San Antonio | 578,529 | 74.5 | 14.9 | 3.6 | 0.0 | 3.6 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 2.4 |
| Norfolk | 720,890 | 72.7 | 14.3 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 3.6 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 5.3 |
| Las Vegas | 416,025 | 74.3 | 15.8 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 3.7 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.6 |
| Columbus | 663,006 | 79.5 | 11.4 | 2.7 | 0.0 | 3.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 2.3 |
| Charlotte | 604,856 | 78.8 | 14.5 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 1.9 |
| New Orleans | 531,697 | 70.9 | 15.4 | 6.7 | 0.0 | 3.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 1.7 |
| Salt Lake City | 479,338 | 76.3 | 14.0 | 2.9 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 3.1 |
| Greensboro | 550,325 | 79.3 | 14.5 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 2.0 |
| Austin | 431,345 | 74.9 | 14.5 | 3.0 | 0.0 | 2.9 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 3.0 |
| Nashville | 495,717 | 79.1 | 13.8 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 2.6 |
| Providence | 540,872 | 78.6 | 12.3 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 3.9 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 1.7 |
| Raleigh | 461,516 | 77.4 | 14.2 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 3.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 2.3 |
| Hartford | 597,831 | 78.9 | 11.4 | 3.4 | 0.0 | 3.4 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 2.0 |
| Buffalo | 531,122 | 77.1 | 11.2 | 4.1 | 0.4 | 4.4 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1.8 |
| Memphis | 458,534 | 78.1 | 13.7 | 2.7 | 0.0 | 2.9 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 1.5 |
| West Palm Beach | 380,260 | 79.4 | 12.8 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 2.7 |
| Jacksonville | 443,882 | 76.2 | 14.3 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 2.6 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 2.6 |
| Rochester | 509,733 | 77.7 | 11.7 | 3.0 | 0.0 | 4.4 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 2.5 |
| Grand Rapids | 442,228 | 82.6 | 10.2 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 2.6 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 2.8 |
| Oklahoma City | 450,122 | 80.3 | 13.3 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 2.5 |
| Louisville | 442,933 | 79.4 | 12.8 | 3.2 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 1.9 |
Exhibit 4.11 Means of Transportation to Work: 2000
| MSA | Total Workers | % Drove Alone | % Car-pool | % Bus/ Streetcar | % Subway /Rail | % Walk | % Taxi | % Motor- cycle | % Bike | % Other | % Work at Home | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| New York | 9,319,218 | 56.3 | 9.4 | 6.8 | 17.1 | 5.6 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 3.0 | 100.0 |
| Los Angeles | 6,767,619 | 72.4 | 15.2 | 4.3 | 0.3 | 2.6 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 3.6 | 100.0 |
| Chicago | 4,218,108 | 70.5 | 11.0 | 4.6 | 6.6 | 3.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 2.9 | 100.0 |
| Washington, DC | 3,839,052 | 70.4 | 12.8 | 4.1 | 5.0 | 3.0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 3.5 | 100.0 |
| San Francisco | 3,432,157 | 68.1 | 12.9 | 5.7 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 4.1 | 100.0 |
| Philadelphia | 2,815,405 | 73.3 | 10.3 | 5.3 | 3.3 | 3.9 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 2.8 | 100.0 |
| Boston | 2,898,680 | 73.9 | 8.8 | 3.2 | 5.5 | 4.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 3.2 | 100.0 |
| Detroit | 2,482,457 | 84.2 | 9.3 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 2.3 | 100.0 |
| Dallas | 2,527,648 | 78.8 | 14.0 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 3.0 | 100.0 |
| Houston | 2,081,607 | 77.0 | 14.2 | 3.1 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 2.5 | 100.0 |
| Atlanta | 2,060,632 | 77.0 | 13.6 | 2.4 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 3.5 | 100.0 |
| Miami | 1,642,866 | 76.6 | 13.4 | 3.2 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 2.8 | 100.0 |
| Seattle | 1,776,224 | 71.6 | 12.8 | 6.2 | 0.0 | 3.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 4.2 | 100.0 |
| Phoenix | 1,466,434 | 74.6 | 15.3 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 3.7 | 100.0 |
| Minneapolis | 1,595,550 | 78.3 | 10.0 | 4.4 | 0.0 | 2.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 3.8 | 100.0 |
| Cleveland | 1,375,774 | 82.3 | 8.7 | 3.1 | 0.3 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 2.7 | 100.0 |
| San Diego | 1,299,503 | 73.9 | 13.0 | 3.1 | 0.2 | 3.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 4.4 | 100.0 |
| St. Louis | 1,238,964 | 82.6 | 9.9 | 2.1 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 2.8 | 100.0 |
| Denver | 1,346,025 | 75.6 | 11.5 | 4.2 | 0.1 | 2.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 4.7 | 100.0 |
| Tampa | 1,063,957 | 79.7 | 12.4 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 3.1 | 100.0 |
| Pittsburgh | 1,057,354 | 77.4 | 9.7 | 6.0 | 0.1 | 3.6 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 2.4 | 100.0 |
| Portland | 1,105,133 | 73.1 | 12.1 | 5.1 | 0.5 | 3.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 4.6 | 100.0 |
| Cincinnati | 951,709 | 81.4 | 10.0 | 2.8 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 2.7 | 100.0 |
| Sacramento | 799,989 | 75.3 | 13.5 | 2.4 | 0.3 | 2.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 4.0 | 100.0 |
| Kansas City | 881,258 | 82.8 | 10.4 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 3.4 | 100.0 |
| Milwaukee | 816,880 | 80.1 | 9.9 | 3.9 | 0.0 | 2.8 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 2.5 | 100.0 |
| Orlando | 786,243 | 80.6 | 12.1 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 2.9 | 100.0 |
| Indianapolis | 795,755 | 82.8 | 10.5 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 2.9 | 100.0 |
| San Antonio | 698,685 | 76.2 | 14.7 | 2.8 | 0.0 | 2.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 2.6 | 100.0 |
| Norfolk | 760,401 | 78.9 | 12.1 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 2.7 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 100.0 |
| Las Vegas | 702,535 | 74.5 | 15.0 | 3.9 | 0.0 | 2.4 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 2.3 | 100.0 |
| Columbus | 777,922 | 82.0 | 9.6 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 2.4 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 3.0 | 100.0 |
| Charlotte | 751,629 | 80.9 | 12.9 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 2.8 | 100.0 |
| New Orleans | 570,423 | 73.0 | 14.6 | 5.2 | 0.0 | 2.7 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 2.4 | 100.0 |
| Salt Lake City | 642,688 | 77.2 | 13.1 | 2.7 | 0.3 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 3.8 | 100.0 |
| Greensboro | 618,921 | 81.2 | 13.1 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 2.4 | 100.0 |
| Austin | 649,645 | 76.5 | 13.7 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 3.6 | 100.0 |
| Nashville | 621,221 | 80.7 | 12.8 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 3.2 | 100.0 |
| Providence | 555,540 | 80.7 | 10.6 | 1.7 | 0.7 | 3.3 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 2.1 | 100.0 |
| Raleigh | 617,475 | 78.5 | 12.9 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 3.5 | 100.0 |
| Hartford | 573,114 | 82.5 | 9.0 | 2.7 | 0.1 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 2.5 | 100.0 |
| Buffalo | 520,350 | 81.7 | 9.4 | 3.1 | 0.3 | 2.7 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 2.1 | 100.0 |
| Memphis | 511,111 | 80.9 | 13.0 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 2.2 | 100.0 |
| West Palm Beach | 475,572 | 79.6 | 11.9 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 4.1 | 100.0 |
| Jacksonville | 527,718 | 80.3 | 12.6 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 2.3 | 100.0 |
| Rochester | 516,814 | 81.8 | 9.1 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 3.5 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 2.9 | 100.0 |
| Grand Rapids | 531,924 | 84.0 | 9.2 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 3.1 | 100.0 |
| Oklahoma City | 509,262 | 81.8 | 12.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 2.8 | 100.0 |
| Louisville | 492,821 | 82.0 | 10.9 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 2.4 | 100.0 |
Exhibit 4.12 Commutes by Private Vehicle: 1980-2000
| MSA | 1980 (Percent of all workers) | 1990 (Percent of all workers) | 2000 (Percent of all workers) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Area | Total Workers | Drove Alone | Carpool | Total Workers | Drove Alone | Carpool | Total Workers | Drove Alone | Carpool |
| New York | 8,133,936 | 48.7 | 15.2 | 9,271,089 | 55.4 | 10.4 | 9,319,218 | 56.3 | 9.4 |
| Los Angeles | 5,184,393 | 70.2 | 17.1 | 6,809,043 | 72.3 | 15.5 | 6,767,619 | 72.4 | 15.2 |
| Chicago | 3,575,803 | 59.1 | 17.0 | 3,922,295 | 67.6 | 12.0 | 4,218,108 | 70.5 | 11.0 |
| Washington, DC | 2,760,794 | 56.5 | 23.0 | 3,611,094 | 66.1 | 15.5 | 3,839,052 | 70.4 | 12.8 |
| San Francisco | 2,563,329 | 62.9 | 16.4 | 3,200,833 | 68.3 | 13.0 | 3,432,157 | 68.1 | 12.9 |
| Philadelphia | 2,347,072 | 60.2 | 18.2 | 2,784,581 | 69.1 | 12.1 | 2,815,405 | 73.3 | 10.3 |
| Boston | 2,471,832 | 60.6 | 19.7 | 2,760,435 | 71.9 | 10.8 | 2,898,680 | 73.9 | 8.8 |
| Detroit | 2,085,116 | 74.7 | 16.9 | 2,294,108 | 82.8 | 10.1 | 2,482,457 | 84.2 | 9.3 |
| Dallas | 1,494,568 | 71.1 | 20.7 | 2,038,398 | 78.6 | 13.9 | 2,527,648 | 78.8 | 14.0 |
| Houston | 1,512,080 | 69.4 | 22.5 | 1,768,567 | 76.1 | 14.6 | 2,081,607 | 77.0 | 14.2 |
| Atlanta | 1,033,088 | 68.5 | 20.3 | 1,542,948 | 77.9 | 13.0 | 2,060,632 | 77.0 | 13.6 |
| Miami | 1,150,471 | 69.7 | 19.1 | 1,476,085 | 75.3 | 14.5 | 1,642,866 | 76.6 | 13.4 |
| Seattle | 1,113,261 | 64.0 | 18.9 | 1,499,734 | 73.1 | 12.1 | 1,776,224 | 71.6 | 12.8 |
| Phoenix | 688,912 | 69.8 | 19.3 | 1,036,017 | 74.9 | 14.5 | 1,466,434 | 74.6 | 15.3 |
| Minneapolis | 1,081,772 | 62.9 | 20.1 | 1,344,797 | 75.9 | 11.3 | 1,595,550 | 78.3 | 10.0 |
| Cleveland | 1,242,438 | 70.5 | 16.2 | 1,282,092 | 79.5 | 10.3 | 1,375,774 | 82.3 | 8.7 |
| San Diego | 854,600 | 63.8 | 17.4 | 1,230,446 | 70.9 | 13.8 | 1,299,503 | 73.9 | 13.0 |
| St. Louis | 1,026,288 | 67.2 | 21.4 | 1,166,023 | 79.6 | 12.2 | 1,238,964 | 82.6 | 9.9 |
| Denver | 859,989 | 65.3 | 20.2 | 1,026,847 | 75.0 | 12.5 | 1,346,025 | 75.6 | 11.5 |
| Tampa | 619,119 | 71.9 | 18.5 | 914,711 | 78.8 | 13.3 | 1,063,957 | 79.7 | 12.4 |
| Pittsburgh | 1,021,047 | 61.4 | 19.7 | 1,023,825 | 72.0 | 12.7 | 1,057,354 | 77.4 | 9.7 |
| Portland | 704,392 | 65.4 | 18.4 | 861,141 | 73.8 | 12.7 | 1,105,133 | 73.1 | 12.1 |
| Cincinnati | 716,583 | 69.4 | 18.7 | 844,125 | 79.0 | 11.7 | 951,709 | 81.4 | 10.0 |
| Sacramento | 472,640 | 68.9 | 17.8 | 685,945 | 75.2 | 13.7 | 799,989 | 75.3 | 13.5 |
| Kansas City | 666,940 | 68.9 | 21.6 | 778,624 | 79.8 | 12.6 | 881,258 | 82.8 | 10.4 |
| Milwaukee | 719,555 | 65.5 | 19.1 | 772,752 | 77.2 | 10.9 | 816,880 | 80.1 | 9.9 |
| Orlando | 360,312 | 69.5 | 20.0 | 614,382 | 78.0 | 13.4 | 786,243 | 80.6 | 12.1 |
| Indianapolis | 575,905 | 70.6 | 20.9 | 683,007 | 79.7 | 12.9 | 795,755 | 82.8 | 10.5 |
| San Antonio | 456,656 | 66.8 | 20.0 | 578,529 | 74.5 | 14.9 | 698,685 | 76.2 | 14.7 |
| Norfolk | 547,803 | 60.3 | 23.2 | 720,890 | 72.7 | 14.3 | 760,401 | 78.9 | 12.1 |
| Las Vegas | 251,501 | 71.1 | 18.9 | 416,025 | 74.3 | 15.8 | 702,535 | 74.5 | 15.0 |
| Columbus | 537,727 | 70.7 | 18.2 | 663,006 | 79.5 | 11.4 | 777,922 | 82.0 | 9.6 |
| Charlotte | 470,708 | 68.9 | 23.3 | 604,856 | 78.8 | 14.5 | 751,629 | 80.9 | 12.9 |
| New Orleans | 528,868 | 61.9 | 21.1 | 531,697 | 70.9 | 15.4 | 570,423 | 73.0 | 14.6 |
| Salt Lake City | 383,938 | 66.1 | 22.2 | 479,338 | 76.3 | 14.0 | 642,688 | 77.2 | 13.1 |
| Greensboro | 455,515 | 70.8 | 22.5 | 550,325 | 79.3 | 14.5 | 618,921 | 81.2 | 13.1 |
| Austin | 278,251 | 67.6 | 21.1 | 431,345 | 74.9 | 14.5 | 649,645 | 76.5 | 13.7 |
| Nashville | 387,660 | 68.8 | 22.3 | 495,717 | 79.1 | 13.8 | 621,221 | 80.7 | 12.8 |
| Providence | 381,643 | 65.6 | 21.6 | 540,872 | 78.6 | 12.3 | 555,540 | 80.7 | 10.6 |
| Raleigh | 323,005 | 65.6 | 24.1 | 461,516 | 77.4 | 14.2 | 617,475 | 78.5 | 12.9 |
| Hartford | 510,174 | 67.1 | 20.6 | 597,831 | 78.9 | 11.4 | 573,114 | 82.5 | 9.0 |
| Buffalo | 500,364 | 66.6 | 18.6 | 531,122 | 77.1 | 11.2 | 520,350 | 81.7 | 9.4 |
| Memphis | 384,793 | 69.2 | 19.9 | 458,534 | 78.1 | 13.7 | 511,111 | 80.9 | 13.0 |
| West Palm Beach | 233,303 | 70.7 | 20.0 | 380,260 | 79.4 | 12.8 | 475,572 | 79.6 | 11.9 |
| Jacksonville | 311,207 | 66.2 | 21.9 | 443,882 | 76.2 | 14.3 | 527,718 | 80.3 | 12.6 |
| Rochester | 453,387 | 64.9 | 21.1 | 509,733 | 77.7 | 11.7 | 516,814 | 81.8 | 9.1 |
| Grand Rapids | 357,673 | 73.1 | 18.2 | 442,228 | 82.6 | 10.2 | 531,924 | 84.0 | 9.2 |
| Oklahoma City | 397,394 | 72.6 | 20.3 | 450,122 | 80.3 | 13.3 | 509,262 | 81.8 | 12.0 |
| Louisville | 398,355 | 69.0 | 21.5 | 442,933 | 79.4 | 12.8 | 492,821 | 82.0 | 10.9 |
Exhibit 4.13 Transit and Walk Commutes: 1980-2000
| MSA | 1980 (Percent of all workers) | 1990 (Percent of all workers) | 2000 (Percent of all workers) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Area | Total Workers | Transit | Walk | Total Workers | Transit | Walk | Total Workers | Transit | Walk |
| New York | 8,133,936 | 26.2 | 7.4 | 9,271,089 | 23.9 | 6.2 | 9,319,218 | 24.9 | 5.6 |
| Los Angeles | 5,184,393 | 5.1 | 3.5 | 6,809,043 | 4.5 | 2.9 | 6,767,619 | 4.7 | 2.6 |
| Chicago | 3,575,803 | 16.2 | 5.7 | 3,922,295 | 13.1 | 4.1 | 4,218,108 | 11.5 | 3.1 |
| Washington, DC | 2,760,794 | 12.5 | 5.1 | 3,611,094 | 10.7 | 3.9 | 3,839,052 | 9.4 | 3.0 |
| San Francisco | 2,563,329 | 11.2 | 4.4 | 3,200,833 | 9.1 | 3.6 | 3,432,157 | 9.5 | 3.3 |
| Philadelphia | 2,347,072 | 12.4 | 6.5 | 2,784,581 | 10.1 | 5.3 | 2,815,405 | 8.7 | 3.9 |
| Boston | 2,471,832 | 9.4 | 7.7 | 2,760,435 | 8.3 | 5.2 | 2,898,680 | 9.0 | 4.1 |
| Detroit | 2,085,116 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 2,294,108 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2,482,457 | 1.8 | 1.8 |
| Dallas | 1,494,568 | 3.4 | 2.2 | 2,038,398 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 2,527,648 | 1.8 | 1.5 |
| Houston | 1,512,080 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 1,768,567 | 3.7 | 2.3 | 2,081,607 | 3.3 | 1.6 |
| Atlanta | 1,033,088 | 7.0 | 2.0 | 1,542,948 | 4.4 | 1.5 | 2,060,632 | 3.7 | 1.3 |
| Miami | 1,150,471 | 4.9 | 3.2 | 1,476,085 | 4.2 | 2.3 | 1,642,866 | 3.9 | 1.8 |
| Seattle | 1,113,261 | 7.5 | 4.9 | 1,499,734 | 5.6 | 3.6 | 1,776,224 | 6.8 | 3.2 |
| Phoenix | 688,912 | 1.9 | 3.4 | 1,036,017 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 1,466,434 | 2.0 | 2.1 |
| Minneapolis | 1,081,772 | 8.4 | 5.1 | 1,344,797 | 5.1 | 3.3 | 1,595,550 | 4.5 | 2.4 |
| Cleveland | 1,242,438 | 7.6 | 3.7 | 1,282,092 | 4.4 | 3.0 | 1,375,774 | 3.4 | 2.1 |
| San Diego | 854,600 | 3.3 | 9.9 | 1,230,446 | 3.2 | 4.5 | 1,299,503 | 3.4 | 3.4 |
| St. Louis | 1,026,288 | 5.6 | 3.3 | 1,166,023 | 2.8 | 2.1 | 1,238,964 | 2.4 | 1.6 |
| Denver | 859,989 | 5.8 | 4.7 | 1,026,847 | 4.0 | 3.4 | 1,346,025 | 4.3 | 2.4 |
| Tampa | 619,119 | 1.7 | 3.4 | 914,711 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 1,063,957 | 1.4 | 1.7 |
| Pittsburgh | 1,021,047 | 10.4 | 6.6 | 1,023,825 | 7.4 | 5.0 | 1,057,354 | 6.2 | 3.6 |
| Portland | 704,392 | 7.2 | 4.5 | 861,141 | 4.7 | 3.4 | 1,105,133 | 5.7 | 3.0 |
| Cincinnati | 716,583 | 5.6 | 4.0 | 844,125 | 3.4 | 3.0 | 951,709 | 2.9 | 2.3 |
| Sacramento | 472,640 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 685,945 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 799,989 | 2.7 | 2.2 |
| Kansas City | 666,940 | 3.8 | 2.8 | 778,624 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 881,258 | 1.3 | 1.4 |
| Milwaukee | 719,555 | 7.1 | 5.7 | 772,752 | 4.8 | 4.0 | 816,880 | 4.0 | 2.8 |
| Orlando | 360,312 | 1.6 | 4.7 | 614,382 | 1.3 | 3.4 | 786,243 | 1.7 | 1.3 |
| Indianapolis | 575,905 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 683,007 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 795,755 | 1.3 | 1.7 |
| San Antonio | 456,656 | 4.5 | 5.4 | 578,529 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 698,685 | 2.9 | 2.4 |
| Norfolk | 547,803 | 4.5 | 6.6 | 720,890 | 2.0 | 3.6 | 760,401 | 1.9 | 2.7 |
| Las Vegas | 251,501 | 2.0 | 3.9 | 416,025 | 1.8 | 3.7 | 702,535 | 4.1 | 2.4 |
| Columbus | 537,727 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 663,006 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 777,922 | 2.3 | 2.4 |
| Charlotte | 470,708 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 604,856 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 751,629 | 1.4 | 1.2 |
| New Orleans | 528,868 | 10.1 | 3.9 | 531,697 | 6.7 | 3.1 | 570,423 | 5.6 | 2.7 |
| Salt Lake City | 383,938 | 4.9 | 3.5 | 479,338 | 3.0 | 2.3 | 642,688 | 3.0 | 1.8 |
| Greensboro | 455,515 | 1.6 | 2.6 | 550,325 | 1.0 | 2.3 | 618,921 | 0.9 | 1.6 |
| Austin | 278,251 | 2.9 | 4.1 | 431,345 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 649,645 | 2.6 | 2.1 |
| Nashville | 387,660 | 3.5 | 2.8 | 495,717 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 621,221 | 1.0 | 1.5 |
| Providence | 381,643 | 4.5 | 6.3 | 540,872 | 2.5 | 3.9 | 555,540 | 2.5 | 3.3 |
| Raleigh | 323,005 | 2.7 | 4.3 | 461,516 | 1.6 | 3.0 | 617,475 | 1.7 | 2.3 |
| Hartford | 510,174 | 5.3 | 4.8 | 597,831 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 573,114 | 2.8 | 2.5 |
| Buffalo | 500,364 | 6.6 | 5.9 | 531,122 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 520,350 | 3.5 | 2.7 |
| Memphis | 384,793 | 4.6 | 4.3 | 458,534 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 511,111 | 1.7 | 1.3 |
| West Palm Beach | 233,303 | 1.9 | 3.2 | 380,260 | 1.1 | 2.0 | 475,572 | 1.4 | 1.4 |
| Jacksonville | 311,207 | 4.5 | 3.8 | 443,882 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 527,718 | 1.5 | 1.7 |
| Rochester | 453,387 | 4.9 | 6.3 | 509,733 | 3.0 | 4.4 | 516,814 | 2.0 | 3.5 |
| Grand Rapids | 357,673 | 1.5 | 4.1 | 442,228 | 0.9 | 2.6 | 531,924 | 0.8 | 2.1 |
| Oklahoma City | 397,394 | 1.1 | 2.8 | 450,122 | 0.5 | 2.1 | 509,262 | 0.6 | 1.7 |
| Louisville | 398,355 | 4.5 | 2.7 | 442,933 | 3.2 | 2.0 | 492,821 | 2.2 | 1.7 |
