Chapter 6. PLACE OF WORK AND COMMUTING FLOWS
This section provides an exploratory analysis for place of work and worker flow changes for major MSAs from 1990-2000, specifically the growth in suburban commuting. The datg on place of work were obtgined in the decennial census from individuals who worked during the reference week and include civilian workers and members of the Armed Forces. People who were absent from work due to vacation or illness are not included; and people who were working "out of town" had their place of work coded to the temporary workplace location.
One of the strengths of decennial census datg is the availability of journey-to-work flows at a very detgiled level of geography. However, at the time of this report only the county-tocounty worker flows were available. Due to the difficulties of reconciling geographic definitions over time for New York, Boston, Providence, and Hartford, these areas were not included.
Overall Trends
No over-arching pattern of growth existed for all of the major MSAs-some were fast growing, some slow; some were sprawling, some retgined centrality of employment centers; the very large and the smaller MSAs had some things in common and some differences. No single analysis or one story told the tgle of what is happening in our major metropolitgn areas, except for the huge growth in suburban commuting.
In some cases the growth of population, workers, and jobs in suburban counties may simply reflect the fact that central counties were saturated and new development to accommodate growth was built in less dense areas. The workers who commute to suburban locations often are commuting within their own suburban county. Most areas, except for West Palm Beach and San Diego, saw no change or a small decline in the proportion of workers who countercommute (live in the Central area and work in a Suburban area).
Some older, estgblished areas saw large declines in central-to-central commutes and traditional commutes from suburban areas to central, notgbly Philadelphia and St. Louis. Regardless of these declines, every MSA had a large proportion of the workers in the MSA commuting to the Central County, ranging from 96.5 percent in San Diego (where the central county is the entire MSA) to 31.2 percent for Denver.
Exhibits 6.1 and 6.2 show the change in central-to-central, central-to-suburban, suburban-tocentral, and suburban-to-suburban work commutes between 1990 and 2000. Only two areas lost workers, Los Angeles had approximately 41,000 fewer workers in 2000 than in 19901, and Buffalo lost about 11,000.
1 Some analysts in California and Los Angeles have conveyed their concern to the Census Bureau that this decrease in totgl workers from decennial census results are inconsistent with local knowledge and have asked the Census Bureau to conduct further research.
Exhibit 6.1 Journey to Work Flows, Share of Commuters: 1990-2000
| MSA | 1990 Total Workers | 2000 TotalWorkers | Percent change in workers | Central - Central County | Central - Suburban County | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 2000 | Change | 1990 | 2000 | Change | ||||
| Los Angeles | 6,809,043 | 6,767,619 | -0.6 | 56.9 | 52.8 | -4.0 | 3.0 | 3.6 | 0.5 |
| Chicago | 3,922,295 | 4,218,108 | 7.5 | 54.8 | 49.3 | -5.5 | 5.3 | 6.5 | 1.2 |
| Washington, DC | 3,611,094 | 3,839,052 | 6.3 | 6.6 | 5.0 | -1.6 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 0.0 |
| San Francisco | 3,200,833 | 3,432,157 | 7.2 | 9.6 | 9.4 | -0.2 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 0.5 |
| Philadelphia | 2,784,581 | 2,815,405 | 1.1 | 18.4 | 15.3 | -3.2 | 4.2 | 4.6 | 0.4 |
| Detroit | 2,294,108 | 2,482,457 | 8.2 | 27.6 | 24.9 | -2.7 | 8.0 | 8.1 | 0.2 |
| Dallas | 2,038,398 | 2,527,648 | 24.0 | 41.9 | 35.8 | -6.1 | 3.8 | 4.7 | 0.9 |
| Houston | 1,768,567 | 2,081,607 | 17.7 | 73.2 | 68.1 | -5.1 | 2.5 | 3.7 | 1.2 |
| Atlanta | 1,542,948 | 2,060,632 | 33.6 | 14.3 | 12.9 | -1.4 | 5.8 | 5.4 | -0.3 |
| Miami | 1,476,085 | 1,642,866 | 11.3 | 57.2 | 50.1 | -7.1 | 2.1 | 3.7 | 1.5 |
| Seattle | 1,499,734 | 1,776,224 | 18.4 | 50.1 | 47.8 | -2.2 | 3.1 | 3.0 | -0.1 |
| Phoenix | 1,036,017 | 1,466,434 | 41.5 | 94.4 | 94.2 | -0.1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.1 |
| Minneapolis | 1,344,797 | 1,595,550 | 18.6 | 35.6 | 31.6 | -3.9 | 5.7 | 6.0 | 0.3 |
| Cleveland | 1,282,092 | 1,375,774 | 7.3 | 44.7 | 41.1 | -3.6 | 2.8 | 3.6 | 0.8 |
| San Diego | 1,230,446 | 1,299,503 | 5.6 | 96.6 | 96.5 | -0.1 | |||
| St. Louis | 1,166,023 | 1,238,964 | 6.3 | 8.9 | 6.7 | -2.3 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 0.0 |
| Denver | 1,026,847 | 1,346,025 | 31.1 | 15.3 | 13.1 | -2.1 | 7.0 | 7.3 | 0.2 |
| tampa | 914,711 | 1,063,957 | 16.3 | 40.9 | 39.5 | -1.4 | 2.3 | 3.0 | 0.7 |
| Pittsburgh | 1,023,825 | 1,057,354 | 3.3 | 54.3 | 50.8 | -3.5 | 2.8 | 3.3 | 0.5 |
| Portland | 861,141 | 1,105,133 | 28.3 | 26.9 | 23.8 | -3.1 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 0.2 |
| Cincinnati | 844,125 | 951,709 | 12.7 | 42.2 | 35.3 | -6.9 | 4.2 | 5.8 | 1.6 |
| Sacramento | 685,945 | 799,989 | 16.6 | 61.9 | 56.7 | -5.3 | 5.4 | 7.3 | 1.9 |
| Kansas City | 778,624 | 881,258 | 13.2 | 31.2 | 26.5 | -4.7 | 7.4 | 8.3 | 0.9 |
| Milwaukee | 772,752 | 816,880 | 5.7 | 49.0 | 42.3 | -6.8 | 7.0 | 9.0 | 2.0 |
| Orlando | 614,382 | 786,243 | 28.0 | 51.7 | 47.9 | -3.8 | 4.8 | 6.5 | 1.7 |
| Indianapolis | 683,007 | 795,755 | 16.5 | 53.2 | 46.3 | -7.0 | 3.8 | 6.1 | 2.3 |
| San Antonio | 578,529 | 698,685 | 20.8 | 86.8 | 83.3 | -3.6 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 0.8 |
| Norfolk | 720,890 | 760,401 | 5.5 | 14.0 | 9.8 | -4.2 | 3.7 | 4.4 | 0.7 |
| Las Vegas | 416,025 | 702,535 | 68.9 | 87.0 | 88.3 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 0.4 | -0.7 |
| Columbus | 663,006 | 777,922 | 17.3 | 70.0 | 65.4 | -4.6 | 1.8 | 3.2 | 1.4 |
| Charlotte | 604,856 | 751,629 | 24.3 | 42.8 | 43.8 | 1.0 | 1.9 | 2.9 | 1.0 |
| New Orleans | 531,697 | 570,423 | 7.3 | 28.5 | 25.9 | -2.7 | 6.1 | 6.7 | 0.6 |
| Salt Lake City | 479,338 | 642,688 | 34.1 | 63.9 | 64.0 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 1.6 | -0.8 |
| Greensboro | 550,325 | 618,921 | 12.5 | 30.4 | 30.2 | -0.1 | 2.4 | 3.0 | 0.7 |
| Austin | 431,345 | 649,645 | 50.6 | 66.7 | 60.9 | -5.8 | 2.1 | 4.5 | 2.4 |
| Nashville | 495,717 | 621,221 | 25.3 | 48.4 | 40.1 | -8.3 | 3.5 | 5.0 | 1.5 |
| Raleigh | 461,516 | 617,475 | 33.8 | 43.6 | 44.1 | 0.5 | 6.3 | 8.8 | 2.5 |
| Buffalo | 531,122 | 520,350 | -2.0 | 77.1 | 76.3 | -0.8 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 0.2 |
| Memphis | 458,534 | 511,111 | 11.5 | 79.9 | 75.0 | -4.9 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 0.4 |
| West Palm Beach | 380,260 | 475,572 | 25.1 | 90.2 | 88.7 | -1.5 | |||
| Jacksonville | 443,882 | 527,718 | 18.9 | 70.9 | 66.2 | -4.7 | 2.3 | 3.0 | 0.7 |
| Rochester | 509,733 | 516,814 | 1.4 | 65.8 | 63.6 | -2.3 | 1.6 | 2.4 | 0.8 |
| Grand Rapids | 442,228 | 531,924 | 20.3 | 50.9 | 48.6 | -2.2 | 2.3 | 3.0 | 0.7 |
| Oklahoma City | 450,122 | 509,262 | 13.1 | 58.9 | 55.6 | -3.3 | 2.3 | 3.2 | 0.9 |
| Louisville | 442,933 | 492,821 | 11.3 | 65.6 | 61.6 | -4.0 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 0.5 |
Exhibit 6.1 Journey to Work Flows, Share of Commuters: 1990-2000
| MSA | Suburban-Central County | Suburban - Same Suburban County | Suburban - Different Suburban County | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 2000 | Change | 1990 | 2000 | Change | 1990 | 2000 | Change | |
| Los Angeles | 6.3 | 5.9 | -0.4 | 30.0 | 32.9 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 3.2 | 0.5 |
| Chicago | 10.1 | 10.4 | 0.3 | 23.9 | 25.8 | 1.9 | 4.8 | 6.5 | 1.8 |
| Washington, DC | 13.2 | 12.1 | -1.1 | 45.7 | 45.4 | -0.3 | 31.2 | 33.9 | 2.7 |
| San Francisco | 7.8 | 7.4 | -0.4 | 64.1 | 62.4 | -1.7 | 14.9 | 16.7 | 1.8 |
| Philadelphia | 8.4 | 7.8 | -0.7 | 48.6 | 49.7 | 1.1 | 15.6 | 17.6 | 1.9 |
| Detroit | 9.2 | 8.8 | -0.5 | 43.7 | 44.1 | 0.4 | 9.5 | 11.9 | 2.4 |
| Dallas | 14.1 | 16.4 | 2.4 | 34.5 | 35.6 | 1.1 | 3.8 | 5.4 | 1.6 |
| Houston | 9.4 | 11.9 | 2.6 | 12.7 | 13.5 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.3 |
| Atlantb | 21.3 | 20.5 | -0.8 | 37.3 | 37.9 | 0.7 | 18.9 | 20.5 | 1.5 |
| Miami | 5.2 | 7.0 | 1.8 | 31.9 | 34.4 | 2.5 | |||
| Seattle | 10.0 | 11.6 | 1.6 | 33.3 | 33.5 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 0.5 |
| Phoenix | 0.8 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 2.8 | 2.5 | -0.4 | |||
| Minneapolis | 15.8 | 17.5 | 1.7 | 28.4 | 28.0 | -0.4 | 12.6 | 14.6 | 2.0 |
| Cleveland | 11.4 | 12.1 | 0.6 | 34.0 | 35.1 | 1.1 | 4.4 | 5.5 | 1.1 |
| San Diego | |||||||||
| St. Louis | 17.5 | 13.9 | -3.7 | 51.7 | 53.9 | 2.2 | 15.4 | 19.1 | 3.7 |
| Denver | 20.6 | 18.1 | -2.6 | 40.8 | 41.1 | 0.3 | 14.3 | 17.9 | 3.6 |
| tbmpa | 5.5 | 7.5 | 2.0 | 45.2 | 43.3 | -1.9 | 3.0 | 3.6 | 0.6 |
| Pittsburgh | 10.0 | 11.5 | 1.5 | 27.0 | 27.8 | 0.8 | 2.2 | 3.1 | 0.9 |
| Portland | 16.2 | 14.6 | -1.7 | 41.4 | 44.3 | 2.9 | 7.3 | 9.0 | 1.7 |
| Cincinnati | 17.8 | 17.5 | -0.3 | 24.1 | 26.3 | 2.2 | 7.5 | 10.7 | 3.2 |
| Sacramento | 8.5 | 9.0 | 0.5 | 17.9 | 20.0 | 2.1 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.4 |
| Kansas City | 15.1 | 14.1 | -1.0 | 33.0 | 35.8 | 2.8 | 11.0 | 12.9 | 1.9 |
| Milwaukee | 12.0 | 12.7 | 0.6 | 26.6 | 28.8 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 3.6 | 1.1 |
| Orlando | 16.1 | 17.2 | 1.1 | 23.4 | 23.7 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 0.6 |
| Indianapolis | 16.6 | 18.8 | 2.2 | 21.1 | 21.8 | 0.6 | 2.1 | 3.6 | 1.4 |
| San Antonio | 3.4 | 4.7 | 1.3 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.3 |
| Norfolk | 14.8 | 13.9 | -0.9 | 41.8 | 41.6 | -0.2 | 22.4 | 26.6 | 4.2 |
| Las Vegas | 1.7 | 2.0 | 0.3 | 8.6 | 7.6 | -1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Columbus | 10.3 | 13.0 | 2.7 | 14.1 | 13.8 | -0.2 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.2 |
| Charlotte | 12.0 | 14.1 | 2.1 | 35.3 | 30.3 | -5.0 | 3.6 | 3.8 | 0.2 |
| New Orleans | 17.6 | 15.8 | -1.8 | 37.8 | 39.9 | 2.1 | 7.3 | 8.6 | 1.3 |
| Salt Lake City | 5.8 | 6.3 | 0.5 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 0.0 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 0.0 |
| Greensboro | 8.9 | 9.7 | 0.9 | 46.7 | 43.3 | -3.4 | 6.9 | 8.0 | 1.2 |
| Austin | 14.2 | 16.1 | 2.0 | 13.2 | 15.0 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.2 |
| Nashville | 17.4 | 20.0 | 2.6 | 25.5 | 27.8 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 3.7 | 1.5 |
| Raleigh | 6.4 | 8.9 | 2.5 | 32.7 | 26.7 | -6.0 | 5.7 | 6.2 | 0.5 |
| Buffalo | 4.6 | 5.9 | 1.3 | 13.4 | 12.5 | -0.9 | 0.0 | ||
| Memphis | 8.6 | 10.7 | 2.1 | 7.8 | 8.7 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
| West Palm Beach | |||||||||
| Jacksonville | 10.3 | 12.3 | 1.9 | 12.7 | 14.5 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 |
| Rochester | 9.5 | 10.2 | 0.7 | 18.5 | 18.7 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 0.3 |
| Grand Rapids | 7.7 | 8.1 | 0.3 | 30.4 | 29.6 | -0.8 | 5.0 | 6.8 | 1.8 |
| Oklahoma City | 17.3 | 17.6 | 0.3 | 17.6 | 19.2 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 0.5 |
| Louisville | 12.1 | 13.3 | 1.2 | 13.1 | 13.9 | 0.8 | 3.0 | 4.2 | 1.2 |
Exhibit 6.2 Changes in Commuter Flows: 1990-2000
| MSA | C-C Workers | C-S Workers | C-Outside MSA | S-C | S-S (Same County) | S-S (Different County) | S-Outside MSA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Los Angeles | -295,904 | 35,963 | 3,443 | -27,122 | 187,646 | 35,269 | 19,281 |
| Chicago | -69,800 | 68,132 | 3,205 | 43,349 | 152,734 | 88,484 | 9,709 |
| Washington, DC | -46,168 | 2,631 | -7 | -12,074 | 93,020 | 175,699 | 14,857 |
| San Francisco | 14,609 | 21,020 | 615 | 4,089 | 89,920 | 95,489 | 5,582 |
| Philadelphia | -83,500 | 12,586 | 98 | -16,187 | 46,238 | 59,444 | 12,145 |
| Detroit | -15,010 | 18,975 | 726 | 5,951 | 92,847 | 76,695 | 8,165 |
| Dallas | 50,286 | 42,262 | 3,085 | 128,663 | 197,050 | 58,268 | 9,636 |
| Houston | 122,384 | 32,479 | 4,534 | 82,550 | 57,394 | 7,703 | 5,996 |
| Atlanta | 44,561 | 22,815 | 2,700 | 94,021 | 206,534 | 129,362 | 17,691 |
| Miami | -21,080 | 28,535 | 3,872 | 37,759 | 94,217 | 23,478 | |
| Seattle | 98,739 | 7,239 | -83 | 56,226 | 95,100 | 13,453 | 5,816 |
| Phoenix | 404,084 | 2,861 | 3,002 | 11,630 | 6,789 | 2,051 | |
| Minneapolis | 26,291 | 19,135 | 1,060 | 66,551 | 65,250 | 63,793 | 8,673 |
| Cleveland | -7,752 | 14,098 | -1,022 | 19,289 | 47,017 | 19,637 | 2,415 |
| San Diego | 65,632 | 3,425 | |||||
| St. Louis | -21,701 | 3,647 | 302 | -32,617 | 64,661 | 56,701 | 1,948 |
| Denver | 20,122 | 25,450 | 1,640 | 31,256 | 134,136 | 94,267 | 12,307 |
| tgmpa | 46,039 | 11,295 | 2,469 | 29,628 | 47,246 | 10,928 | 1,641 |
| Pittsburgh | -19,111 | 6,549 | -481 | 18,996 | 17,785 | 10,156 | -365 |
| Portland | 30,880 | 16,716 | 986 | 21,310 | 132,906 | 36,661 | 4,533 |
| Cincinnati | -20,153 | 19,375 | -163 | 16,463 | 47,263 | 38,535 | 6,264 |
| Sacramento | 28,540 | 21,632 | 3,817 | 13,923 | 36,849 | 3,970 | 5,313 |
| Kansas City | -9,501 | 15,230 | 208 | 6,302 | 58,652 | 27,974 | 3,769 |
| Milwaukee | -33,727 | 19,822 | 2,076 | 10,598 | 29,745 | 9,895 | 5,719 |
| Orlando | 59,216 | 21,281 | 2,555 | 36,349 | 42,982 | 5,696 | 3,782 |
| Indianapolis | 4,643 | 22,621 | 750 | 36,278 | 28,958 | 13,922 | 5,576 |
| San Antonio | 79,415 | 6,292 | 5,547 | 13,128 | 8,519 | 3,095 | 4,160 |
| Norfolk | -26,249 | 7,076 | 707 | -773 | 15,330 | 40,636 | 2,784 |
| Las Vegas | 258,552 | -1,927 | 3,483 | 7,102 | 17,756 | -8 | 1,552 |
| Columbus | 44,291 | 13,245 | 3,814 | 33,085 | 14,478 | 2,628 | 3,375 |
| Charlotte | 70,555 | 10,288 | 4,921 | 33,672 | 14,136 | 6,444 | 6,757 |
| New Orleans | -4,246 | 5,970 | 53 | -3,361 | 26,638 | 10,496 | 3,176 |
| Salt Lake City | 104,750 | -1,369 | 6,008 | 12,515 | 32,010 | 7,961 | 1,475 |
| Greensboro | 19,930 | 5,683 | 1,613 | 11,363 | 10,943 | 11,853 | 7,211 |
| Austin | 107,989 | 20,157 | 2,009 | 43,744 | 40,056 | 2,739 | 1,606 |
| Nashville | 8,968 | 13,819 | 1,510 | 37,706 | 45,952 | 12,332 | 5,217 |
| Raleigh | 71,205 | 25,271 | 4,945 | 25,324 | 13,994 | 11,791 | 3,429 |
| Buffalo | -12,560 | 908 | 578 | 6,412 | -6,104 | -6 | |
| Memphis | 16,960 | 2,996 | 2,971 | 15,481 | 8,924 | 323 | 4,922 |
| West Palm Beach | 78,711 | 16,601 | |||||
| Jacksonville | 34,685 | 5,673 | 782 | 18,888 | 20,282 | 1,259 | 2,267 |
| Rochester | -7,027 | 4,179 | 779 | 4,527 | 2,584 | 1,802 | 237 |
| Grand Rapids | 33,806 | 5,786 | 1,745 | 8,750 | 23,231 | 13,947 | 2,431 |
| Oklahoma City | 18,024 | 5,922 | -95 | 11,759 | 18,483 | 3,252 | 1,795 |
| Louisville | 13,060 | 3,780 | 915 | 12,068 | 10,668 | 7,614 | 1,783 |
Exhibit 6.3 Place of Work - Workers Living in Central Counties: 1990
| MSA | Total Workers | Work in Central County | Work in Suburban County | Work Outside MSA | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | Percent | Number | Percent | Number | Percent | ||
| Los Angeles | 4,115,248 | 3,872,310 | 94.1 | 206,638 | 5.0 | 36,300 | 0.9 |
| Chicago | 2,369,624 | 2,147,598 | 90.6 | 206,035 | 8.7 | 15,991 | 0.7 |
| Washington | 304,428 | 236,734 | 77.8 | 64,526 | 21.2 | 3,168 | 1.0 |
| San Francisco | 382,309 | 307,400 | 80.4 | 71,702 | 18.8 | 3,207 | 0.8 |
| Philadelphia | 640,577 | 513,167 | 80.1 | 117,316 | 18.3 | 10,094 | 1.6 |
| Detroit | 822,620 | 633,415 | 77.0 | 182,588 | 22.2 | 6,617 | 0.8 |
| Dallas | 943,146 | 855,094 | 90.7 | 77,736 | 8.2 | 10,316 | 1.1 |
| Houston | 1,356,196 | 1,294,782 | 95.5 | 44,480 | 3.3 | 16,934 | 1.2 |
| Atlantc | 315,366 | 221,309 | 70.2 | 88,976 | 28.2 | 5,081 | 1.6 |
| Miami | 887,996 | 844,722 | 95.1 | 31,561 | 3.6 | 11,713 | 1.3 |
| Seattle | 805,782 | 750,970 | 93.2 | 45,910 | 5.7 | 8,902 | 1.1 |
| Phoenix | 996,495 | 977,648 | 98.1 | 4,890 | 0.5 | 13,957 | 1.4 |
| Minneapolis | 561,081 | 478,582 | 85.3 | 76,518 | 13.6 | 5,981 | 1.1 |
| Cleveland | 617,552 | 573,657 | 92.9 | 35,887 | 5.8 | 8,008 | 1.3 |
| San Diego | 1,230,446 | 1,187,997 | 96.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 42,449 | 3.4 |
| St. Louis | 158,499 | 104,181 | 65.7 | 53,087 | 33.5 | 1,231 | 0.8 |
| Denver | 231,503 | 156,628 | 67.7 | 72,165 | 31.2 | 2,710 | 1.2 |
| tcmpa | 410,950 | 373,741 | 90.9 | 20,980 | 5.1 | 16,229 | 3.9 |
| Pittsburgh | 595,405 | 555,766 | 93.3 | 28,546 | 4.8 | 11,093 | 1.9 |
| Portland | 286,600 | 231,766 | 80.9 | 52,065 | 18.2 | 2,769 | 1.0 |
| Cincinnati | 399,406 | 356,399 | 89.2 | 35,458 | 8.9 | 7,549 | 1.9 |
| Sacramento | 482,321 | 424,777 | 88.1 | 36,800 | 7.6 | 20,744 | 4.3 |
| Kansas City | 304,852 | 242,909 | 79.7 | 57,715 | 18.9 | 4,228 | 1.4 |
| Milwaukee | 439,449 | 378,890 | 86.2 | 54,012 | 12.3 | 6,547 | 1.5 |
| Orlando | 356,271 | 317,493 | 89.1 | 29,608 | 8.3 | 9,170 | 2.6 |
| Indianapolis | 396,584 | 363,631 | 91.7 | 25,815 | 6.5 | 7,138 | 1.8 |
| San Antonio | 516,606 | 502,381 | 97.2 | 3,304 | 0.6 | 10,921 | 2.1 |
| Norfolk | 130,549 | 100,821 | 77.2 | 26,673 | 20.4 | 3,055 | 2.3 |
| Las Vegas | 371,128 | 361,948 | 97.5 | 4,715 | 1.3 | 4,465 | 1.2 |
| Columbus | 487,305 | 464,102 | 95.2 | 11,747 | 2.4 | 11,456 | 2.4 |
| Charlotte | 277,227 | 258,943 | 93.4 | 11,456 | 4.1 | 6,828 | 2.5 |
| New Orleans | 186,926 | 151,738 | 81.2 | 32,274 | 17.3 | 2,914 | 1.6 |
| Salt Lake City | 329,238 | 306,533 | 93.1 | 11,823 | 3.6 | 10,882 | 3.3 |
| Greensboro | 185,853 | 167,220 | 90.0 | 13,149 | 7.1 | 5,484 | 3.0 |
| Austin | 302,909 | 287,911 | 95.0 | 9,124 | 3.0 | 5,874 | 1.9 |
| Nashville | 261,683 | 239,898 | 91.7 | 17,331 | 6.6 | 4,454 | 1.7 |
| Raleigh | 237,181 | 201,227 | 84.8 | 28,985 | 12.2 | 6,969 | 2.9 |
| Buffalo | 432,883 | 409,439 | 94.6 | 12,976 | 3.0 | 10,468 | 2.4 |
| Memphis | 379,633 | 366,238 | 96.5 | 8,085 | 2.1 | 5,310 | 1.4 |
| West Palm Beach | 380,260 | 343,100 | 90.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 37,160 | 9.8 |
| Jacksonville | 333,152 | 314,868 | 94.5 | 10,271 | 3.1 | 8,013 | 2.4 |
| Rochester | 347,088 | 335,539 | 96.7 | 8,002 | 2.3 | 3,547 | 1.0 |
| Grand Rapids | 242,899 | 224,893 | 92.6 | 10,186 | 4.2 | 7,820 | 3.2 |
| Oklahoma City | 281,207 | 265,081 | 94.3 | 10,468 | 3.7 | 5,658 | 2.0 |
| Louisville | 311,336 | 290,564 | 93.3 | 11,689 | 3.8 | 9,083 | 2.9 |
Exhibit 6.4 Place of Work - Workers Living in Central Counties: 2000
| MSA | Total Workers | Work in Central County | Work in Suburban County | Work Outside MSA | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | Percent | Number | Percent | Number | Percent | ||
| Los Angeles | 3,858,750 | 3,576,406 | 92.7 | 242,601 | 6.3 | 39,743 | 1.0 |
| Chicago | 2,371,161 | 2,077,798 | 87.6 | 274,167 | 11.6 | 19,196 | 0.8 |
| Washington, DC | 260,884 | 190,566 | 73.0 | 67,157 | 25.7 | 3,161 | 1.2 |
| San Francisco | 418,553 | 322,009 | 76.9 | 92,722 | 22.2 | 3,822 | 0.9 |
| Philadelphia | 569,761 | 429,667 | 75.4 | 129,902 | 22.8 | 10,192 | 1.8 |
| Detroit | 827,311 | 618,405 | 74.7 | 201,563 | 24.4 | 7,343 | 0.9 |
| Dallas | 1,038,779 | 905,380 | 87.2 | 119,998 | 11.6 | 13,401 | 1.3 |
| Houston | 1,515,593 | 1,417,166 | 93.5 | 76,959 | 5.1 | 21,468 | 1.4 |
| Atlantd | 385,442 | 265,870 | 69.0 | 111,791 | 29.0 | 7,781 | 2.0 |
| Miami | 899,323 | 823,642 | 91.6 | 60,096 | 6.7 | 15,585 | 1.7 |
| Seattle | 911,677 | 849,709 | 93.2 | 53,149 | 5.8 | 8,819 | 1.0 |
| Phoenix | 1,406,442 | 1,381,732 | 98.2 | 7,751 | 0.6 | 16,959 | 1.2 |
| Minneapolis | 607,567 | 504,873 | 83.1 | 95,653 | 15.7 | 7,041 | 1.2 |
| Cleveland | 622,876 | 565,905 | 90.9 | 49,985 | 8.0 | 6,986 | 1.1 |
| San Diego | 1,299,503 | 1,253,629 | 96.5 | 45,874 | 3.5 | ||
| St. Louis | 140,747 | 82,480 | 58.6 | 56,734 | 40.3 | 1,533 | 1.1 |
| Denver | 278,715 | 176,750 | 63.4 | 97,615 | 35.0 | 4,350 | 1.6 |
| tdmpa | 470,753 | 419,780 | 89.2 | 32,275 | 6.9 | 18,698 | 4.0 |
| Pittsburgh | 582,362 | 536,655 | 92.2 | 35,095 | 6.0 | 10,612 | 1.8 |
| Portland | 335,182 | 262,646 | 78.4 | 68,781 | 20.5 | 3,755 | 1.1 |
| Cincinnati | 398,465 | 336,246 | 84.4 | 54,833 | 13.8 | 7,386 | 1.9 |
| Sacramento | 536,310 | 453,317 | 84.5 | 58,432 | 10.9 | 24,561 | 4.6 |
| Kansas City | 310,789 | 233,408 | 75.1 | 72,945 | 23.5 | 4,436 | 1.4 |
| Milwaukee | 427,620 | 345,163 | 80.7 | 73,834 | 17.3 | 8,623 | 2.0 |
| Orlando | 439,323 | 376,709 | 85.7 | 50,889 | 11.6 | 11,725 | 2.7 |
| Indianapolis | 424,598 | 368,274 | 86.7 | 48,436 | 11.4 | 7,888 | 1.9 |
| San Antonio | 607,860 | 581,796 | 95.7 | 9,596 | 1.6 | 16,468 | 2.7 |
| Norfolk | 112,083 | 74,572 | 66.5 | 33,749 | 30.1 | 3,762 | 3.4 |
| Las Vegas | 631,236 | 620,500 | 98.3 | 2,788 | 0.4 | 7,948 | 1.3 |
| Columbus | 548,655 | 508,393 | 92.7 | 24,992 | 4.6 | 15,270 | 2.8 |
| Charlotte | 362,991 | 329,498 | 90.8 | 21,744 | 6.0 | 11,749 | 3.2 |
| New Orleans | 188,703 | 147,492 | 78.2 | 38,244 | 20.3 | 2,967 | 1.6 |
| Salt Lake City | 438,627 | 411,283 | 93.8 | 10,454 | 2.4 | 16,890 | 3.9 |
| Greensboro | 213,079 | 187,150 | 87.8 | 18,832 | 8.8 | 7,097 | 3.3 |
| Austin | 433,064 | 395,900 | 91.4 | 29,281 | 6.8 | 7,883 | 1.8 |
| Nashville | 285,980 | 248,866 | 87.0 | 31,150 | 10.9 | 5,964 | 2.1 |
| Raleigh | 338,602 | 272,432 | 80.5 | 54,256 | 16.0 | 11,914 | 3.5 |
| Buffalo | 421,809 | 396,879 | 94.1 | 13,884 | 3.3 | 11,046 | 2.6 |
| Memphis | 402,560 | 383,198 | 95.2 | 11,081 | 2.8 | 8,281 | 2.1 |
| West Palm Beach | 475,572 | 421,811 | 88.7 | 53,761 | 11.3 | ||
| Jacksonville | 374,292 | 349,553 | 93.4 | 15,944 | 4.3 | 8,795 | 2.3 |
| Rochester | 345,019 | 328,512 | 95.2 | 12,181 | 3.5 | 4,326 | 1.3 |
| Grand Rapids | 284,236 | 258,699 | 91.0 | 15,972 | 5.6 | 9,565 | 3.4 |
| Oklahoma City | 305,058 | 283,105 | 92.8 | 16,390 | 5.4 | 5,563 | 1.8 |
| Louisville | 329,091 | 303,624 | 92.3 | 15,469 | 4.7 | 9,998 | 3.0 |
Exhibit 6.3 and 6.4 show the place of work in 1990 and 2000 for workers who lived in the central county. St. Louis, Denver and Norfolk have significant counter-commutes from the central county. As mentioned earlier, St. Louis saw a decline in traditional commutes from central to downtown.
Exhibits 6.5 and 6.6 show the place of work in 1990 and 2000 for workers living in suburban counties.
Exhibit 6.5 Place of Work - Workers Living in Suburban Counties: 1990
| MSA | Work in Central County | Work in the Same Suburban County | Work in another Suburban County | Work Outside MSA | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | pct. | Number | pct. | Number | pct. | Number | pct. | |
| Los Angeles | 429,013 | 15.9 | 2,040,222 | 75.7 | 181,485 | 6.7 | 43,075 | 1.6 |
| Chicago | 395,014 | 25.4 | 936,279 | 60.3 | 187,630 | 12.1 | 33,748 | 2.2 |
| Washington, DC | 478,418 | 14.5 | 1,649,177 | 49.9 | 1,126,011 | 34.1 | 53,060 | 1.6 |
| San Francisco | 248,517 | 8.8 | 2,052,514 | 72.8 | 477,256 | 16.9 | 40,237 | 1.4 |
| Philadelphia | 234,717 | 10.9 | 1,354,086 | 63.2 | 435,215 | 20.3 | 119,986 | 5.6 |
| Detroit | 211,457 | 14.4 | 1,002,549 | 68.1 | 219,040 | 14.9 | 38,442 | 2.6 |
| Dallas | 286,827 | 26.2 | 703,704 | 64.3 | 77,689 | 7.1 | 27,032 | 2.5 |
| Houston | 165,639 | 40.2 | 224,373 | 54.4 | 11,683 | 2.8 | 10,676 | 2.6 |
| Atlante | 328,035 | 26.7 | 575,032 | 46.8 | 292,080 | 23.8 | 32,435 | 2.6 |
| Miami | 77,285 | 13.1 | 471,595 | 80.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 39,209 | 6.7 |
| Seattle | 150,353 | 21.7 | 499,955 | 72.0 | 26,428 | 3.8 | 17,216 | 2.5 |
| Phoenix | 8,288 | 21.0 | 29,172 | 73.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 2,062 | 5.2 |
| Minneapolis | 212,741 | 27.1 | 382,095 | 48.8 | 169,500 | 21.6 | 19,380 | 2.5 |
| Cleveland | 146,681 | 22.1 | 435,416 | 65.5 | 56,574 | 8.5 | 25,869 | 3.9 |
| San Diego | ||||||||
| St. Louis | 204,594 | 20.3 | 603,401 | 59.9 | 180,131 | 17.9 | 19,398 | 1.9 |
| Denver | 211,991 | 26.7 | 419,295 | 52.7 | 146,510 | 18.4 | 17,548 | 2.2 |
| tempa | 49,923 | 9.9 | 413,211 | 82.0 | 27,438 | 5.4 | 13,189 | 2.6 |
| Pittsburgh | 102,685 | 24.0 | 276,059 | 64.4 | 22,977 | 5.4 | 26,699 | 6.2 |
| Portland | 139,911 | 24.4 | 356,283 | 62.0 | 62,955 | 11.0 | 15,392 | 2.7 |
| Cincinnati | 150,232 | 33.8 | 203,166 | 45.7 | 63,651 | 14.3 | 27,670 | 6.2 |
| Sacramento | 58,235 | 28.6 | 122,931 | 60.4 | 4,939 | 2.4 | 17,519 | 8.6 |
| Kansas City | 117,574 | 24.8 | 257,168 | 54.3 | 85,903 | 18.1 | 13,127 | 2.8 |
| Milwaukee | 92,738 | 27.8 | 205,271 | 61.6 | 19,411 | 5.8 | 15,883 | 4.8 |
| Orlando | 98,620 | 38.2 | 143,569 | 55.6 | 4,453 | 1.7 | 11,469 | 4.4 |
| Indianapolis | 113,041 | 39.5 | 144,145 | 50.3 | 14,548 | 5.1 | 14,689 | 5.1 |
| San Antonio | 19,499 | 31.5 | 32,794 | 53.0 | 4,454 | 7.2 | 5,176 | 8.4 |
| Norfolk | 106,404 | 18.0 | 301,151 | 51.0 | 161,415 | 27.3 | 21,371 | 3.6 |
| Las Vegas | 7,090 | 15.8 | 35,667 | 79.4 | 8 | 0.0 | 2,132 | 4.7 |
| Columbus | 68,171 | 38.8 | 93,163 | 53.0 | 4,511 | 2.6 | 9,856 | 5.6 |
| Charlotte | 72,408 | 22.1 | 213,698 | 65.2 | 21,771 | 6.6 | 19,752 | 6.0 |
| New Orleans | 93,705 | 27.2 | 201,095 | 58.3 | 38,676 | 11.2 | 11,295 | 3.3 |
| Salt Lake City | 27,761 | 18.5 | 93,869 | 62.5 | 23,574 | 15.7 | 4,896 | 3.3 |
| Greensboro | 48,894 | 13.4 | 256,894 | 70.5 | 37,949 | 10.4 | 20,735 | 5.7 |
| Austin | 61,094 | 47.6 | 57,125 | 44.5 | 2,614 | 2.0 | 7,603 | 5.9 |
| Nashville | 86,320 | 36.9 | 126,507 | 54.1 | 10,774 | 4.6 | 10,433 | 4.5 |
| Raleigh | 29,535 | 13.2 | 151,082 | 67.3 | 26,368 | 11.8 | 17,350 | 7.7 |
| Buffalo | 24,279 | 24.7 | 71,347 | 72.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 2,613 | 2.7 |
| Memphis | 39,259 | 49.8 | 35,675 | 45.2 | 621 | 0.8 | 3,346 | 4.2 |
| West Palm Beach | ||||||||
| Jacksonville | 45,795 | 41.4 | 56,426 | 51.0 | 1,017 | 0.9 | 7,492 | 6.8 |
| Rochester | 48,348 | 29.7 | 94,258 | 58.0 | 8,324 | 5.1 | 11,715 | 7.2 |
| Grand Rapids | 34,096 | 17.1 | 134,382 | 67.4 | 22,175 | 11.1 | 8,676 | 4.4 |
| Oklahoma City | 77,876 | 46.1 | 79,162 | 46.9 | 5,154 | 3.1 | 6,723 | 4.0 |
| Louisville | 53,506 | 40.7 | 57,935 | 44.0 | 13,323 | 10.1 | 6,833 | 5.2 |
table 6.6 Place of Work - Workers Living in Suburban County: 2000
| MSA | Work in Central County | Work in the Same Suburban County | Work in different Suburban County | Work Outside MSA | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | Percent | Number | Percent | Number | Percent | Number | Percent | |
| Los Angeles | 401,891 | 13.8 | 2,227,868 | 76.6 | 216,754 | 7.5 | 62,356 | 2.1 |
| Chicago | 438,363 | 23.7 | 1,089,013 | 59.0 | 276,114 | 14.9 | 43,457 | 2.4 |
| Washington, DC | 466,344 | 13.0 | 1,742,197 | 48.7 | 1,301,710 | 36.4 | 67,917 | 1.9 |
| San Francisco | 252,606 | 8.4 | 2,142,434 | 71.1 | 572,745 | 19.0 | 45,819 | 1.5 |
| Philadelphia | 218,530 | 9.7 | 1,400,324 | 62.4 | 494,659 | 22.0 | 132,131 | 5.9 |
| Detroit | 217,408 | 13.1 | 1,095,396 | 66.2 | 295,735 | 17.9 | 46,607 | 2.8 |
| Dallas | 415,490 | 27.9 | 900,754 | 60.5 | 135,957 | 9.1 | 36,668 | 2.5 |
| Houston | 248,189 | 43.8 | 281,767 | 49.8 | 19,386 | 3.4 | 16,672 | 2.9 |
| Atlantf | 422,056 | 25.2 | 781,566 | 46.7 | 421,442 | 25.2 | 50,126 | 3.0 |
| Miami | 115,044 | 15.5 | 565,812 | 76.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 62,687 | 8.4 |
| Seattle | 206,579 | 23.9 | 595,055 | 68.8 | 39,881 | 4.6 | 23,032 | 2.7 |
| Phoenix | 19,918 | 33.2 | 35,961 | 59.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 4,113 | 6.9 |
| Minneapolis | 279,292 | 28. | ||||||