Chapter 2. METRO AREA TRENDS (part 2) - Journey To Work - Data Products - CTPP - Census Issues - Planning

Worker Characteristics

In the year 2000, about 75 million workers (58.5 percent of all workers) live in the 49 large MSAs, 20 million more workers than lived in the same MSAs in 1980 (a 35 percent increase). Exhibit 2.11a shows workers as percent of population for the large MSAs for the period of 1960-1980. This table is reproduced from the 1990 Journey-to-Work Trends Report. Exhibit 2.11b shows workers as percent of population for 1980, 1990,and 2000 using the June 1999 geographic definition of MSAs. Minneapolis, Denver,Austin, and Raleigh, NC all have over 50 percent of their population in the workforce in 2000.

The proportion of the population in the workforce is a function of the age mix, including the retirement population and the proportion of children. New Orleans, Miami, West Palm Beach, and Los Angeles are at the other end of the scale, with less than 43 percent of the population working, generally indicating older, retired populations or a large number of households with children. Exhibit 2.12 shows the total number of workers for 1980, 1990, and 2000, along with percent change in number of workers living in the MSA for each decade.

Exhibit 2.13 shows the change in the average number of workers per household for 1980,1990, and 2000. Workers per household can often be directly related to vehicles and income per household.

Exhibit 2.14 shows the workers by area of residence, whether central county or suburban,for 1980, 1990, and 2000, the number of central county workers for the same time period for each major MSA, and the percent change in workers in the central county. These data show large increases in the percent of workers who live in the suburban counties of major MSAs and large increases in the percent of workers who work outside the county of residence in each of the large metro areas. Because the geographic scale of analysis in this report is limited to counties, we cannot fully explore the development of the suburbs as loci of economic growth, the dispersal of workplaces and households, and suburb-tosuburb commuting.

Exhibit 2.15 shows the number of workers living in central county for 1980, 1990, and 2000, and the percentage of change in workers during each decade. From 1990 to 2000, fast growing areas such as Las Vegas, Phoenix, Austin, and Raleigh experienced more than 40 percent increase in central county workers. During the same time, older MSAs such as Philadelphia, St. Louis, Norfolk, and Washington D.C. lost more than 10 percent of their central county workers.

In addition to the demographic changes in the workforce, there have been changes in the geography of workplaces in the forty years since 1960. The separation between home and work has become greater. In 1960, only 14.5 percent of workers worked outside their county of residence, whereas in 2000, 26.6 percent of workers worked outside the county of residence. More analysis on place of work is presented in Chapter 6.

Exhibit 2.11a Workers as Percent of Population: 1960-1980

Area	Workers (Percent of Population)
Area	1960	1970	1980
New York City	38.9	39.3	42.7
Los Angeles	38.0	38.3	45.1
Chicago	38.8	40.0	44.0
San Francisco	38.4	39.4	47.9
Philadelphia	37.4	38.8	41.9
Detroit	34.6	36.4	39.8
Boston		40.4	46.8
Washington, DC	41.0	43.2	51.0
Dallas	39.0	41.5	49.4
Houston	36.3	39.4	48.6
Miami	37.1	38.4	43.6
Atlanta	38.0	41.3	46.8
Cleveland	36.9	38.2	42.5
Seattle	37.3	38.4	46.7
San Diego	39.3	40.1	45.9
Minneapolis	37.8	40.6	49.5
St. Louis	36.5	37.3	42.6
Baltimore	37.5	39.6	44.6
Pittsburgh	33.8	35.5	40.3
Phoenix	35.2	37.8	43.7
Tampa	32.9	33.7	38.8
Denver	38.2	40.2	49.8
Cincinnati	35.6	37.0	41.7
Milwaukee	38.2	39.8	45.9
Kansas City	38.4	41.0	46.7
Sacramento	36.9	36.6	42.9
Portland	37.0	39.0	45.8
Columbus	36.9	38.9	44.7
San Antonio	35.3	37.1	41.9
Indianapolis	38.4	39.2	44.2
New Orleans	34.1	34.8	40.8
Buffalo	35.7	36.7	40.2
Providence		41.2	44.4
Total	37.6	39.0	44.5

Note: Data in the above table is NOT adjusted for geography. The numbers are reproduced from the 1990 Journey-to-Work Trends Report.

Exhibit 2.11b Workers as Percent of Population: 1980-2000

Name of MSA	Workers (Percent of Population)
Name of MSA	1980	1990	2000
New York	42.8	47.4	44.0
Los Angeles	45.1	46.9	41.3
Chicago	44.1	47.6	46.1
Washington, DC	47.7	53.7	50.5
San Francisco	47.8	51.2	48.8
Philadelphia	41.5	47.3	45.5
Boston	46.3	50.6	49.8
Detroit	39.4	44.2	45.5
Dallas	49.1	50.5	48.4
Houston	48.5	47.4	44.6
Atlanta	46.3	52.1	50.1
Miami	43.5	46.2	42.4
Seattle	46.2	50.5	50.0
Phoenix	43.1	46.3	45.1
Minneapolis	49.2	53.0	53.7
Cleveland	42.3	44.8	46.7
San Diego	45.9	49.3	46.2
St. Louis	42.5	46.8	47.6
Denver	49.4	51.9	52.1
Tampa	38.4	44.2	44.4
Pittsburgh	39.7	42.8	44.8
Portland	44.5	48.0	48.8
Cincinnati	41.5	46.4	48.1
Sacramento	43.0	46.3	44.5
Kansas City	46.0	49.2	49.6
Milwaukee	45.8	48.1	48.3
Orlando	44.8	50.2	47.8
Indianapolis	44.1	49.5	49.5
San Antonio	41.9	43.7	43.9
Norfolk	45.6	49.9	48.4
Las Vegas	47.6	48.8	44.9
Columbus	44.3	49.3	50.5
Charlotte	48.5	52.0	50.1
New Orleans	40.6	41.4	42.6
Salt Lake City	42.2	44.7	48.2
Greensboro	47.9	52.4	49.5
Austin	47.6	51.0	52.0
Nashville	45.6	50.3	50.5
Providence	44.1	47.7	46.7
Raleigh	48.6	53.9	52.0
Hartford	48.5	51.6	48.4
Buffalo	40.3	44.7	44.5
Memphis	41.0	45.5	45.0
West Palm Beach	40.4	44.0	42.0
Jacksonville	43.1	49.0	48.0
Rochester	44.0	48.0	47.1
Grand Rapids	42.5	47.2	48.9
Oklahoma City	46.2	46.9	47.0
Louisville	41.8	46.7	48.1

Exhibit 2.12 Total Workers Living in MSA: 1980-2000

Name of MSA	Areawide			Decadal Percent Change
Name of MSA	1980	1990	2000	1980-90	1990-2000
New York	8,133,936	9,271,089	9,319,218	14.0	0.5
Los Angeles	5,184,393	6,809,043	6,767,619	31.3	-0.6
Chicago	3,575,803	3,922,295	4,218,108	9.7	7.5
Washington, DC	2,760,794	3,611,094	3,839,052	30.8	6.3
San Francisco	2,563,329	3,200,833	3,432,157	24.9	7.2
Philadelphia	2,347,072	2,784,581	2,815,405	18.6	1.1
Boston	2,471,832	2,760,435	2,898,680	11.7	5.0
Detroit	2,085,116	2,294,108	2,482,457	10.0	8.2
Dallas	1,494,568	2,038,398	2,527,648	36.4	24.0
Houston	1,512,080	1,768,567	2,081,607	17.0	17.7
Atlanta	1,033,088	1,542,948	2,060,632	49.4	33.6
Miami	1,150,471	1,476,085	1,642,866	28.3	11.3
Seattle	1,113,261	1,499,734	1,776,224	34.7	18.4
Phoenix	688,912	1,036,017	1,466,434	50.4	41.5
Minneapolis	1,081,772	1,344,797	1,595,550	24.3	18.6
Cleveland	1,242,438	1,282,092	1,375,774	3.2	7.3
San Diego	854,600	1,230,446	1,299,503	44.0	5.6
St. Louis	1,026,288	1,166,023	1,238,964	12.9	6.3
Denver	859,989	1,026,847	1,346,025	19.4	31.1
Tampa	619,119	914,711	1,063,957	47.7	16.3
Pittsburgh	1,021,047	1,023,825	1,057,354	0.3	3.3
Portland	704,392	861,141	1,105,133	22.3	28.3
Cincinnati	716,583	844,125	951,709	17.8	12.7
Sacramento	472,640	685,945	799,989	45.1	16.6
Kansas City	666,940	778,624	881,258	16.7	13.2
Milwaukee	719,555	772,752	816,880	7.4	5.7
Orlando	360,312	614,382	786,243	70.5	28.0
Indianapolis	575,905	683,007	795,755	18.6	16.5
San Antonio	456,656	578,529	698,685	26.7	20.8
Norfolk	547,803	720,890	760,401	31.6	5.5
Las Vegas	251,501	416,025	702,535	65.4	68.9
Columbus	537,727	663,006	777,922	23.3	17.3
Charlotte	470,708	604,856	751,629	28.5	24.3
New Orleans	528,868	531,697	570,423	0.5	7.3
Salt Lake City	383,938	479,338	642,688	24.8	34.1
Greensboro	455,515	550,325	618,921	20.8	12.5
Austin	278,251	431,345	649,645	55.0	50.6
Nashville	387,660	495,717	621,221	27.9	25.3
Providence	381,643	540,872	555,540	41.7	2.7
Raleigh	323,005	461,516	617,475	42.9	33.8
Hartford	510,174	597,831	573,114	17.2	-4.1
Buffalo	500,364	531,122	520,350	6.1	-2.0
Memphis	384,793	458,534	511,111	19.2	11.5
West Palm Beach	233,303	380,260	475,572	63.0	25.1
Jacksonville	311,207	443,882	527,718	42.6	18.9
Rochester	453,387	509,733	516,814	12.4	1.4
Grand Rapids	357,673	442,228	531,924	23.6	20.3
Oklahoma City	397,394	450,122	509,262	13.3	13.1
Louisville	398,355	442,933	492,821	11.2	11.3

Exhibit 2.13 Ratio of Workers and Households: 1980-2000

Name	1980	1990	2000
New York	1.19	1.30	1.20
Los Angeles	1.25	1.39	1.27
Chicago	1.26	1.32	1.28
Washington, DC	1.34	1.45	1.34
San Francisco	1.25	1.37	1.34
Philadelphia	1.19	1.29	1.21
Boston	1.31	1.36	1.31
Detroit	1.14	1.20	1.19
Dallas	1.35	1.35	1.33
Houston	1.37	1.32	1.27
Atlanta	1.31	1.40	1.37
Miami	1.12	1.21	1.15
Seattle	1.23	1.30	1.28
Phoenix	1.20	1.22	1.23
Minneapolis	1.37	1.40	1.40
Cleveland	1.18	1.17	1.18
San Diego	1.27	1.39	1.31
St. Louis	1.20	1.24	1.22
Denver	1.32	1.31	1.34
Tampa	0.94	1.05	1.05
Pittsburgh	1.09	1.08	1.09
Portland	1.17	1.25	1.28
Cincinnati	1.18	1.24	1.24
Sacramento	1.13	1.23	1.20
Kansas City	1.25	1.28	1.27
Milwaukee	1.28	1.28	1.24
Orlando	1.22	1.32	1.26
Indianapolis	1.23	1.29	1.26
San Antonio	1.29	1.26	1.25
Norfolk	1.36	1.41	1.32
Las Vegas	1.26	1.26	1.19
Columbus	1.22	1.29	1.27
Charlotte	1.37	1.37	1.31
New Orleans	1.17	1.13	1.13
Salt Lake City	1.32	1.38	1.49
Greensboro	1.33	1.33	1.24
Austin	1.31	1.32	1.38
Nashville	1.28	1.32	1.30
Providence	1.23	1.27	1.20
Raleigh	1.37	1.38	1.34
Hartford	1.37	1.37	1.25
Buffalo	1.12	1.15	1.11
Memphis	1.21	1.25	1.20
West Palm Beach	1.00	1.04	1.00
Jacksonville	1.20	1.29	1.24
Rochester	1.25	1.29	1.23
Grand Rapids	1.24	1.32	1.34
Oklahoma City	1.23	1.22	1.20
Louisville	1.17	1.21	1.20

Exhibit 2.14 Workers by Area of Residence: 1980-2000

Name	1980			1990			2000
Name	Area wide	% CC	%SC	Area wide	% CC	%SC	Area wide	% CC	%SC
New York	8,133,936	8.3	91.7	9,271,089	8.1	91.9	9,319,218	8.1	91.9
Los Angeles	5,184,393	65.1	34.9	6,809,043	60.4	39.6	6,767,619	57.0	43.0
Chicago	3,575,803	63.8	36.2	3,922,295	60.4	39.6	4,218,108	56.2	43.8
Washington, DC	2,760,794	10.7	89.3	3,611,094	8.4	91.6	3,839,052	6.8	93.2
San Francisco	2,563,329	13.1	86.9	3,200,833	11.9	88.1	3,432,157	12.2	87.8
Philadelphia	2,347,072	25.9	74.1	2,784,581	23.0	77.0	2,815,405	20.2	79.8
Boston	2,471,832	11.7	88.3	2,760,435	11.7	88.3	2,898,680	11.1	88.9
Detroit	2,085,116	40.5	59.5	2,294,108	35.9	64.1	2,482,457	33.3	66.7
Dallas	1,494,568	52.9	47.1	2,038,398	46.3	53.7	2,527,648	41.1	58.9
Houston	1,512,080	79.1	20.9	1,768,567	76.7	23.3	2,081,607	72.8	27.2
Atlanta	1,033,088	24.4	75.6	1,542,948	20.4	79.6	2,060,632	18.7	81.3
Miami	1,150,471	63.1	36.9	1,476,085	60.2	39.8	1,642,866	54.7	45.3
Seattle	1,113,261	56.2	43.8	1,499,734	53.7	46.3	1,776,224	51.3	48.7
Phoenix	688,912	95.6	4.4	1,036,017	96.2	3.8	1,466,434	95.9	4.1
Minneapolis	1,081,772	45.0	55.0	1,344,797	41.7	58.3	1,595,550	38.1	61.9
Cleveland	1,242,438	51.5	48.5	1,282,092	48.2	51.8	1,375,774	45.3	54.7
San Diego	854,600	100.0	0.0	1,230,446	100.0	0.0	1,299,503	100.0	0.0
St. Louis	1,026,288	16.4	83.6	1,166,023	13.6	86.4	1,238,964	11.4	88.6
Denver	859,989	28.2	71.8	1,026,847	22.5	77.5	1,346,025	20.7	79.3
Tampa	619,119	45.3	54.7	914,711	44.9	55.1	1,063,957	44.2	55.8
Pittsburgh	1,021,047	58.8	41.2	1,023,825	58.2	41.8	1,057,354	55.1	44.9
Portland	704,392	37.1	62.9	861,141	33.3	66.7	1,105,133	30.3	69.7
Cincinnati	716,583	51.8	48.2	844,125	47.3	52.7	951,709	41.9	58.1
Sacramento	472,640	72.0	28.0	685,945	70.3	29.7	799,989	67.0	33.0
Kansas City	666,940	43.4	56.6	778,624	39.2	60.8	881,258	35.3	64.7
Milwaukee	719,555	60.9	39.1	772,752	56.9	43.1	816,880	52.3	47.7
Orlando	360,312	61.9	38.1	614,382	58.0	42.0	786,243	55.9	44.1
Indianapolis	575,905	60.3	39.7	683,007	58.1	41.9	795,755	53.4	46.6
San Antonio	456,656	90.8	9.2	578,529	89.3	10.7	698,685	87.0	13.0
Norfolk	547,803	23.3	76.7	720,890	18.1	81.9	760,401	14.7	85.3
Las Vegas	251,501	90.4	9.6	416,025	89.2	10.8	702,535	89.9	10.1
Columbus	537,727	73.6	26.4	663,006	73.5	26.5	777,922	70.5	29.5
Charlotte	470,708	43.1	56.9	604,856	45.8	54.2	751,629	48.3	51.7
New Orleans	528,868	40.4	59.6	531,697	35.2	64.8	570,423	33.1	66.9
Salt Lake City	383,938	69.4	30.6	479,338	68.7	31.3	642,688	68.2	31.8
Greensboro	455,515	33.6	66.4	550,325	33.8	66.2	618,921	34.4	65.6
Austin	278,251	75.3	24.7	431,345	70.2	29.8	649,645	66.7	33.3
Nashville	387,660	58.1	41.9	495,717	52.8	47.2	621,221	46.0	54.0
Providence	381,643	65.2	34.8	540,872	51.1	48.9	555,540	49.7	50.3
Raleigh	323,005	47.1	52.9	461,516	51.4	48.6	617,475	54.8	45.2
Hartford	510,174	76.8	23.2	597,831	72.4	27.6	573,114	70.5	29.5
Buffalo	500,364	81.7	18.3	531,122	81.5	18.5	520,350	81.1	18.9
Memphis	384,793	84.7	15.3	458,534	82.8	17.2	511,111	78.8	21.2
West Palm Beach	233,303	100.0	0.0	380,260	100.0	0.0	475,572	100.0	0.0
Jacksonville	311,207	80.4	19.6	443,882	75.1	24.9	527,718	70.9	29.1
Rochester	453,387	69.8	30.2	509,733	68.1	31.9	516,814	66.8	33.2
Grand Rapids	357,673	54.8	45.2	442,228	54.9	45.1	531,924	53.4	46.6
Oklahoma City	397,394	67.6	32.4	450,122	62.5	37.5	509,262	59.9	40.1
Louisville	398,355	73.0	27.0	442,933	70.3	29.7	492,821	66.8	33.2

Exhibit 2.15 Number of Workers Living in Central County (Workers): 1980-2000

Name of MSA	Central County Workers			Percent Change
Name of MSA	1980	1990	2000	1980-90	1990-2000
New York	677,228	754,148	753,114	11.4	-0.1
Los Angeles	3,373,977	4,115,248	3,858,750	22.0	-6.2
Chicago	2,281,356	2,369,624	2,371,161	3.9	0.1
Washington, DC	295,131	304,428	260,884	3.2	-14.3
San Francisco	336,627	382,309	418,553	13.6	9.5
Philadelphia	608,391	640,577	569,761	5.3	-11.1
Boston	287,984	324,109	320,979	12.5	-1.0
Detroit	843,481	822,620	827,311	-2.5	0.6
Dallas	790,120	943,146	1,038,779	19.4	10.1
Houston	1,196,293	1,356,196	1,515,593	13.4	11.8
Atlanta	252,028	315,366	385,442	25.1	22.2
Miami	726,152	887,996	899,323	22.3	1.3
Seattle	626,076	805,782	911,677	28.7	13.1
Phoenix	658,834	996,495	1,406,442	51.3	41.1
Minneapolis	486,820	561,081	607,567	15.3	8.3
Cleveland	639,901	617,552	622,876	-3.5	0.9
San Diego	854,600	1,230,446	1,299,503	44.0	5.6
St. Louis	168,199	158,499	140,747	-5.8	-11.2
Denver	242,856	231,503	278,715	-4.7	20.4
Tampa	280,154	410,950	470,753	46.7	14.6
Pittsburgh	600,456	595,405	582,362	-0.8	-2.2
Portland	261,334	286,600	335,182	9.7	17.0
Cincinnati	371,368	399,406	398,465	7.5	-0.2
Sacramento	340,105	482,321	536,310	41.8	11.2
Kansas City	289,506	304,852	310,789	5.3	1.9
Milwaukee	438,003	439,449	427,620	0.3	-2.7
Orlando	222,907	356,271	439,323	59.8	23.3
Indianapolis	347,080	396,584	424,598	14.3	7.1
San Antonio	414,720	516,606	607,860	24.6	17.7
Norfolk	127,689	130,549	112,083	2.2	-14.1
Las Vegas	227,263	371,128	631,236	63.3	70.1
Columbus	395,783	487,305	548,655	23.1	12.6
Charlotte	202,915	277,227	362,991	36.6	30.9
New Orleans	213,918	186,926	188,703	-12.6	1.0
Salt Lake City	266,384	329,238	438,627	23.6	33.2
Greensboro	153,243	185,853	213,079	21.3	14.6
Austin	209,396	302,909	433,064	44.7	43.0
Nashville	225,262	261,683	285,980	16.2	9.3
Providence	249,009	276,405	276,324	11.0	0.0
Raleigh	152,194	237,181	338,602	55.8	42.8
Hartford	392,068	432,836	403,863	10.4	-6.7
Buffalo	408,836	432,883	421,809	5.9	-2.6
Memphis	325,852	379,633	402,560	16.5	6.0
West Palm Beach	233,303	380,260	475,572	63.0	25.1
Jacksonville	250,332	333,152	374,292	33.1	12.3
Rochester	316,287	347,088	345,019	9.7	-0.6
Grand Rapids	196,123	242,899	284,236	23.9	17.0
Oklahoma City	268,507	281,207	305,058	4.7	8.5
Louisville	290,785	311,336	329,091	7.1	5.7