Chapter 5 (cont.) - Trail Design for Access
Everyone should have the opportunity to experience and enjoy the natural environment. People with and without disabilities, older people, families, and children all benefit from being able to enjoy parks and forests. To the maximum extent feasible, trails should be designed to accommodate the access needs of all designated users. Considering accessibility when designing trails and installing accessible built facilities such as wheelchair-accessible toilets, Braille displays in visitor centers, and lowered drinking fountains will permit more people to enjoy the outdoors. In addition, providing detailed information about existing path conditions and available facilities can help visitors select trails. Such trail information reduces the likelihood that a trail user will become stranded or endangered and can improve safety and visitor enjoyment. Although increased use might be accompanied by increased conflicts between different types of trail users, land managers can minimize friction between groups by using good trail-management techniques.
Table 5-4.1: Federal Accessibility Guidelines for Maximum Allowable Running Slope without Landings and Handrails
| Source | Path Type | Single Level | Multiple Levels |
|---|
| Easier | Moderate | Difficult |
|---|
| % | % | % | % |
|---|
| ADA Standards for Access. Design1 (US DOJ, 1991) | AR | 52 | | | |
| UFAS (US DoD, et al., 1984) | AR | 52 | | | |
1 The ADA Standards for Accessible Design are identical in content to ADAAG Sections 1_10. However, the Design Standards are enforceable by the U.S. Department of Justice.
2 The ADA Standards for Accessible Design and UFAS both require people to use the least slope possible on accessible routes. An accessible route with a running slope greater than 5% is considered a ramp whose slope should be the least possible but may not exceed 8.33% (see Table 5-5.1).
Table 5-4.2: Federal Advisory Committee Recommendations for Maximum Allowable Running Grade
| Source | Path Type | Single Level | Multiple Levels |
|---|
| Easier | Moderate | Difficult |
|---|
| % | % | % | % |
|---|
| Recommendations for Accessibility Guidelines: Recreational Facilities. . . (Rec. Access. Adv. Comm., 1994) | ORAR | | 5 | 5 | 8 |
| Recommendations for Accessibility Guidelines: Recreational Facilities. . . (Rec. Access. Adv. Comm., 1994) | RT | | 5 | 8 | 12 |
Table 5-4.3: Federal Guidelines for Maximum Allowable Running Grade
| Source | Path Type | Single Level | Multiple Levels |
|---|
| Easier | Moderate | Difficult |
|---|
| % | % | % | % |
|---|
| USDA FS Trails Mgt. Handbook (USDA FS, 1985) | H | | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Guide for the Dev. of Bicycle Facilities (AASHTO, 1997, Draft) | S | 5 | | | |
| Guide for the Dev. of Bicycle Facilities (AASHTO, 1991) | B | 5 | | | |
| USDA FS Trails Mgt. Handbook (USDA FS, 1985) | E | | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| USDA FS Trails Mgt. Handbook (USDA FS, 1985) | X | | 7.5 | 12 | 17 |
| USDA FS Trails Mgt. Handbook (USDA FS, 1985) | SM | | 8 | n/a | 15 |
| USDA FS Trails Mgt. Handbook (USDA FS, 1985) | ATV | | 15 | 25 | 35 |
| AR | = Accessible Route | ORAR | = Outdoor Recreation Access Route | RT | = Recreational Trail |
| H | = Hiking Trail | S | = Shared-Use Path | B | = Bicycle Path |
| MB | = Mountain Biking Trail | E | = Equestrian Trail | X | = Cross-Country Ski Trail |
| SM | = Snow Machine Trail | ATV | = All-Terrain Vehicle Trail |
| OHV | = Off-Highway Vehicle Trail | M | = Motorcycle Trail |
Table 5-4.4: State, County, and City Guidelines for Maximum Allowable Running Grade
| Source | Path Type | Single Level | Multiple Levels |
|---|
| Easier | Moderate | Difficult |
|---|
| % | % | % | % |
|---|
| Klamath District's Trail. . . (Beers, 1993, Draft) | ORAR | 5 | | | |
| NM Plan for Accessible Fishing (Nordhaus, et al., 1984) | ORAR | | 5 | 6.3 | 8.33 |
| Access to Parks Guidelines (CA State Parks, 1997) | RT | | < 5 | 5 | 6.3 |
| Ped. Facilities Guidebook for WA DOT (WA DOT, 1997) | RT | | 5 | 8.33 | 12.5 |
| Alaska Region Trails Const. (USDA FS, AK Reg. FS, 1991) | H | | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| MO St. Parks Trail Const. Guidelines (MO DNR, 1975) | H | 10 | | | |
| PA Plan for Nonmotorized Trails (PA Trials Pgm., 1980b) | H | 10 | | | |
| FL Bicycle Facilities Planning. . . (FL DOT. . ., 1997) | S | 5 | | | |
| Oregon Bicycle and Ped. Plan (OR DOT, 1995) | S | 5 | | | |
| Pitkin City Trails Dgn. and Mgt. . . . (Cimarron Designs, 1994) | S | 5 | | | |
| KY Dept. of Parks Trail Construction. . . (KY Dept. of Parks, 1989) | B | 15 | | | |
| MO St. Parks Trail Const. Guidelines (MO DNR, 1975) | B | n/a | | | |
| PA Plan for Nonmotorized Trails (PA Trails Pgm., 1980b) | B | 5 | | | |
| Wisconsin DNR Design Standards (WI DNR, 1994) | B | 15 | | | |
| KY Dept. of Parks Trail Construction. . . (KY Dept. of Parks, 1989) | E | 15 | | | |
| MO St. Parks Trail Const. Guidelines (MO DNR, 1975) | E | 10 | | | |
| PA Plan for Nonmotorized Trails (PA Trails Pgm., 1980b) | E | 15 | | | |
| Wisconsin DNR Design Standards (WI DNR, 1994) | E | 15 | | | |
| PA Plan for Nonmotorized Trails (PA Trails Pgm., 1980b) | X | | | 8 | 17 |
| PA Plan for Motorized Trails (PA Trails Pgm., 1980a) | SM | 25 | | | |
| Wisconsin DNR Design Standards (WI DNR, 1994) | SM | 25 | | | |
| PA Plan for Motorized Trails (PA Trails Pgm., 1980a) | ATV | 75 | | | |
| Wisconsin DNR Design Standards (WI DNR, 1994) | ATV | n/a | | | |
| AR | = Accessible Route | ORAR | = Outdoor Recreation Access Route | RT | = Recreational Trail |
| H | = Hiking Trail | S | = Shared-Use Path | B | = Bicycle Path |
| MB | = Mountain Biking Trail | E | = Equestrian Trail | X | = Cross-Country Ski Trail |
| SM | = Snow Machine Trail | ATV | = All-Terrain Vehicle Trail |
| OHV | = Off-Highway Vehicle Trail | M | = Motorcycle Trail |
Table 5-4.5: Additional Recommendations for Maximum Allowable Running Grade
| Source | Path Type | Single Level | Multiple Levels |
|---|
| Easier | Moderate | Difficult |
|---|
| % | % | % | % |
|---|
| ORAR and RT Design Specification (Axelson et al., 1995)1 | ORAR | | 5 | 8 | 10 |
| Universal Access. to Outdoor Rec. (PLAE, Inc., 1993) | ORAR | | 5 | 5 | 8.33 |
| ORAR and RT Design Specification (Axelson et al., 1995)1 | RT | | 8 | 10 | 14 |
| Universal Access. to Outdoor Rec. (PLAE, Inc., 1993) | RT | | 5 | 8.33 | 12.5 |
| Recreational Trail Design and Const. (Rathke and Baughman, 1994) | H | 15 | | | |
| Trails for the 21st Century (Ryan, 1993) | S | 5 | | | |
| Recreational Trail Design and Const. (Rathke and Baughman, 1994) | B | 10 | | | |
| Trails for the 21st Century (Ryan, 1993) | B | 8 | | | |
| Mountain Bike Trails: Tech for. . . (McCoy and Stoner, 1992) | MB | | 5 | 10 | 15 |
| Recreational Trail Design and Const. (Rathke and Baughman, 1994) | E | 10 | | | |
| Trails for the 21st Century (Ryan, 1993) | E | 10 | | | |
| Recreational Trail Design and Const. (Rathke and Baughman, 1994) | X | 10 | | | |
| Trails for the 21st Century (Ryan, 1993) | X | 5 | | | |
| Recreational Trail Design and Const. (Rathke and Baughman, 1994) | SM | 25 | | | |
| Trails for the 21st Century (Ryan, 1993) | SM | n/a | | | |
| OHM and ATV Trails Guidelines for Dgn. . . . (Wemex, 1994) | ATV | | 8 | 12 | 15 |
1 Maximum allowable average grade not running grade.
| AR | = Accessible Route | ORAR | = Outdoor Recreation Access Route | RT | = Recreational Trail |
| H | = Hiking Trail | S | = Shared-Use Path | B | = Bicycle Path |
| MB | = Mountain Biking Trail | E | = Equestrian Trail | X | = Cross-Country Ski Trail |
| SM | = Snow Machine Trail | ATV | = All-Terrain Vehicle Trail |
| OHV | = Off-Highway Vehicle Trail | M | = Motorcycle Trail |
Table 5-5.1: Federal Accessibility Guidelines for Maximum Slope for a Specified Ramp Run with Landings and Handrails
| Source | Path Type | Single Level | Multiple Levels |
|---|
| Easier | Moderate | Difficult |
|---|
| Grade % | Run m | Grade % | Run m | Grade % | Run m | Grade % | Run m |
|---|
| ADA Standards for Access. Design (US DOJ, 1991) | AR | 8.331 | 9.1 | | | | | | |
| UFAS (US DoD, et al., 1984) | AR | 8.331 | 9.1 | | | | | | |
1 ADA Standards for Accessible Design and UFAS both require people to use the least slope possible on accessible routes.
Table 5-5.2: Federal Advisory Committee Recommendations for Maximum Grade for a Specified Distance (Run)
| Source | Path Type | Single Level | Multiple Levels |
|---|
| Easier | Moderate | Difficult |
|---|
| Grade % | Run m | Grade % | Run m | Grade % | Run m | Grade % | Run m |
|---|
| Recommendations for Accessibility Guidelines: Recreational Facilities. . . (Rec. Access. Adv. Comm., 1994) | ORAR | | | 8 | 9.1 | 10 | 15.2 | 10 | 15.2 |
| Recommendations for Accessibility Guidelines: Recreational Facilities. . . (Rec. Access. Adv. Comm., 1994) | RT | | | 10 | 9.1 | 14 | 15.2 | 20 | 15.2 |
Table 5-5.3: Federal Guidelines for Maximum Grade for a Specified Distance (Run)
| Source | Path Type | Single Level | Multiple Levels |
|---|
| Easier | Moderate | Difficult |
|---|
| Grade % | Run m | Grade % | Run m | Grade % | Run m | Grade % | Run m |
|---|
| USDA FS Trails Mgt. Handbook (USDA FS, 1985) | H | | | 20 | 30.5 | 30 | 91.4 | +30 | 152.4 |
| Guide for the Dev. of Bicycle Facilities (AASHTO, 1997, Draft) | S | +11 | 15 | | | | | | |
| Guide for the Dev. of Bicycle Facilities (AASHTO, 1991) | B | n/a | n/a | | | | | | |
| USDA FS Trails Mgt. Handbook (USDA FS, 1985) | E | | | 15 | 61 | 25 | 91.4 | +30 | 152.4 |
| USDA FS Trails Mgt. Handbook (USDA FS, 1985) | X | | | 10 | 30.5 | 20 | 30.5 | n/a | n/a |
| USDA FS Trails Mgt. Handbook (USDA FS, 1985) | SM | | | 25 | n/a1 | n/a | n/a | 35 | n/a1 |
| USDA FS Trails Mgt. Handbook (USDA FS, 1985) | ATV | | | 20 | 60.0 | 30 | 91.4 | 50 | 152.4 |
1 The requirement was for maximum pitch, no distance was specified.
| AR | = Accessible Route | ORAR | = Outdoor Recreation Access Route | RT | = Recreational Trail |
| H | = Hiking Trail | S | = Shared-Use Path | B | = Bicycle Path |
| MB | = Mountain Biking Trail | E | = Equestrian Trail | X | = Cross-Country Ski Trail |
| SM | = Snow Machine Trail | ATV | = All-Terrain Vehicle Trail |
| OHV | = Off-Highway Vehicle Trail | M | = Motorcycle Trail |
Table 5-5.4: State, County, and City Guidelines for Maximum Grade for a Specified Distance (Run)
| Source | Path Type | Single Level | Multiple Levels |
|---|
| Easier | Moderate | Difficult |
|---|
| Grade % | Run m | Grade % | Run m | Grade % | Run m | Grade % | Run m |
|---|
| Klamath District's Trail. . . (Beers, 1993, Draft) | ORAR | 8.33 | 9.1 | | | | | | |
| NM Plan for Accessible Fishing (Nordhaus, et al., 1984) | ORAR | | | 8.33 | 9.1 | 8.33 | 9.1 | 8.33 | 9.1 |
| Access to Parks Guidelines (CA State Parks, 1997) | RT | | | 5 | 15.2 | 6.3 | 12.2 | 8.33 | 9.1 |
| Ped. Facilities Guidebook for WA DOT (WA DOT, 1997) | RT | | | 8.33 | 9.1 | 14 | 15.2 | 20 | 15.2 |
| Alaska Region Trails Const. (USDA FS, AK Reg. FS, 1991) | H | | | 20 | 30.5 | 30 | 91.4 | +30 | 152.4 |
| MO St. Parks Trail Const. Guidelines (MO DNR, 1975) | H | 15 | n/a1 | | | | | | |
| PA Plan for Nonmotorized Trails (PA Trials Pgm., 1980b) | H | 20 | n/a2 | | | | | | |
| FL Bicycle Facilities Planning. . . (FL DOT. . ., 1997) | S | 11 | 15.2 | | | | | | |
| Oregon Bicycle and Ped. Plan (OR DOT, 1995) | S | 8.33 | 9.1 | | | | | | |
| Pitkin City Trails Dgn. and Mgt. . . . (Cimarron Designs, 1994) | S | 10 | 15.2 | | | | | | |
| KY Dept. of Parks Trail Construction. . . (KY Dept. of Parks, 1989) | B | 30 | 152.4 | | | | | | |
| MO St. Parks Trail Const. Guidelines (MO DNR, 1975) | B | 5 | 91.4 | | | | | | |
| PA Plan for Nonmotorized Trails (PA Trails Pgm., 1980b) | B | n/a | n/a | | | | | | |
| Wisconsin DNR Design Standards (WI DNR, 1994) | B | 30 | 30.5 | | | | | | |
| KY Dept. of Parks Trail Construction. . . (KY Dept. of Parks, 1989) | E | 25 | 30.5 | | | | | | |
| MO St. Parks Trail Const. Guidelines (MO DNR, 1975) | E | 15 | 45.7 | | | | | | |
| PA Plan for Nonmotorized Trails (PA Trails Pgm., 1980b) | E | n/a | n/a | | | | | | |
| Wisconsin DNR Design Standards (WI DNR, 1994) | E | 25 | 30.5 | | | | | | |
| PA Plan for Nonmotorized Trails (PA Trails Pgm., 1980b) | X | | | n/a | n/a | 10 | n/a1 | 20 | n/a1 |
| PA Plan for Motorized Trails (PA Trails Pgm., 1980a) | SM | n/a | n/a | | | | | | |
| Wisconsin DNR Design Standards (WI DNR, 1994) | SM | n/a | n/a | | | | | | |
| PA Plan for Motorized Trails (PA Trails Pgm., 1980a) | ATV | n/a | n/a | | | | | | |
| Wisconsin DNR Design Standards (WI DNR, 1994) | ATV | n/a | | | | | | | |
1 For short distances.
2 In extreme circumstances, 20% is permitted. In general 15% should be observed as the maximum grade and should only be used over short distances.
| AR | = Accessible Route | ORAR | = Outdoor Recreation Access Route | RT | = Recreational Trail |
| H | = Hiking Trail | S | = Shared-Use Path | B | = Bicycle Path |
| MB | = Mountain Biking Trail | E | = Equestrian Trail | X | = Cross-Country Ski Trail |
| SM | = Snow Machine Trail | ATV | = All-Terrain Vehicle Trail |
| OHV | = Off-Highway Vehicle Trail | M | = Motorcycle Trail |
Table 5-5.5: Additional Recommendations for Maximum Grade for a Specified Distance Run
| Source | Path Type | Single Level | Multiple Levels |
|---|
| Easier | Moderate | Difficult |
|---|
| Grade % | Run m | Grade % | Run m | Grade % | Run m | Grade % | Run m |
|---|
| ORAR and RT Design Specification (Axelson et al., 1995) | ORAR | | | 8 | 3.0 | 12 | 9.1 | 14 | 9.1 |
| Universal Access. to Outdoor Rec. (PLAE, Inc., 1993) | ORAR | | | 8.33 | 9.1 | 10 | 15.2 | 10 | 15.2 |
| ORAR and RT Design Specification (Axelson et al., 1995) | RT | | | 14 | 3.0 | 14 | 9.1 | 20 | 9.1 |
| Universal Access. to Outdoor Rec. (PLAE, Inc., 1993) | RT | | | 10 | 15.2 | 14 | 15.2 | 20 | 15.2 |
| Recreational Trail Design and Const. (Rathke and Baughman, 1994) | H | 40 | 45.7 | | | | | | |
| Trails for the 21st Century (Ryan, 1993) | S | 8.0 | 9.1 | | | | | | |
| Recreational Trail Design and Const. (Rathke and Baughman, 1994) | B | 15 | 45.7 | | | | | | |
| Trails for the 21st Century (Ryan, 1993) | B | n/a | n/a | | | | | | |
| Mountain Bike Trails: Tech for. . . (McCoy and Stoner, 1992) | MB | | | 10 | 30.5 | 30 | 91.4 | +30 | 152.4 |
| Recreational Trail Design and Const. (Rathke and Baughman, 1994) | E | 20 | 45.7 | | | | | | |
| Trails for the 21st Century (Ryan, 1993) | E | n/a | n/a | | | | | | |
| Recreational Trail Design and Const. (Rathke and Baughman, 1994) | X | 40 | 45.7 | | | | | | |
| Trails for the 21st Century (Ryan, 1993) | X | n/a | n/a | | | | | | |
| Recreational Trail Design and Const. (Rathke and Baughman, 1994) | SM | 40 | 45.7 | | | | | | |
| Trails for the 21st Century (Ryan, 1993) | SM | n/a | n/a | | | | | | |
| OHM and ATV Trails Guidelines for Dgn. . . . (Wemex, 1994) | ATV | | | 15 | n/a | 30 | n/a | 50 | n/a |
| AR | = Accessible Route | ORAR | = Outdoor Recreation Access Route | RT | = Recreational Trail |
| H | = Hiking Trail | S | = Shared-Use Path | B | = Bicycle Path |
| MB | = Mountain Biking Trail | E | = Equestrian Trail | X | = Cross-Country Ski Trail |
| SM | = Snow Machine Trail | ATV | = All-Terrain Vehicle Trail |
| OHV | = Off-Highway Vehicle Trail | M | = Motorcycle Trail |
Table 5-6.1: Federal Accessibility Guidelines for Maximum Allowable Running Cross-Slope
| Source | Path Type | Single Level | Multiple Levels |
|---|
| Easier | Moderate | Difficult |
|---|
| % | % | % | % |
|---|
| ADA Standards for Access. Design (US DOJ, 1991) |
AR | 21 | | | |
| UFAS (US DoD, et al., 1984) |
AR | 21 | | | |
1 ADA Standards for Accessible Design and UFAS both require people to use the least slope possible on accessible routes.
Table 5-6.2: Federal Advisory Committee Recommendations for Maximum Allowable Running Cross-Slope
| Source | Path Type | Single Level | Multiple Levels |
|---|
| Easier | Moderate | Difficult |
|---|
| % | % | % | % |
|---|
| Recommendations for Accessibility Guidelines: Recreational Facilities. . . (Rec. Access. Adv. Comm., 1994) |
ORAR | | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Recommendations for Accessibility Guidelines: Recreational Facilities. . . (Rec. Access. Adv. Comm., 1994) |
RT | | 3 | 5 | 8 |
Table 5-6.3: Federal Guidelines for Maximum Allowable Running Cross-Slope
| Source | Path Type | Single Level | Multiple Levels |
|---|
| Easier | Moderate | Difficult |
|---|
| % | % | % | % |
|---|
| USDA FS Trails Mgt. Handbook (USDA FS, 1985) |
H | | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Guide for the Dev. of Bicycle Facilities (AASHTO, 1997, Draft) |
S | 2 | | | |
| Guide for the Dev. of Bicycle Facilities (AASHTO, 1991) |
B | 2 | | | |
| USDA FS Trails Mgt. Handbook (USDA FS, 1985) |
E | | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| USDA FS Trails Mgt. Handbook (USDA FS, 1985) |
X | | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| USDA FS Trails Mgt. Handbook (USDA FS, 1985) |
SM | | 15 | 30 | 40 |
| USDA FS Trails Mgt. Handbook (USDA FS, 1985) |
ATV | | 20 | 30 | 40 |
| AR | = Accessible Route | ORAR | = Outdoor Recreation Access Route | RT | = Recreational Trail |
| H | = Hiking Trail | S | = Shared-Use Path | B | = Bicycle Path |
| MB | = Mountain Biking Trail | E | = Equestrian Trail | X | = Cross-Country Ski Trail |
| SM | = Snow Machine Trail | ATV | = All-Terrain Vehicle Trail |
| OHV | = Off-Highway Vehicle Trail | M | = Motorcycle Trail |
Table 5-6.4: State, County, and City Guidelines for Maximum Allowable Running Cross-Slope
| Source | Path Type | Single Level | Multiple Levels |
|---|
| Easier | Moderate | Difficult |
|---|
| % | % | % | % |
|---|
| Klamath District's Trail. . . (Beers, 1993, Draft) |
ORAR | 1 | | | |
| NM Plan for Accessible Fishing (Nordhaus, et al., 1984) |
ORAR | | 2 | 3.3 | 5 |
| Access to Parks Guidelines (CA State Parks, 1997) |
RT | | 1 | 2 | n/a |
| Ped. Facilities Guidebook for WA DOT (WA DOT, 1997) |
RT | | 2 | 3 | 5 |
| Alaska Region Trails Const. (USDA FS, AK Reg. FS, 1991) |
H | | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| MO St. Parks Trail Const. Guidelines (MO DNR, 1975) |
H | n/a | | | |
| PA Plan for Nonmotorized Trails (PA Trials Pgm., 1980b) |
H | n/a | | | |
| FL Bicycle Facilities Planning. . . (FL DOT. . ., 1997) |
S | 2 | | | |
| Oregon Bicycle and Ped. Plan (OR DOT, 1995) |
S | 2 | | | |
| Pitkin City Trails Dgn. and Mgt. . . . (Cimarron Designs, 1994) |
S | 2 | | | |
| KY Dept. of Parks Trail Construction. . . (KY Dept. of Parks, 1989) |
B | n/a | | | |
| MO St. Parks Trail Const. Guidelines (MO DNR, 1975) |
B | n/a | | | |
| PA Plan for Nonmotorized Trails (PA Trails Pgm., 1980b) |
B | n/a | | | |
| Wisconsin DNR Design Standards (WI DNR, 1994) |
B | n/a | | | |
| KY Dept. of Parks Trail Construction. . . (KY Dept. of Parks, 1989) |
E | n/a | | | |
| MO St. Parks Trail Const. Guidelines (MO DNR, 1975) |
E | n/a | | | |
| PA Plan for Nonmotorized Trails (PA Trails Pgm., 1980b) |
E | n/a | | | |
| Wisconsin DNR Design Standards (WI DNR, 1994) |
E | n/a | | | |
| PA Plan for Nonmotorized Trails (PA Trails Pgm., 1980b) |
X | | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| PA Plan for Motorized Trails (PA Trails Pgm., 1980a) |
SM | n/a | | | |
| Wisconsin DNR Design Standards (WI DNR, 1994) |
SM | n/a | | | |
| PA Plan for Motorized Trails (PA Trails Pgm., 1980a) |
ATV | n/a | | | |
| Wisconsin DNR Design Standards (WI DNR, 1994) |
ATV | n/a | | | |
| AR | = Accessible Route | ORAR | = Outdoor Recreation Access Route | RT | = Recreational Trail |
| H | = Hiking Trail | S | = Shared-Use Path | B | = Bicycle Path |
| MB | = Mountain Biking Trail | E | = Equestrian Trail | X | = Cross-Country Ski Trail |
| SM | = Snow Machine Trail | ATV | = All-Terrain Vehicle Trail |
| OHV | = Off-Highway Vehicle Trail | M | = Motorcycle Trail |
Table 5-6.5: Additional Recommendations for Maximum Allowable Running Cross-Slope
| Source | Path Type | Single Level | Multiple Levels |
|---|
| Easier | Moderate | Difficult |
|---|
| % | % | % | % |
|---|
| ORAR and RT Design Specification (Axelson et al., 1995)1 |
ORAR | | 3 | 5 | 8 |
| Universal Access. to Outdoor Rec. (PLAE, Inc., 1993) |
ORAR | | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| ORAR and RT Design Specification (Axelson et al., 1995)1 |
RT | | 5 | 8 | 12 |
| Universal Access. to Outdoor Rec. (PLAE, Inc., 1993) |
RT | | 3 | 5 | 8.3 |
| Recreational Trail Design and Const. (Rathke and Baughman, 1994) |
H | 4 | | | |
| Trails for the 21st Century (Ryan, 1993) |
S | 2 | | | |
| Recreational Trail Design and Const. (Rathke and Baughman, 1994) |
B | 4 | | | |
| Trails for the 21st Century (Ryan, 1993) |
B | 4 | | | |
| Mountain Bike Trails: Tech for. . . (McCoy and Stoner, 1992) |
MB | | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Recreational Trail Design and Const. (Rathke and Baughman, 1994) |
E | 4 | | | |
| Trails for the 21st Century (Ryan, 1993) |
E | 4 | | | |
| Recreational Trail Design and Const. (Rathke and Baughman, 1994) |
X | 2 | | | |
| Trails for the 21st Century (Ryan, 1993) |
X | 4 | | | |
| Recreational Trail Design and Const. (Rathke and Baughman, 1994) |
SM | 2 | | | |
| Trails for the 21st Century (Ryan, 1993) |
SM | n/a | | | |
| OHM and ATV Trails Guidelines for Dgn. . . . (Wemex, 1994) |
ATV | | n/a | n/a | n/a |
1 Maximum allowable average cross-slope not running cross-slope.
| AR | = Accessible Route | ORAR | = Outdoor Recreation Access Route | RT | = Recreational Trail |
| H | = Hiking Trail | S | = Shared-Use Path | B | = Bicycle Path |
| MB | = Mountain Biking Trail | E | = Equestrian Trail | X | = Cross-Country Ski Trail |
| SM | = Snow Machine Trail | ATV | = All-Terrain Vehicle Trail |
| OHV | = Off-Highway Vehicle Trail | M | = Motorcycle Trail |
Table 5-7.1: Federal Accessibility Guidelines for Minimum Clearance Width
| Source | Path Type | Single Level | Multiple Levels |
|---|
| Easier | Moderate | Difficult |
|---|
| m | m | m | m |
|---|
| ADA Standards for Access. Design (US DOJ, 1991) |
AR | 0.915 | | | |
| UFAS (US DoD, et al., 1984) |
AR | 0.915 | | | |
Table 5-7.2: Federal Advisory Committee Recommendations for Minimum Clearance Width
| Source | Path Type | Single Level | Multiple Levels |
|---|
| Easier | Moderate | Difficult |
|---|
| m | m | m | m |
|---|
| Recommendations for Accessibility Guidelines: Recreational Facilities. . . (Rec. Access. Adv. Comm., 1994) |
ORAR | | 1.220 | 0.915 | 0.915 |
| Recommendations for Accessibility Guidelines: Recreational Facilities. . . (Rec. Access. Adv. Comm., 1994) |
RT | | 1.220 | 0.915 | 0.760 |
Table 5-7.3: Federal Guidelines for Minimum Clearance Width
| Source | Path Type | Single Level | Multiple Levels |
|---|
| Easier | Moderate | Difficult |
|---|
| m | m | m | m |
|---|
| USDA FS Trails Mgt. Handbook (USDA FS, 1985) |
H | | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Guide for the Dev. of Bicycle Facilities (AASHTO, 1997, Draft) |
S | n/a | | | |
| Guide for the Dev. of Bicycle Facilities (AASHTO, 1991) |
B | n/a | | | |
| USDA FS Trails Mgt. Handbook (USDA FS, 1985) |
E | | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| USDA FS Trails Mgt. Handbook (USDA FS, 1985) |
X | | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| USDA FS Trails Mgt. Handbook (USDA FS, 1985) |
SM | | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| USDA FS Trails Mgt. Handbook (USDA FS, 1985) |
ATV | | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| AR | = Accessible Route | ORAR | = Outdoor Recreation Access Route | RT | = Recreational Trail |
| H | = Hiking Trail | S | = Shared-Use Path | B | = Bicycle Path |
| MB | = Mountain Biking Trail | E | = Equestrian Trail | X | = Cross-Country Ski Trail |
| SM | = Snow Machine Trail | ATV | = All-Terrain Vehicle Trail |
| OHV | = Off-Highway Vehicle Trail | M | = Motorcycle Trail |
Table 5-7.4: State, County, and City Guidelines for Minimum Clearance Width
| Source | Path Type | Single Level | Multiple Levels |
|---|
| Easier | Moderate | Difficult |
|---|
| m | m | m | m |
|---|
| Klamath District's Trail. . . (Beers, 1993, Draft) |
ORAR | 1.525 | | | |
| NM Plan for Accessible Fishing (Nordhaus, et al., 1984) |
ORAR | | 0.915 | 0.915 | 0.815 |
| Access to Parks Guidelines (CA State Parks, 1997) |
RT | | 0.915 | 0.915 | n/a |
| Ped. Facilities Guidebook for WA DOT (WA DOT, 1997) |
RT | | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.7 |
| Alaska Region Trails Const. (USDA FS, AK Reg. FS, 1991) |
H | | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| MO St. Parks Trail Const. Guidelines (MO DNR, 1975) |
H | n/a | | | |
| PA Plan for Nonmotorized Trails (PA Trials Pgm., 1980b) |
H | n/a | | | |
| FL Bicycle Facilities Planning. . . (FL DOT. . ., 1997) |
S | n/a | | | |
| Oregon Bicycle and Ped. Plan (OR DOT, 1995) |
S | n/a | | | |
| Pitkin City Trails Dgn. and Mgt. . . . (Cimarron Designs, 1994) |
S | n/a | | | |
| KY Dept. of Parks Trail Construction. . . (KY Dept. of Parks, 1989) |
B | n/a | | | |
| MO St. Parks Trail Const. Guidelines (MO DNR, 1975) |
B | n/a | | | |
| PA Plan for Nonmotorized Trails (PA Trails Pgm., 1980b) |
B | n/a | | | |
| Wisconsin DNR Design Standards (WI DNR, 1994) |
B | n/a | | | |
| KY Dept. of Parks Trail Construction. . . (KY Dept. of Parks, 1989) |
E | n/a | | | |
| MO St. Parks Trail Const. Guidelines (MO DNR, 1975) |
E | n/a | | | |
| PA Plan for Nonmotorized Trails (PA Trails Pgm., 1980b) |
E | n/a | | | |
| Wisconsin DNR Design Standards (WI DNR, 1994) |
E | n/a | | | |
| PA Plan for Nonmotorized Trails (PA Trails Pgm., 1980b) |
X | | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| PA Plan for Motorized Trails (PA Trails Pgm., 1980a) |
SM | n/a | | | |
| Wisconsin DNR Design Standards (WI DNR, 1994) |
SM | n/a | | | |
| PA Plan for Motorized Trails (PA Trails Pgm., 1980a) |
ATV | n/a | | | |
| Wisconsin DNR Design Standards (WI DNR, 1994) |
ATV | n/a | | | |
| AR | = Accessible Route | ORAR | = Outdoor Recreation Access Route | RT | = Recreational Trail |
| H | = Hiking Trail | S | = Shared-Use Path | B | = Bicycle Path |
| MB | = Mountain Biking Trail | E | = Equestrian Trail | X | = Cross-Country Ski Trail |
| SM | = Snow Machine Trail | ATV | = All-Terrain Vehicle Trail |
| OHV | = Off-Highway Vehicle Trail | M | = Motorcycle Trail |
Table 5-7.5: Additional Recommendations for Minimum Clearance Width
| Source | Path Type | Single Level | Multiple Levels |
|---|
| Easier | Moderate | Difficult |
|---|
| m | m | m | m |
|---|
| ORAR and RT Design Specification (Axelson et al., 1995) |
ORAR | | 0.915 | 0.815 | 0.710 |
| Universal Access. to Outdoor Rec. (PLAE, Inc., 1993) |
ORAR | | 1.2202 | 0.9152 | 0.9152 |
| ORAR and RT Design Specification (Axelson et al., 1995)1 |
RT | | 1.220 | 0.915 | 0.710 |
| Universal Access. to Outdoor Rec. (PLAE, Inc., 1993) |
RT | | 1.220 | 0.915 | 0.710 |
| Recreational Trail Design and Const. (Rathke and Baughman, 1994) |
H | n/a | | | |
| Trails for the 21st Century (Ryan, 1993) |
S | .8151 | | | |
| Recreational Trail Design and Const. (Rathke and Baughman, 1994) |
B | n/a | | | |
| Trails for the 21st Century (Ryan, 1993) |
B | n/a | | | |
| Mountain Bike Trails: Tech for. . . (McCoy and Stoner, 1992) |
MB | | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Recreational Trail Design and Const. (Rathke and Baughman, 1994) |
E | n/a | | | |
| Trails for the 21st Century (Ryan, 1993) |
E | n/a | | | |
| Recreational Trail Design and Const. (Rathke and Baughman, 1994) |
X | n/a | | | |
| Trails for the 21st Century (Ryan, 1993) |
X | n/a | | | |
| Recreational Trail Design and Const. (Rathke and Baughman, 1994) |
SM | n/a | | | |
| Trails for the 21st Century (Ryan, 1993) |
SM | n/a | | | |
| OHM and ATV Trails Guidelines for Dgn. . . . (Wemex, 1994) |
ATV | | n/a | n/a | n/a |
1 For reasonably short distances, 0.815 m is permitted.
2 For distances less than 0.610 m, 0.815 m is permitted.
| AR | = Accessible Route | ORAR | = Outdoor Recreation Access Route | RT | = Recreational Trail |
| H | = Hiking Trail | S | = Shared-Use Path | B | = Bicycle Path |
| MB | = Mountain Biking Trail | E | = Equestrian Trail | X | = Cross-Country Ski Trail |
| SM | = Snow Machine Trail | ATV | = All-Terrain Vehicle Trail |
| OHV | = Off-Highway Vehicle Trail | M | = Motorcycle Trail |
Table 5-8.1: Federal Accessibility Guidelines for Vertical Changes in Level
| Source | Path Type | Single Level | Multiple Levels |
|---|
| Easier | Moderate | Difficult |
|---|
| mm | mm | mm | mm |
|---|
| ADA Standards for Access. Design (US DOJ, 1991) |
AR | 61 | | | |
| UFAS (US DoD, et al., 1984) |
AR | 61 | | | |
1 Changes in level between 6 and 13 mm must be beveled with a maximum slope of 50 percent. Changes in level greater than 13 mm must be treated with a ramp, curb ramp, or elevator.
Table 5-8.2: Federal Advisory Committee Recommendations for Vertical Changes in Level
| Source | Path Type | Single Level | Multiple Levels |
|---|
| Easier | Moderate | Difficult |
|---|
| mm | mm | mm | mm |
|---|
| Recommendations for Accessibility Guidelines: Recreational Facilities. . . (Rec. Access. Adv. Comm., 1994) |
ORAR | | 13 | 13 | 25 |
| Recommendations for Accessibility Guidelines: Recreational Facilities. . . (Rec. Access. Adv. Comm., 1994) |
RT | | 13 | 13 | 25 |
Table 5-8.3: Federal Guidelines for Vertical Changes in Level
| Source | Path Type | Single Level | Multiple Levels |
|---|
| Easier | Moderate | Difficult |
|---|
| mm | mm | mm | mm |
|---|
| USDA FS Trails Mgt. Handbook (USDA FS, 1985) |
H | | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Guide for the Dev. of Bicycle Facilities (AASHTO, 1997, Draft) |
S | n/a | | | |
| Guide for the Dev. of Bicycle Facilities (AASHTO, 1991) |
B | n/a | | | |
| USDA FS Trails Mgt. Handbook (USDA FS, 1985) |
E | | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| USDA FS Trails Mgt. Handbook (USDA FS, 1985) |
X | | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| USDA FS Trails Mgt. Handbook (USDA FS, 1985) |
SM | | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| USDA FS Trails Mgt. Handbook (USDA FS, 1985) |
ATV | | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| AR | = Accessible Route | ORAR | = Outdoor Recreation Access Route | RT | = Recreational Trail |
| H | = Hiking Trail | S | = Shared-Use Path | B | = Bicycle Path |
| MB | = Mountain Biking Trail | E | = Equestrian Trail | X | = Cross-Country Ski Trail |
| SM | = Snow Machine Trail | ATV | = All-Terrain Vehicle Trail |
| OHV | = Off-Highway Vehicle Trail | M | = Motorcycle Trail |
Table 5-8.4: State, County, and City Guidelines for Vertical Changes in Level
| Source | Path Type | Single Level | Multiple Levels |
|---|
| Easier | Moderate | Difficult |
|---|
| mm | mm | mm | mm |
|---|
| Klamath District's Trail. . . (Beers, 1993, Draft) |
ORAR | n/a | | | |
| NM Plan for Accessible Fishing (Nordhaus, et al., 1984) |
ORAR | | 6 | 13 | n/a |
| Access to Parks Guidelines (CA State Parks, 1997) |
RT | 6 | | | |
| Ped. Facilities Guidebook for WA DOT (WA DOT, 1997) |
RT | | 13 | 26 | 76 |
| Alaska Region Trails Const. (USDA FS, AK Reg. FS, 1991) |
H | | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| MO St. Parks Trail Const. Guidelines (MO DNR, 1975) |
H | n/a | | | |
| PA Plan for Nonmotorized Trails (PA Trials Pgm., 1980b) |
H | n/a | | | |
| FL Bicycle Facilities Planning. . . (FL DOT. . ., 1997) |
S | n/a | | | |
| Oregon Bicycle and Ped. Plan (OR DOT, 1995) |
S | 6 | | | |
| Pitkin City Trails Dgn. and Mgt. . . . (Cimarron Designs, 1994) |
S | n/a | | | |
| KY Dept. of Parks Trail Construction. . . (KY Dept. of Parks, 1989) |
B | n/a | | | |
| MO St. Parks Trail Const. Guidelines (MO DNR, 1975) |
B | n/a | | | |
| PA Plan for Nonmotorized Trails (PA Trails Pgm., 1980b) |
B | n/a | | | |
| Wisconsin DNR Design Standards (WI DNR, 1994) |
B | n/a | | | |
| KY Dept. of Parks Trail Construction. . . (KY Dept. of Parks, 1989) |
E | n/a | | | |
| MO St. Parks Trail Const. Guidelines (MO DNR, 1975) |
E | n/a | | | |
| PA Plan for Nonmotorized Trails (PA Trails Pgm., 1980b) |
E | n/a | | | |
| Wisconsin DNR Design Standards (WI DNR, 1994) |
E | n/a | | | |
| PA Plan for Nonmotorized Trails (PA Trails Pgm., 1980b) |
X | | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| PA Plan for Motorized Trails (PA Trails Pgm., 1980a) |
SM | n/a | | | |
| Wisconsin DNR Design Standards (WI DNR, 1994) |
SM | n/a | | | |
| PA Plan for Motorized Trails (PA Trails Pgm., 1980a) |
ATV | n/a | | | |
| Wisconsin DNR Design Standards (WI DNR, 1994) |
ATV | n/a | | | |
| AR | = Accessible Route | ORAR | = Outdoor Recreation Access Route | RT | = Recreational Trail |
| H | = Hiking Trail | S | = Shared-Use Path | B | = Bicycle Path |
| MB | = Mountain Biking Trail | E | = Equestrian Trail | X | = Cross-Country Ski Trail |
| SM | = Snow Machine Trail | ATV | = All-Terrain Vehicle Trail |
| OHV | = Off-Highway Vehicle Trail | M | = Motorcycle Trail |
Table 5-8.5: Additional Recommendations for Vertical Changes in Level
| Source | Path Type | Single Level | Multiple Levels |
|---|
| Easier | Moderate | Difficult |
|---|
| mm | mm | mm | mm |
|---|
| ORAR and RT Design Specification (Axelson et al., 1995) |
ORAR | | 13 | 25 | 50 |
| Universal Access. to Outdoor Rec. (PLAE, Inc., 1993) |
ORAR | | 13 | 13 | 25 |
| ORAR and RT Design Specification (Axelson et al., 1995) |
RT | | 25 | 50 | 100 |
| Universal Access. to Outdoor Rec. (PLAE, Inc., 1993) |
RT | | 131 | 251 | 751 |
| Recreational Trail Design and Const. (Rathke and Baughman, 1994) |
H | n/a | | | |
| Trails for the 21st Century (Ryan, 1993) |
S | n/a | | | |
| Recreational Trail Design and Const. (Rathke and Baughman, 1994) |
B | n/a | | | |
| Trails for the 21st Century (Ryan, 1993) |
B | n/a | | | |
| Mountain Bike Trails: Tech for. . . (McCoy and Stoner, 1992) |
MB | n/a | | | |
| Recreational Trail Design and Const. (Rathke and Baughman, 1994) |
E | n/a | | | |
| Trails for the 21st Century (Ryan, 1993) |
E | n/a | | | |
| Recreational Trail Design and Const. (Rathke and Baughman, 1994) |
X | n/a | | | |
| Trails for the 21st Century (Ryan, 1993) |
X | n/a | | | |
| Recreational Trail Design and Const. (Rathke and Baughman, 1994) |
SM | n/a | | | |
| Trails for the 21st Century (Ryan, 1993) |
SM | n/a | | | |
| OHM and ATV Trails Guidelines for Dgn. . . . (Wemex, 1994) |
ATV | | n/a | n/a | n/a |
1 Changes in level greater than 6 mm must be beveled with a 1:2 slope.
| AR | = Accessible Route | ORAR | = Outdoor Recreation Access Route | RT | = Recreational Trail |
| H | = Hiking Trail | S | = Shared-Use Path | B | = Bicycle Path |
| MB | = Mountain Biking Trail | E | = Equestrian Trail | X | = Cross-Country Ski Trail |
| SM | = Snow Machine Trail | ATV | = All-Terrain Vehicle Trail |
| OHV | = Off-Highway Vehicle Trail | M | = Motorcycle Trail |
Table 5-9.1: Federal Accessibility Guidelines for Vertical Clearance (Head Room)
| Source | Path Type | Single Level | Multiple Levels |
|---|
| Easier | Moderate | Difficult |
|---|
| m | m | m | m |
|---|
| ADA Standards for Access. Design (US DOJ, 1991) |
AR | 2.030 | | | |
| UFAS (US DoD, et al., 1984) |
AR | 2.030 | | | |
Table 5-9.2: Federal Advisory Committee Recommendations for Vertical Clearance
| Source | Path Type | Single Level | Multiple Levels |
|---|
| Easier | Moderate | Difficult |
|---|
| m | m | m | m |
|---|
| Recommendations for Accessibility Guidelines: Recreational Facilities. . . (Rec. Access. Adv. Comm., 1994) |
ORAR | | 2.030 | 2.030 | 2.030 |
| Recommendations for Accessibility Guidelines: Recreational Facilities. . . (Rec. Access. Adv. Comm., 1994) |
RT | | 2.030 | 2.030 | 2.030 |
Table 5-9.3: Federal Guidelines for Vertical Clearance
| Source | Path Type | Single Level | Multiple Levels |
|---|
| Easier | Moderate | Difficult |
|---|
| m | m | m | m |
|---|
| USDA FS Trails Mgt. Handbook (USDA FS, 1985) |
H | | 2.440 | 2.440 | 2.440 |
| Guide for the Dev. of Bicycle Facilities (AASHTO, 1997, Draft) |
S | 2.5 | | | |
| Guide for the Dev. of Bicycle Facilities (AASHTO, 1991) |
B | 2.440 | | | |
| USDA FS Trails Mgt. Handbook (USDA FS, 1985) |
E | | 3.050 | 2.440 | 2.440 |
| USDA FS Trails Mgt. Handbook (USDA FS, 1985) |
X | | 1.830 | 1.830 | 1.830 |
| USDA FS Trails Mgt. Handbook (USDA FS, 1985) |
SM | | 2.1351 | 2.1351 | 2.1351 |
| USDA FS Trails Mgt. Handbook (USDA FS, 1985) |
ATV | | 1.830 | 1.830 | 1.525 |
1 Above-average snow level.
| AR | = Accessible Route | ORAR | = Outdoor Recreation Access Route | RT | = Recreational Trail |
| H | = Hiking Trail | S | = Shared-Use Path | B | = Bicycle Path |
| MB | = Mountain Biking Trail | E | = Equestrian Trail | X | = Cross-Country Ski Trail |
| SM | = Snow Machine Trail | ATV | = All-Terrain Vehicle Trail |
| OHV | = Off-Highway Vehicle Trail | M | = Motorcycle Trail |
Table 5-9.4: State, County, and City Guidelines for Vertical Clearance
| Source | Path Type | Single Level | Multiple Levels |
|---|
| Easier | Moderate | Difficult |
|---|
| m | m | m | m |
|---|
| Klamath District's Trail. . .(Beers, 1993, Draft) |
ORAR | 2.440 | | | |
| NM Plan for Accessible Fishing (Nordhaus, et al., 1984) |
ORAR | | 2.030 | 2.030 | 2.030 |
| Access to Parks Guidelines (CA State Parks, 1997) |
RT | | 2.135 | 2.135 | 2.135 |
| Ped. Facilities Guidebook for WA DOT (WA DOT, 1997) |
RT | | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Alaska Region Trails Const.(USDA FS, AK Reg. FS, 1991) |
H | | 2.440 | 2.440 | 2.440 |
| MO St. Parks Trail Const. Guidelines (MO DNR, 1975) |
H | 2.135 | | | |
| PA Plan for Nonmotorized Trails (PA Trials Pgm., 1980b) |
H | 2.440 | | | |
| FL Bicycle Facilities Planning. . . (FL DOT. . ., 1997) |
S | 2.4 | | | |
| Oregon Bicycle and Ped. Plan (OR DOT, 1995) |
S | 2.4 | | | |
| Pitkin City Trails Dgn. and Mgt. . . . (Cimarron Designs, 1994) |
S | 3.050 | | | |
| KY Dept. of Parks Trail Construction. . . (KY Dept. of Parks, 1989) |
B | 3.050 | | | |
| MO St. Parks Trail Const. Guidelines (MO DNR, 1975) |
B | 2.440 | | | |
| PA Plan for Nonmotorized Trails (PA Trails Pgm., 1980b) |
B | 2.440 | | | |
| Wisconsin DNR Design Standards (WI DNR, 1994) |
B | 3.050 | | | |
| KY Dept. of Parks Trail Construction. . . (KY Dept. of Parks, 1989) |
E | 3.050 | | | |
| MO St. Parks Trail Const. Guidelines (MO DNR, 1975) |
E | 2.440 | | | |
| PA Plan for Nonmotorized Trails (PA Trails Pgm., 1980b) |
E | 3.050 | | | |
| Wisconsin DNR Design Standards (WI DNR, 1994) |
E | 3.660 | | | |
| PA Plan for Nonmotorized Trails (PA Trails Pgm., 1980b) |
X | | | 2.4401 | 2.4401 |
| PA Plan for Motorized Trails (PA Trails Pgm., 1980a) |
SM | 2.4401 | | | |
| Wisconsin DNR Design Standards (WI DNR, 1994) |
SM | 3.6601 | | | |
| PA Plan for Motorized Trails (PA Trails Pgm., 1980a) |
ATV | 2.4402 | | | |
| Wisconsin DNR Design Standards (WI DNR, 1994) |
ATV | 3.6602 | | | |
1 Above-average snow level.
2 Above trail surface.
| AR | = Accessible Route | ORAR | = Outdoor Recreation Access Route | RT | = Recreational Trail |
| H | = Hiking Trail | S | = Shared-Use Path | B | = Bicycle Path |
| MB | = Mountain Biking Trail | E | = Equestrian Trail | X | = Cross-Country Ski Trail |
| SM | = Snow Machine Trail | ATV | = All-Terrain Vehicle Trail |
| OHV | = Off-Highway Vehicle Trail | M | = Motorcycle Trail |
Table 5-9.5: Additional Recommendations for Vertical Clearance
| Source | Path Type | Single Level | Multiple Levels |
|---|
| Easier | Moderate | Difficult |
|---|
| m | m | m | m |
|---|
| ORAR and RT Design Specification (Axelson et al., 1995) |
ORAR | | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Universal Access. to Outdoor Rec.(PLAE, Inc., 1993) |
ORAR | | 2.030 | 2.030 | 2.030 |
| ORAR and RT Design Specification (Axelson et al., 1995) |
RT | | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Universal Access. to Outdoor Rec.(PLAE, Inc., 1993) |
RT | | 2.030 | 2.030 | 2.030 |
| Recreational Trail Design and Const. (Rathke and Baughman, 1994) |
H | 2.440 | | | |
| Trails for the 21st Century (Ryan, 1993) |
S | 3.050 | | | |
| Recreational Trail Design and Const. (Rathke and Baughman, 1994) |
B | 2.440 | | | |
| Trails for the 21st Century (Ryan, 1993) |
B | 2.135 | | | |
| Mountain Bike Trails: Tech for. . . (McCoy and Stoner, 1992) |
MB | | 2.440 | 2.440 | 2.440 |
| Recreational Trail Design and Const.(Rathke and Baughman, 1994) |
E | 3.050 | | | |
| Trails for the 21st Century (Ryan, 1993) |
E | 3.050 | | | |
| Recreational Trail Design and Const. (Rathke and Baughman, 1994) |
X | 2.440 | | | |
| Trails for the 21st Century (Ryan, 1993) |
X | 2.1351 | | | |
| Recreational Trail Design and Const.(Rathke and Baughman, 1994) |
SM | 2.440 | | | |
| Trails for the 21st Century (Ryan, 1993) |
SM | 3.050 | | | |
| OHM and ATV Trails Guidelines Dgn. . . . (Wemex, 1994) |
ATV | | 2.740 | 2.440 | 2.440 |
1 Above-average snowfall.
| AR | = Accessible Route | ORAR | = Outdoor Recreation Access Route | RT | = Recreational Trail |
| H | = Hiking Trail | S | = Shared-Use Path | B | = Bicycle Path |
| MB | = Mountain Biking Trail | E | = Equestrian Trail | X | = Cross-Country Ski Trail |
| SM | = Snow Machine Trail | ATV | = All-Terrain Vehicle Trail |
| OHV | = Off-Highway Vehicle Trail | M | = Motorcycle Trail |
