Design For Fish Passage at Roadway - Stream Crossings: Synthesis Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS

• Acknowledgement
• Dedication
• Background
• Table of Contents
• List of Tables
• List of Figures
• Glossary
• Glossary of Acronyms
• List of Symbols

Chapters: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11

• 1 Introduction
  • 1.1 Purpose and Scope
  • 1.2 Highway Perspective
  • 1.3 Ecological Perspective
    • 1.3.1 Importance of Animal Movement
    • 1.3.2 Road Stream Interaction
    • 1.3.3 Effects of Population Isolation
  • 1.4 Legislation and Regulation
    • 1.4.1 Statutes and an Executive Order
      • 1.4.1.1 Clean Water Act (CWA) 1948
      • 1.4.1.2 Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973
      • 1.4.1.3 Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (FWCA) 1934
      • 1.4.1.4 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) 1969
      • 1.4.1.5 Rivers and Harbors Appropriations Act of 1899
      • 1.4.1.6 Sustainable Fisheries Act 1996
      • 1.4.1.7 Wild and Scenic Rivers Act 1968
      • 1.4.1.8 Executive Order on Recreation Fisheries 1995
    • 1.4.2 State and Local Regulations
  • 1.5 Multidisciplinary Nature of Providing for Fish Passage at Roadway-Stream Crossings
  • 1.6 Related fhwa publications and report PREVIEW
• 2 Fish Biology
  • 2.1 Anatomy
  • 2.2 Capabilities and Abilities
    • 2.2.1 Swimming and Jumping
    • 2.2.2 Species and Life Stages
    • 2.2.3 Depth Requirements
    • 2.2.4 Example of Fish Criteria
  • 2.3 Fish Movement
    • 2.3.1 Migration
    • 2.3.2 Juvenile and Resident Movement
  • 2.4 Local Fish Requirements
  • 2.5 Conclusions
• 3 Culverts as Passage Barriers
  • 3.1 Stream Fragmentation
  • 3.2 How a culvert can be a Barrier
    • 3.2.1 Drop at Culvert Outlet
    • 3.2.2 Outlet Pool Depth
    • 3.2.3 Excessive Velocity in Barrel
      • 3.2.3.1 Boundary Layer Velocity
      • 3.2.3.2 Average Velocity
      • 3.2.3.3 Maximum Point Velocity
      • 3.2.3.4 Inlet Transition Velocity
    • 3.2.4 Insufficient Depth
    • 3.2.5 Excessive Turbulence
    • 3.2.6 Behavioral Barriers
    • 3.2.7 Debris Accumulation
    • 3.2.8 Summary
• 4 Culvert Inventory, Assessment and Prioritization
  • 4.1 Culvert Inventory
    • 4.1.1 Knowledge of Crossing Location
      • 4.1.1.1 Road-Based Inventory
      • 4.1.1.2 Stream-Based Inventory
    • 4.1.2 Inventory Goals
    • 4.1.3 Data Collection
  • 4.2 Culvert Assessment
    • 4.2.1 Overview
      • 4.2.1.1 Criteria
      • 4.2.1.2 Development
    • 4.2.2 Criteria
      • 4.2.2.1 Degree of Barrier
    • 4.2.3 Existing Procedures
      • 4.2.3.1 Coarse Filter
      • 4.2.3.2 Regional Screen
      • 4.2.3.3 Examples of Regional Screen Criteria
      • 4.2.3.4 Flow Chart Filters
      • 4.2.3.5 Matrix Filters
      • 4.2.3.6 Hydraulic Analysis
    • 4.2.4 Recommended Template
  • 4.3 Prioritization of Road Crossing culvert retrofits/replacements
    • 4.3.1 Overview
      • 4.3.1.1 Objectives
      • 4.3.1.2 Funding Source
    • 4.3.2 Criteria
      • 4.3.2.1 Cost
      • 4.3.2.2 Ecological Significance
      • 4.3.2.3 Habitat Blocked
      • 4.3.2.4 Risk/Significance of Failure
    • 4.3.3 Existing Prioritization Procedures
      • 4.3.3.1 California Department of Fish and Game
      • 4.3.3.2 Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife
      • 4.3.3.3 Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife
    • 4.3.4 Recommended Template
• 5 Fish Passage Hydrology
  • 5.1 Hydrologic considerations for fish passage design
    • 5.1.1 Seasonality
      • 5.1.1.1 Timing and Extent of Fish Presence
      • 5.1.1.2 Species and Life Stage
      • 5.1.1.3 Representing Seasonal Flows
    • 5.1.2 Extreme Events
      • 5.1.2.1 Fish Response
      • 5.1.2.2 Allowable Delay
      • 5.1.2.3 Migration Flows
  • 5.2 Design Requirements
    • 5.2.1 High Fish Passage Flows
    • 5.2.2 Low Fish Passage Flows
    • 5.2.3 Bankfull Flow
    • 5.2.4 Streambed Stability and Crossing Capacity
    • 5.2.5 Tidal Influence
  • 5.3 Hydrologic procedures
• 6 Design Considerations, Methods and Tools
  • 6.1 Objectives
    • 6.1.1 Biological Considerations
      • 6.1.1.1 Fish Passage Requirements
      • 6.1.1.2 Ecological Significance
    • 6.1.2 Geomorphic Considerations
      • 6.1.2.1 Form and Key Features
      • 6.1.2.2 Stability
      • 6.1.2.3 Morphological Adjustment Potential/Ability
      • 6.1.2.4 Rigid Structure in Dynamic Environment
    • 6.1.3 Hydraulic Considerations
      • 6.1.3.1 Flood Flow Conveyance
      • 6.1.3.2 Culvert Flow Characteristics
      • 6.1.3.3 Targeted Fish Passage at Design Flows
      • 6.1.3.4 Passage for All Fish
      • 6.1.3.5 Sediment Transport
      • 6.1.3.6 Outlet Control
  • 6.2 Constraints
    • 6.2.1 Costs
    • 6.2.2 Right of Way
    • 6.2.3 Physical Constraints
    • 6.2.4 Environmental Constraints
    • 6.2.5 Regulatory Constraints
    • 6.2.6 Alignment
  • 6.3 Design Approaches
    • 6.3.1 No Impedance
    • 6.3.2 Geomorphic Simulation (Category 1)
      • 6.3.2.1 Biological Characteristics
      • 6.3.2.2 Geomorphic Characteristics
      • 6.3.2.3 Hydraulic Characteristics
      • 6.3.2.4 Data Requirements
    • 6.3.3 Hydraulic Simulation (Category 2)
      • 6.3.3.1 Biological Characteristics
      • 6.3.3.2 Geomorphic Characteristics
      • 6.3.3.3 Hydraulic Characteristics
      • 6.3.3.4 Data Requirements
    • 6.3.4 Hydraulic Design (Category 3)
      • 6.3.4.1 Biological Characteristics
      • 6.3.4.2 Geomorphic Characteristics
      • 6.3.4.3 Hydraulic Characteristics
      • 6.3.4.4 Data Requirements
      • 6.3.4.5 Further Considerations
  • 6.4 Design Selection
    • 6.4.1 Summary Matrix of Design Approaches
  • 6.5 Analysis Tools and Software
    • 6.5.1 Channel Geometry
      • 6.5.1.1 Channel Width
      • 6.5.1.2 Channel Profile and Condition
    • 6.5.2 Stream Classification
      • 6.5.2.1 Montgomery and Buffington
      • 6.5.2.2 Rosgen Stream Classification
      • 6.5.2.3 Summary of Channel Classification
    • 6.5.3 Stream Morphology
      • 6.5.3.1 Gradient
      • 6.5.3.2 Bed Material and Embedded Culverts
      • 6.5.3.3 Key Roughness Elements
      • 6.5.3.4 Subsurface Flows
    • 6.5.4 Estimating Roughness with the Manning Equation
      • 6.5.4.1 Limerinos Equation
      • 6.5.4.2 Jarrett's Equation
      • 6.5.4.3 Mussetter's Equation
    • 6.5.5 Bed Mobility
      • 6.5.5.1 Simulated Streambed Design
      • 6.5.5.2 Modified Shield's Equation
      • 6.5.5.3 Critical Unit Discharge Approach
      • 6.5.5.4 Boundary Shear Threshold Analysis
      • 6.5.5.5 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Riprap
      • 6.5.5.6 Reference Reach Approach
      • 6.5.5.7 Unit-Discharge Bed Design
      • 6.5.5.8 Paleohydraulic Analysis
      • 6.5.5.9 Critical Shear Stress Method
    • 6.5.6 Countermeasures for Channel Instability
      • 6.5.6.1 Scour Countermeasures
      • 6.5.6.2 Channel Modifications
      • 6.5.6.3 Roughened Channel
      • 6.5.6.4 Grade Control Structures
      • 6.5.6.5 Tailwater Control
      • 6.5.6.6 Broad Crested Weirs
    • 6.5.7 Culvert Shapes and Standards
    • 6.5.8 Simulation Software
      • 6.5.8.1 FishXing
      • 6.5.8.2 FishBase
      • 6.5.8.3 HY-8 v. 7.0
      • 6.5.8.4 HEC-RAS
      • 6.5.8.5 Commercial Programs
• 7 Design Methods
  • 7.1 Geomorphic Simulation (Category 1)
    • 7.1.1 U.S.F.S. Stream Simulation – DRAFT Manual
      • 7.1.1.1 Biological Characteristics
      • 7.1.1.2 Geomorphic Characteristics
      • 7.1.1.3 Hydraulic Characteristics
      • 7.1.1.4 Data Requirements
      • 7.1.1.5 Design Procedure
    • 7.1.2 WDFW Stream Simulation
      • 7.1.2.1 Biological Characteristics
      • 7.1.2.2 Geomorphic Characteristics
      • 7.1.2.3 Hydraulic Characteristics
      • 7.1.2.4 Data Requirements
      • 7.1.2.5 Design Procedure
    • 7.1.3 No-Slope and Active Channel Design
      • 7.1.3.1 Biological Characteristics
      • 7.1.3.2 Geomorphic Characteristics
      • 7.1.3.3 Hydraulic Characteristics
      • 7.1.3.4 Data Requirements
      • 7.1.3.5 Design Procedure
    • 7.1.4 Summary of Geomorphic Simulation Procedures
  • 7.2 Hydraulic Simulation (Category 2)
    • 7.2.1 Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Stream Simulation
      • 7.2.1.1 Biological Characteristics
      • 7.2.1.2 Geomorphic Characteristics
      • 7.2.1.3 Hydraulic Characteristics
      • 7.2.1.4 Data Requirements
    • 7.2.2 Alaska DF&G and DOT Stream Simulation
      • 7.2.2.1 Biological Characteristics
      • 7.2.2.2 Geomorphic Characteristics
      • 7.2.2.3 Hydraulic Characteristics
      • 7.2.2.4 Data Requirements
      • 7.2.2.5 Design Procedure
    • 7.2.3 Browning et al. 1990
      • 7.2.3.1 Biological Characteristics
      • 7.2.3.2 Geomorphic Characteristics
      • 7.2.3.3 Hydraulic Characteristics
      • 7.2.3.4 Data Requirements
    • 7.2.4 Maryland
      • 7.2.4.1 Biological Characteristics
      • 7.2.4.2 Geomorphic Characteristics
      • 7.2.4.3 Hydraulic Characteristics
      • 7.2.4.4 Data Requirements
      • 7.2.4.5 Design Procedure
    • 7.2.5 Summary of Hydraulic Simulation Procedures
  • 7.3 Hydraulic Design (Category 3)
    • 7.3.1 General Hydraulic Design
      • 7.3.1.1 Biological Characteristics
      • 7.3.1.2 Geomorphic Characteristics
      • 7.3.1.3 Hydraulic Characteristics
      • 7.3.1.4 Data Requirements
      • 7.3.1.5 Design Procedure
    • 7.3.2 Baffle Configurations
      • 7.3.2.1 Biological Characteristics
      • 7.3.2.2 Geomorphic Characteristics
      • 7.3.2.3 Hydraulic Characteristics
      • 7.3.2.4 Data Requirements
    • 7.3.3 Maine
      • 7.3.3.1 Biological Characteristics
      • 7.3.3.2 Geomorphic Characteristics
      • 7.3.3.3 Hydraulic Characteristics
      • 7.3.3.4 Data Requirements
      • 7.3.3.5 Design Procedure
    • 7.3.4 Roughened Channel Design
      • 7.3.4.1 Biological Characteristics
      • 7.3.4.2 Geomorphic Characteristics
      • 7.3.4.3 Hydraulic Characteristics
      • 7.3.4.4 Data Requirements
      • 7.3.4.5 Design Procedure
    • 7.3.5 Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Hydraulic Design
      • 7.3.5.1 Biological Characteristics
      • 7.3.5.2 Geomorphic Characteristics
      • 7.3.5.3 Hydraulic Characteristics
      • 7.3.5.4 Data Requirements
    • 7.3.6 Maine DOT Culvert Design for Rehabilitation
      • 7.3.6.1 Biological Characteristics
      • 7.3.6.2 Geomorphic Characteristics
      • 7.3.6.3 Hydraulic Characteristics
      • 7.3.6.4 Data Requirements
      • 7.3.6.5 Design Procedure
    • 7.3.7 Summary of Hydraulic Design Procedures
    • 7.3.8 A Detachable Fishway for Steep Culverts
      • 7.3.8.1 Biological Characteristics
      • 7.3.8.2 Geomorphic Characteristics
      • 7.3.8.3 Hydraulic Characteristics
      • 7.3.8.4 Data Requirements
      • 7.3.8.5 Design Procedure
    • 7.3.9 Fishways
      • 7.3.9.1 Biological Characteristics
      • 7.3.9.2 Geomorphic Characteristics
      • 7.3.9.3 Hydraulic Characteristics
      • 7.3.9.4 Data Requirements
    • 7.3.10 Floodplain Culverts
      • 7.3.10.1 Biological Characteristics
      • 7.3.10.2 Geomorphic Characteristics
      • 7.3.10.3 Hydraulic Characteristics
      • 7.3.10.4 Data Requirements
    • 7.3.11 Two-Cell Installations
      • 7.3.11.1 Biological Characteristics
      • 7.3.11.2 Geomorphic Characteristics
      • 7.3.11.3 Hydraulic Characteristics
      • 7.3.11.4 Data Requirements
    • 7.3.12 Tide Gates
      • 7.3.12.1 Biological Characteristics
      • 7.3.12.2 Geomorphic Characteristics
      • 7.3.12.3 Hydraulic Characteristics
• 8 Case Studies and Design Examples
  • 8.1 Geomorphic simulation
    • 8.1.1 USFS Stream Simulation Design Example
    • 8.1.2 USFS Stability Check Design Example
    • 8.1.3 WDFW Stream Simulation Design Example
    • 8.1.4 Unit Discharge Design Example
      • 8.1.4.1 Paleohydraulic Analysis
    • 8.1.5 WDFW No-Slope Design Example
    • 8.1.6 Embedded Pipe Case History
  • 8.2 Hydraulic Simulation
    • 8.2.1 Culvert with Floodplain Relief Case History
  • 8.3 HydrauliC Design
    • 8.3.1 John Hatt Creek Case History
    • 8.3.2 WDFW Roughened Channel Design Example
      • 8.3.2.1 Fish Passage Velocity
      • 8.3.2.2 Turbulence
• 9 Construction, Maintenance and inspection
  • 9.1 Construction
    • 9.1.1 Timing
    • 9.1.2 Constructability
    • 9.1.3 Bed Mix Specification
    • 9.1.4 Sealing Voids
    • 9.1.5 Compaction
  • 9.2 Maintenance and inspection
• 10 Monitoring
  • 10.1 Purpose and Scope
  • 10.2 Methods
    • 10.2.1 Inventory and Assessment
    • 10.2.2 Surveying and Field Inspection
• 11 Future Research Needs
  • 11.1 Sediment movement and stability
  • 11.2 Flow Hydraulics
  • 11.3 life cycle costs
  • 11.4 Fish Movement and Response
  • 11.5 Monitoring
    • 11.5.1 Hydraulic Simulation Structures
    • 11.5.2 Hydraulic Design Structures
• Appendix A - Metric System, Conversion Factors, and Water Properties
• References