Wetland Trail Design and Construction: 2007 Edition
Appendices
Appendix A--Field Note Sheets
| Station & distance |
Tread width |
Sideslope
(percent) |
Gradient
(percent) |
Notes |
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Appendix B--Slope Conversion Table
Slope Conversion Table
| Percent Grade |
1 Slope |
2 Pitch |
| 0.5 |
1 ft per 200 ft |
1/16 in per 1 ft |
| 1 |
1 ft per 100 ft |
1/8 in per 1 ft |
| 2 |
1 ft per 50 ft |
1/4 in per 1 ft |
| 2.5 |
1 ft per 40 ft |
5/16 in per 1 ft |
| 3 |
1 ft per 33 ft |
3/8 in per 1 ft |
| 3.3 |
1 ft per 30 ft |
7/16 in per 1 ft |
| 4 |
1 ft per 25 ft |
1/2 in per 1 ft |
| 5 |
1 ft per 20 ft |
5/8 in per 1 ft |
| 6 |
1 ft per 16.5 ft |
3/4 in per 1 ft |
| 7 |
1 ft per 14.3 ft |
7/8 in per 1 ft |
| 8 |
1 ft per 12.5 ft |
1 in per 1 ft |
| 8.33 |
1 ft per 12 ft |
1 in per 1 ft |
| 1 One unit of climb or descent per 100 units of horizontal distance. |
| 2 Number of vertical inches per horizontal foot. Vertical inches shown are rounded off to the nearest 1/16 of an inch. |
| Maximum grade recommended for wood surface trails = 2 percent |
Appendix C--Comparison of Round and Rectangular Culverts
These tables show the open-end area of round culvert pipe and the open-end area of rectangular timber culverts.
Round Pipe Culverts
| Diameter (inches) |
8 |
10 |
12 |
15 |
18 |
24 |
30 |
36 |
| End area (sq. ft) |
0.4 |
0.6 |
0.8 |
1.2 |
1.8 |
3.1 |
5.0 |
7.1 |
Rectangular Timber Culverts
| |
Clear width (inches) |
| 20 |
24 |
30 |
36 |
48 |
60 |
72 |
84 |
| Height (inches) |
End area (sq. ft) |
| 5 |
0.7 |
0.8 |
1.1 |
1.3 |
1.7 |
2.1 |
2.5 |
2.9 |
| 11 |
1.4 |
1.8 |
2.3 |
2.8 |
3.7 |
4.5 |
5.5 |
6.4 |
| 17 |
2.1 |
2.9 |
3.6 |
4.3 |
5.0 |
7.1 |
8.5 |
9.9 |
| 23 |
2.9 |
3.8 |
4.8 |
5.8 |
7.7 |
9.6 |
11.5 |
13.4 |
Appendix D--Sizes of Hot-Dipped Galvanized Nails
| 1 Penny (d) |
Length (inches) |
2 Penetration required (inches) |
Nails per pound |
Gauge (inches) |
Bit size for pilot holes (inches) |
| 10 |
3 |
2 |
75 |
10 |
NA |
| 12 |
3 1/4 |
2 1/8 |
69 |
10 |
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| 16 |
3 1/2 |
2 1/4 |
54 |
9 |
3/32 |
| 20 |
4 |
2 5/8 |
33 |
7 |
1/8 |
| 30 |
4 1/2 |
3 |
29 |
7 |
1/8 |
| 40 |
5 |
3 1/4 |
22 |
5 1/2 |
1/8 |
| 50 |
5 1/2 |
3 5/8 |
20 |
5 1/2 |
1/8 |
| 60 |
6 |
4 |
18 |
5 1/2 |
3/16 |
| 1 Nails are sold by the old English system of pennyweight. The value of the penny has changed since the system was devised, and today there seems to be no relation to the size and weight of the nail to the penny. The standard symbol for penny is "d." |
| 2 The "penetration required" column shows the minimum depth the nail must penetrate into the second piece of wood to make a sound connection. The penetration must be increased by one-third when nailing into the end of the piece of wood (end nailing). |
Appendix E--Table of Board Feet
The most common sizes of boards used for boardwalk and bog bridge construction.
| Size of board |
Length of board (ft) |
Finished size (inches) |
| 6 |
8 |
10 |
12 |
14 |
16 |
| 1 x 6 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
¾ x 5½ |
| 2 x 4 |
4 |
5.33 |
6.67 |
8 |
97 |
11 |
1½ x 3½ |
| 2 x 6 |
6 |
8 |
10 |
12 |
14 |
16 |
1½ x 5½ |
| 2 x 8 |
8 |
10.67 |
13.33 |
16 |
19 |
21 |
Normally rough sawn |
| 2 x 10 |
10 |
13.33 |
16.67 |
20 |
23 |
27 |
Normally rough sawn |
| 2 x 12 |
12 |
16 |
20 |
24 |
28 |
32 |
Normally rough sawn |
| 3 x 4 |
6 |
8 |
10 |
12 |
14 |
16 |
Normally rough sawn |
| 3 x 6 |
9 |
12 |
15 |
18 |
21 |
24 |
Normally rough sawn |
| 3 x 8 |
12 |
16 |
20 |
24 |
28 |
32 |
Normally rough sawn |
| 3 x 10 |
15 |
20 |
25 |
30 |
35 |
40 |
Normally rough sawn |
| 3 x 12 |
18 |
24 |
30 |
36 |
42 |
48 |
Normally rough sawn |
| 4 x 4 |
8 |
10.67 |
13.33 |
16 |
19 |
21 |
3½ x 3½ |
| 4 x 6 |
12 |
16 |
20 |
24 |
28 |
32 |
Normally rough sawn |
| 6 x 6 |
18 |
24 |
30 |
36 |
42 |
48 |
Normally rough sawn |
Appendix F--Metric Conversions
Metric Conversions
| To convert from this unit |
To this unit |
Multiply by |
| inch |
millimeter |
25.4* |
| inch |
centimeter |
2.54* |
| foot |
meter |
0.3048* |
| yard |
meter |
0.9144* |
| mile |
kilometer |
1.6 |
| millimeter |
inch |
0.039 |
| centimeter |
inch |
0.394 |
| centimeter |
foot |
0.0328 |
| meter |
foot |
3.28 |
| meter |
yard |
1.09 |
| kilometer |
mile |
0.62 |
| acre |
hectare (square hectometer) |
0.405 |
| square kilometer |
square mile |
0.386* |
| hectare (square hectometer) |
acre |
2.47 |
| ounce (avoirdupois) |
gram |
28.35 |
| pound (avoirdupois) |
kilogram |
0.45 |
| ton (2,000 pounds) |
kilogram |
907.18 |
| ton (2,000 pounds) |
megagram (metric ton) |
0.9 |
| gram |
ounce (avoirdupois) |
0.035 |
| kilogram |
pound (avoirdupois) |
2.2 |
| megagram |
ton (2,000 pounds) |
1.102 |
| ounce (U.S. liquid) |
milliliter |
30 |
| cup (inch-pound system) |
milliliter |
247 |
| cup (inch-pound system) |
liter |
0.24 |
| gallon (inch-pound system) |
liter |
3.8 |
| quart (inch-pound system) |
liter |
0.95 |
| pint (inch-pound system) |
liter |
0.47 |
| milliliter |
ounce (U.S. liquid) |
0.034 |
| liter |
gallon |
0.264 |
| liter |
quart |
1.057 |
| degrees Fahrenheit |
degrees Celsius |
(°F – 32) ÷ 1.8 |
| degrees Celsius |
degrees Fahrenheit |
(°C x 1.8) + 32 |
| *These items are exact conversion factors for the units--the others give approximate conversions. |
