7. DRAINAGE AND UTILITY CONSIDERATIONS

This section describes the various concerns associated with drainage and utilities, such as lighting and sign supports, around noise barriers.

7.1 Drainage Requirements
Because of their locations and relationships to the highway, barriers often interfere with normal drainage patterns related to surface runoff paths both parallel and perpendicular to the highway. This requires special treatments within and adjacent to the barrier. Options for addressing drainage issues in the vicinity of noise barriers are discussed below.

7.1.1 Use of Barrier Overlap Section to Accommodate Drainage Flows.
Where acoustical requirements permit it and geometrics allow it, a barrier overlap section can be constructed. While such sections are normally built to provide access gaps in longer sections of noise barriers, they can be well suited as a means of carrying water past and through a barrier (see Figures 185 and 186). Additional discussion related to barrier overlap is included in Section 9.4.1. Details related to acoustical requirements of such overlaps are discussed in Section 3.5.5.1

Figure 185. Drainage: use of barrier overlap photo #901	Figure 186. Drainage: use of barrier overlap photo #382

7.1.2 Accommodating Water Flow Through a Barrier.
A variety of sizes and shapes of openings in barriers have been employed to carry water, which would otherwise pond on one side of the barrier, through the barrier (see Figures 187 and 188. The essential consideration in this type of design is to assure that the size and location of such openings do not result in any significant degradation of the barrier's acoustical performance. The effect of a continuous gap of up to 20 cm (7.8 in) at the base of a noise barrier is usually within 1 dB(A).^ref.32 An important consideration is to assure that proper protection in the form of grates or bars is provided to restrict entry by small animals (cats, small dogs, etc).

Figure 187. Drainage: water through a barrier photo #1414	Figure 188. Drainage: water through a barrier photo #1132

7.1.3 Accommodating Water Flow Along and/or Underneath a Barrier.
Several techniques have been used to carry water underneath a barrier. The most common is via the use of a swale system running parallel to the barrier (see Figure 189 and 190], or feeding water to catch basins (inlets) through which pipes running underneath the barrier are connected (see Figures 191 and 192). Depending upon the grades in the vicinity of the barrier, such swales may be required on either the highway side or the adjacent property side of the noise barrier. These pipes may carry water to a discharge point onto the ground surface or to the closed pipe or open culvert drainage system of the highway.
	Figure 189. Drainage: water along a barrier photo #984

Figure 190. Drainage: water along a barrier photo #1065	Figure 191. Drainage: water underneath a barrier photo #1798	Figure 192. Drainage: water underneath a barrier photo #1799

Another method of carrying water underneath a barrier is by providing a porous stone trench beneath the base of the barrier through which water can seep in a manner similar to that of a subdrain. An adaptation of this treatment involves erecting the barrier with its panel bottoms raised several inches above the adjacent ground elevation and then mounding porous stone on both sides of the barrier to close the gap while also allowing water to pass through (see Figure 193). These porous stone systems require maintenance to assure they do not seal up over time with sediments. These types of treatments must be compatible with the type of noise barrier erected. A barrier erected with a continuous footing will preclude the use of either of the porous stone techniques.

Figure 193. Drainage: water underneath a barrier photo #2071

7.1.4 Special Drainage Considerations in Flood Plain Areas.
In some instances, it is necessary to construct noise barriers in areas subject to flooding conditions in which flood water would actually flow across the highway. Since a noise barrier would naturally restrict such flow and exacerbate the water flooding condition, the bottom panels of a precast concrete panel system can be hinged so that the pressure of any built-up water would swing the panels outward, allowing the release of flood waters. Following the passage of the flood water, the panels would swing back into a vertical position (see Figure 194)
	Figure 194. Drainage: water through a swing panel photo #6168

7.2 Lighting, Sign Supports, Utility Poles, and Other Elements Mounted on or Adjacent to Noise Barriers
Where noise barriers are required to be constructed in the vicinity of such features, a variety of techniques have been employed (see Figure 195). In some cases, concrete cast-in-place noise barriers have been poured right up to concrete utility poles. In other cases, walls have been offset or have had inserts constructed to accommodate utility elements such as transformers and poles. While major sign supports are accommodated in a similar manner, supports for smaller signs (such as yield signs) as well as other features such as call boxes have been mounted directly to the facade of the noise barrier walls (see Figure 196 and 197). When mounting such elements on noise barriers, care needs to be taken to assure that adequate horizontal and vertical clearances are provided.
	Figure 195. Lighting incorporated into a barrier system photo #1180

Figure 196. Other elements mounted on a barrier photo #1074	Figure 197. Other elements mounted on a barrier photo #1432

7.3 Effects of Underground Utilities on Noise Barrier Design and Location
The presence of underground utilities can have a major bearing on the type of noise barrier designed and the location of such a barrier. Significant utilities in the path of a barrier can preclude the use of certain types of deep footings (e.g., pile type footings) and require use of either a shallow spread footing or a barrier design which requires no footing (see Figure 198). An undulating noise wall configuration (in plan view) may be advantageous in "jogging around" underground utilities (see Figure 199).

Figure 198. Effects of underground utilities on barier design photo #1089	Figure 199. Effects of underground utilities on barier design photo #2228

7.4 Effects of Overhead Utilities on Noise Barrier Design and Location
The presence of overhead utilities may restrict the size of components used in construction of a barrier (see Figure 200 and 201). If vertical clearances are limited, smaller precast elements (such as stacked panels) and smaller lifting equipment may be required. In certain instances, the use of a crane or any heavy construction equipment may be precluded altogether by vertical clearance restrictions. In such cases, precast panel designs may be excluded as an option or may require special posts which enable the panels to be placed from the side rather than set in from above (see Figure 202). Barrier type may also be limited to a block wall, a cast in place wall, or some other system which can be constructed without the use of lifting or heavy construction equipment. Consideration of both the post and panel elements must be made.
	Figure 200. Effects of overhead utilities on barrier design photo #835

Figure 201. Effects of overhead utilities on barrier design photo #5288	Figure 202. Effects of overhead utilities on barrier design photo #869

Section Summary