Long-Term Plan for Concrete Pavement Research and Technology - The Concrete Pavement Road Map: Volume II, Tracks
Executive Summary
THE CP ROAD MAP
The Concrete Pavement (CP) Road Map is a comprehensive and strategic plan for concrete pavement research that will guide the investment of research dollars for the next several years. It will result in technologies and systems that help the concrete pavement community meet the paving needs of today, and the as-yet unimagined paving challenges of tomorrow. In short, the CP Road Map will result in a new generation of concrete pavements for the 21st century.
WHAT IS UNIQUE ABOUT THE CP ROAD MAP?
Strategic—It combines more than 250 research problem statements into 12 fully integrated, sequential, and cohesive tracks of research leading to specific products that will dramatically affect the way concrete pavements are designed and constructed.
Innovative—From the way it was developed, to its unique track structure and cross-track integration, to the plan for conducting the research, the CP Road Map introduces a new, inclusive, and far-reaching approach to pavement research.
Stakeholder involvement—This CP Road Map plan is for the federal, State, and private concrete pavement community. Peers helped create it, so it reflects all needs.
No cost or time limitations—In general, it is a 7- to 10-year plan with an estimated overall cost of $250 million.
Independent of any one agency or pot of money—Stakeholders with funds and expertise will pool their resources, jointly conduct and coordinate the research, and apply the results. The plan incorporates innovative, effective research implementation to move useful new products and systems to the field quickly.
A VISIONARY CHARGE
The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the concrete pavement industry have commissioned a national research plan for the 21st century. Why is such a plan needed?
For most of the 20th century, the same materials—portland cement, high-quality aggregate, and water— were used in pavement concrete, with only minor refinements. It was a fairly forgiving formula that allowed some variations in subgrade quality, construction practices, and other variables without sacrificing pavement performance. For generations, the industry had the luxury of keeping traffic off of new concrete pavements for several days, even weeks, while the concrete developed its internal design strength.
In the past 15 years, the industry has experienced more changes than those that occurred in the previous 80 years, and these changes are turning the process of building concrete pavements on end:
- Today’s concrete mix designs must integrate a multitude of new, sometimes marginal materials, resulting in serious compatibility problems and reduced tolerance for variations.
- Motorists are more demanding. They will tolerate only minimal road closures and delays due to roadwork, increasing the need for new paving methods that allow road crews to get in, get out, and stay out. And motorists want smoother,
quieter pavements, pushing the industry to control pavement surface characteristics.
- Highway agency focus has shifted from building new pavements to rehabilitating and maintaining existing ones, which requires different designs, systems, materials, and equipment.
- Environmental pressures, including traffic congestion and drainage and runoff issues, are affecting mix designs and pavement construction practices.
- Highway budgets are being squeezed at every level. The pavement community simply must do more with less.
In this environment, the old system for constructing concrete pavements is not meeting today’s demands. Pavement failures have occurred that were unheard of 25 years ago. The concrete pavement community cannot continue business as usual if it is going to meet the growing demands on highway construction and rehabilitation. The CP Road Map gives the community an opportunity to proactively reinvent itself through research.
DRAWING A NEW MAP FOR CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
The project to develop the Long-Term Plan for Concrete Pavement Technology began in 2001 through an agreement between the Innovative Pavement Research foundation and a team led by Iowa State University’s Center for Portland Cement Concrete Pavement Technology (PCC Center).
In May 2003, FHWA initiated a new agreement with the PCC Center to complete the work. The Transportation Research Board (TRB) Committee for Research on improved Concrete Pavements acted as the project advisory panel. Twenty percent of total funding for the project was provided by Iowa State University. The concrete pavement industry and State departments of transportation (DOT) provided valuable input to the CP Road Map and support its implementation.
An Iowa State University-led team facilitated development of the CP Road Map.
They developed a database of existing research and gathered input, face-to-face, from the highway community. The team identified gaps in research that became the basis for problem statements, which are organized into a cohesive, strategic research plan.
A “Living” Research Database
The research database is a thorough catalog of recently completed and in-progress research projects and their products. If regularly updated and maintained, as recommended in the research management plan (described later in this report), the database will be a valuable resource for many years.
Stakeholder Input
To ensure the adoption and success of the CP Road Map, it was developed through a cooperative process involving high levels of stakeholder teamwork.
Five major brainstorming and feedback sessions were conducted at the following events: the October 2003 meeting of the Midwest Concrete Consortium (MC2) in Ames, IA; a special November 2003 regional workshop for eastern and southern stakeholders in Syracuse, NY; the May 2004 meeting of the American Concrete Pavement Association (ACPA) in Kansas City, MO; a special January 2004 regional teleconference for western stakeholders; and, in October 2004, a final meeting of national stakeholders hosted by FHWA at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center in McLean, VA.
Through these events, plus special presentations at more than 20 professional conferences and workshops across the country, more than 400 engineers and managers provided direct input into the CP Road Map.
Participants represented the following entities:
- State and local DOTs.
- FHWA
- ACPA, including several State chapters.
- Portland Cement Association (PCA).
- American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO).
- National Ready Mixed Concrete Association (NRMCA).
- TRB/National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) committees.
- American Public Works Association (APWA).
- National Association of County Engineers (NACE).
- Contractors.
- Materials suppliers.
- Research universities, especially departments conducting applied research.
- Private concrete testing laboratories.
Input was provided in four broad categories:
- Mixtures and materials.
- Design.
- Construction.
- Pavement management/business systems.
Again and again, stakeholders who participated in these brainstorming events said they needed more and better analysis tools for measuring the hows and whys of pavement failures and successes—that is, to measure pavement performance. better quality assurance and quality control methods/tools are needed for every stage of the pavement system, particularly mix design, design, and construction. because variables in each stage affect the others, the methods/tools must be integrated across stages.
From these concepts of pavement performance and systems integration, the following overall vision for the CP Road Map was developed:
By 2015, the highway community will have a comprehensive, integrated, and fully functional system of concrete pavement technologies that provides innovative solutions for customer-driven performance requirements.
Based on this goal and other stakeholder input, dozens of specific research objectives were identified:
- Maximize public convenience.
- Improve the driving experience.
- Integrate design, mixtures and materials, and construction with pavement performance predictions.
- Improve pavement reliability.
- Identify new and innovative business relationships to focus on performance requirements.
- Constrain costs while improving pavement performance.
- Protect and improve the environment.
- Expand opportunities to use concrete pavement.
The objectives were “filtered” through the project team’s database of existing research to determine gaps in research. These gaps became the basis for problem statements.
Approximately 250 problem statements were written, reviewed, and fine tuned. final versions of the problem statements were added to the research database as work to be accomplished via the CP Road Map.
Research problem statements, projects, budgets, timelines, and research results in the database must be regularly updated. The CP Road Map will succeed only if the database is managed and maintained.
From Stakeholder Input to Plan
Most of the 250-plus problem statements did not neatly fit into just one of the brainstorming categories (mixtures and materials, design, construction, and pavement management/business systems).To capture the cross-categories and the integrated nature of the problem statements, the problem statements were organized into 12, product-focused tracks of research within the database. This structure encourages various stakeholder groups to step forward as champions for a specific track.
Problem Statements
Each problem statement is a topical summary only. Most problem statements will be further broken down into specific research project statements that provide detailed descriptions of the research to be accomplished, budgets, and timelines. The research management plan (described later in this document) makes research track team leaders responsible for data entry of detailed project statements into the database.
Track Integration
As noted in the 12 brief track descriptions on pages 8–11, research in one track often affects or is affected by research in another track. In the CP Road map, this interdependence and other critical relationships are outlined in the track and problem statement descriptions. It will be the responsibility of research track team leaders, as described later in this document, to ensure that research is appropriately coordinated and integrated.
Moreover, the research database can be sorted to isolate problem statements on a variety of subjects. For example, several important problem statements related to foundations and drainage systems, maintenance and rehabilitation, and environment advancements are included in various tracks. In the CP Road Map, problem statements related to these particular topics have been listed in separate cross-reference tables.
CP ROAD MAP RESEARCH TRACKS
Each of the CP Road Map tracks is a full research program in itself, with its own budget, 2 to 7 subtracks, and as many as 20 problem statements. Tracks 1 through 9 consist of timed sequences of research leading to particular products that are essential to reaching overall research goals. In the CP Road Map, one subtrack in every phased track is devoted to developing innovative technology transfer, training tools, and methods to ensure that innovative research products are quickly and efficiently moved into practice. Tracks 10, 11, and 12 are not phased because timing is not as critical.
The products developed through the first four tracks may be especially critical to helping the industry achieve the full potential of concrete pavements.
Following is a brief description of each research track:
- Performance-Based Concrete Pavement Mix Design System. The final product of this track will be a practical yet innovative concrete mix design procedure with new equipment, consensus target 7 Executive Summary values, common laboratory procedures, and full integration with both structural design and field quality control—a lab of the future. This track also lays the groundwork for the concrete paving industry to assume more responsibility for mix designs as State highway agencies move from method specifications to more advanced acceptance tools. For such a move to be successful, it is important that the concrete paving industry and owner-agencies refer to a single document for mix design state of the art.
- Performance-Based Design Guide for New and Rehabilitated Concrete pavements. Under this track, the concrete pavement research community will expand the mechanistic approach to pavement restoration and preservation strategies. This track builds on the comprehensive work done under NCHRP 1–37A (development of the Mechanistic-Empirical (M-E) Pavement Design Guide) and continues to develop the models from that key work.(1) The work in this track needs to be closely integrated with track 1.
- High-Speed Nondestructive Testing and Intelligent Construction systems.This track will develop high-speed, nondestructive quality control systems to monitor pavement properties continuously during construction. as a result, immediate adjustments can be made to ensure the highest quality finished product that meets given performance specifications. Many problem statements in this track relate to both tracks 1 and 2.
- Optimized Surface Characteristics for Safe, Quiet, and Smooth Concrete Pavements. This track will improve understanding of concrete pavement surface characteristics. It will provide tools for engineers to help meet or exceed predetermined requirements for friction/safety, tire-pavement noise, smoothness, splash and spray, wheel path wear (hydroplaning), light reflection, rolling resistance, and durability (longevity). Each of the functional elements of a pavement listed above is critical. The challenge is to improve one characteristic without compromising another characteristic, especially when it comes to safety of the public.
- Equipment Automation and Advancements. This track will result in process improvements and equipment developments for high-speed, high-quality concrete paving equipment to meet the concrete paving industry’s projected needs and the traveling public’s expectations for highway performance in the future. Examples include the next generation of concrete batching and placement equipment; behind-the-paver equipment to improve curing, surface treatment, and jointing; mechanized ways to place and control subdrains and other foundation elements; equipment to remove/replace the slab in one-pass construction; improved repair processes that decrease the time of operations and provide the workforce and traveling public with less exposure; and methods for evaluating new equipment on actual construction projects.
- Innovative Concrete Pavement Joint Design, Materials, and Construction. Potential products for this track include a new joint design, high-speed computer analysis techniques for joint performance, a more accurate installation scheme, and faster rehabilitation strategies. The problem statements in this track address the basics—joint design, materials, construction, and maintenance activities. The track also specifies research that will help develop breakthrough technologies and extremely highspeed joint repair techniques. This is a crosscutting track to ensure that all topics related to innovative joints are addressed. Much of the proposed research will develop important incremental improvements.
- High-Speed Concrete Pavement Rehabilitation and Construction. faster techniques and higher quality can and must be accomplished in the future. This track addresses a series of activities, from the planning and simulation of high-speed construction and rehabilitation, precast and modular options for concrete pavements, and fast-track concrete pavement construction and rehabilitation, to the evaluation and technology transfer of high-speed construction and rehabilitation products and Executive Summary 8 processes developed through research. Some high-speed construction issues will likely be investigated in tracks 1 and 3, and those efforts will be closely coordinated with this track.
- Long Life Concrete Pavements. The need for pavements that last longer between maintenance, restoration, or rehabilitation is integrated throughout the CP Road Map. However, this track draws attention to some specific research that may address pavement life approaching 60 years or more.
- Concrete Pavement Accelerated and Long-Term Data Collection. This track provides the infrastructure—such as testing methods and data collection and reporting tools—for a future national program that will plan accelerated loading and long-term data needs, construct test sections, and collect and share data. The problem statements in this track will explore which data are most useful and determine the amount of time needed to collect the data.
- Concrete Pavement Performance. This track addresses key elements of pavement management and asset management systems. Such systems determine if and how pavements meet performance characteristics for highway agencies and users. Research in this track will determine and address the functional aspects of concrete pavement performance, particularly factors such as tire-pavement noise, friction, smoothness, and others. Research also will provide rapid concrete pavement performance feedback and examine ways to schedule surface characteristics and condition improvements. Developing feedback loops in highway agencies’ pavement management systems will be crucial to monitor performance effectively and rapidly.
- Concrete Pavement Business Systems and Economics. Roles and responsibilities are changing in the highway industry, affecting the way paving projects are designed, bid, built, and maintained. Contractors are being asked to assume more control of the operation and quality control inspections. By including warranty provisions in project contracts, owner-agencies are asking for additional assurance that pavements will be built and will perform as expected. Internationally, many countries have made dramatic changes in project funding methods and in the roles of contractors and suppliers. This track captures some important research that should be considered as this process of transformation continues in the United States. Problem statements cover topics such as contracting options, new technology transfer systems, public-private partnerships, and economic models.
- Advanced Concrete Pavement Materials. The problem statements in this track address the development of new materials and refine or reintroduce existing advanced materials to enhance performance, improve construction, and reduce waste. Many of the existing materials studied in this track have been used thus far on a small scale or in laboratory evaluations only. Many of them have not been used in the United States but show promise based on work done in other countries. This track will experiment with such materials on a larger scale and will develop standards and recommendations for their use. The research will foster innovation in the development of additional, new, and innovative concrete pavement materials.
REACHING THE DESTINATION
The CP Road Map is accompanied by a research management plan that outlines a progressive, cooperative approach to managing and conducting the research. Under this plan, organizations identify common interests, partner with each other in executing specific contracts, and, in the end, produce and share a product that is greater than the sum of the parts.
The research management plan emphasizes scope control, phasing of research, reporting, systems integration, voluntary peer review, maintenance of the research database, program-wide technology transfer, and assistance to organizations that want to leverage their funds and human resources.
Philosophy for Managing Research
The research management plan is based on these assumptions:
- The CP Road Map is a national research plan, not a plan solely for FHWA, but for State agencies and the industry as well.
- The CP Road Map is not restricted to any single funding source. Publicly financed highway research is decentralized and will probably remain so through the next highway bill.
- Even in a decentralized arena like research, it is possible—indeed, critical—for stakeholder groups to come together voluntarily. Federal, State, and industry research staff and engineers around the country are looking for more opportunities to pool their funds and other resources in win-win situations. The MC2 is an example of a successful cooperative approach to research.
- The all-too-common disconnection between research results and implementation of those results must be fixed. Communication, technology transfer, and outreach activities must be elevated to the same level of importance as research itself.
- The CP Road Map is too comprehensive and too important for a part-time implementation effort. Managing the overall research program effectively and judiciously will require full-time, dedicated personnel with adequate resources.
Governing Structure
In line with this general philosophy, the research management plan outlines a four-tier system of participation and responsibility: an executive advisory committee, an administrative support group, research track team leaders, and sustaining organizations.
A triparty executive advisory committee, representing FHWA, State DOTs, and industry, will provide broad oversight of the CP Road Map. It will be a decisionmaking and policymaking facilitation group with many responsibilities, including:
- Assembling research track team leaders.
- Promoting partnering arrangements.
- Ensuring adequate integration of research across tracks.
- Developing and implementing a strategy to ensure that software products developed through various research tracks will be compatible with each other.
- Identifying new research program areas.
- Overseeing updates to and maintenance of the research database.
- Developing a comprehensive technology transfer and training program for products of the CP Road Map.
- Conducting self-evaluation studies.
- Keeping the momentum focused on outcomes, not just output.
An administrative support group will provide professional management services for the executive advisory committee and, to a lesser degree, the research track team leaders. It will be the “doing” body for coordination and support activities, like maintaining the research database.
Research track team leaders will coordinate and oversee all activities within a specific research track:
- Validating and updating the track.
- Developing broad problem statements into specific, separate research projects, with scopes of work, timelines, and budgets.
- Identifying organizations to conduct or partner in the research.
- Establishing and overseeing subordinate technical expert working groups to
guide complex work.
- Ensuring proper integration of work within the track and across track lines.
- Developing status reports.
Sustaining organizations—agencies, consultants, universities, professional associations, and other organizations with specialized interests and skills that are interested in pooling dedicated funds—will assume responsibility for conducting research through cooperation, partnerships, and funding agreements. some people and organizations will assume multiple roles.
In addition, sustaining organizations conducting research under the CP Road map may retain full fiscal and technical control of the work under their jurisdictions. The key to successful conduct of the research, however, is cooperation, and the research management plan facilitates and supports cooperative efforts.
THE CP ROAD MAP TRACKS AND SUBTRACKS
The CP Road Map is a 7- to 10-year plan for concrete pavement research consisting of the following tracks and subtracks.
The general range of costs associated with each track represents the time dedicated to the CP Road Map by multiple stakeholders who contributed to its development. The support needed for this effort comes from in-kind services and funding provided by a number of participants including industry organizations, state DOTs, and Federal agencies. These estimates are subject to change as the CP Road Map evolves.
1.Performance-Based Concrete Pavement Mix Design System ($30–68 M*)
- Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) Mix Design System Development and integration.
- PCC Mix Design Laboratory Testing and Equipment.
- PCC Mix Design Modeling.
- PCC Mix Design Evaluation and Implementation.
2.Performance-Based Design Guide for New and Rehabilitated Concrete Pavements ($41–60 M)
- Design Guide Structural Models
- Design Guide Inputs, Performance Models, and Reliability.
- Special Design and Rehabilitation Issues.
- Improved Mechanistic Design Procedures.
- Design Guide Implementation.
3.High-Speed Nondestructive Testing and Intelligent Construction Systems ($20–41 M)
- Field Control.
- Nondestructive Testing Methods.
- Nondestructive Testing and Intelligent Control System Evaluation, and implementation.
4.Optimized Surface Characteristics for Safe, Quiet, and smooth Concrete Pavements ($25–54 M)
- Concrete Pavement Texture and Friction.
- Concrete Pavement Smoothness.
- Tire-Pavement Noise.
- Integration of Concrete Pavement Surface Characteristics.
- Evaluation of Products for Concrete Pavement Surface Characteristics.
- Concrete Pavement Surface Characteristics Implementation.
- Other Concrete Pavement Surface Characteristics.
5.Concrete Pavement Equipment Automation and Advancements ($26–56 M)
- Concrete Batching and Mixing Equipment.
- Concrete Placement Equipment.
- Concrete Pavement Curing, Texturing, and Jointing Equipment.
- Concrete Pavement Foundation Equipment.
- Concrete Pavement Reconstruction Equipment.
- Concrete Pavement Restoration Equipment.
- Advanced Equipment Evaluation and Implementation.
6.Innovative Concrete Pavement Joint Design, Materials, and Construction ($10–15 M)
- Joint Design Innovations.
- Joint Materials, Construction, Evaluation, and Rehabilitation innovations.
- Innovative Joints Implementation.
7.High-Speed Concrete Pavement Rehabilitation and Construction ($10–20 M)
- Rehabilitation and Construction Planning and Simulation.
- Precast and Modular Concrete Pavements.
- Fast-Track Concrete Pavements.
- Rehabilitation and Construction Evaluation and Implementation.
8.Long Life Concrete Pavements ($11–17 M)
- Pavement Strategy for Long Life Concrete Pavements.
- Construction and Materials for Long Life Concrete Pavements and Overlays.
- Long Life Concrete Pavement Implementation.
9.Concrete Pavement Accelerated and Long-Term Data Collection ($10–16 M)
- Planning and Designing Accelerated Loading and Long-Term Data Collection.
- Preparation of Data Collection/Testing Procedures and Construction of
Test Road.
- Accelerated Loading and Long-Term Data Collection Implementation.
10.Concrete Pavement Performance ($3–4 M)
- Technologies for Determining Concrete Pavement Performance.
- Guidelines and Protocols for Concrete Pavement Performance.
11.Concrete Pavement Business Systems and Economics ($21–31 m)
- Concrete Pavement Research and Technology Management and implementation..
- Concrete Pavement Economics and Life Cycle Costs.
- Contracting and Incentives for Concrete Pavement Work.
- Technology Transfer and Publications for Concrete Pavement Best practices.
- Concrete Pavement Decisions with Environmental Impact.
12.Advanced Concrete Pavement Materials ($11–23 M)
- Performance-Enhancing Concrete Pavement Materials.
- Construction-Enhancing Concrete Pavement Materials.
- Environment-Enhancing Concrete Pavement Materials.
$218–405 M Total
*All numbers are rounded.
ORGANIZATION OF VOLUMES I AND II
The CP Road Map is published in two volumes. Volume I contains the executive summary, plus eight chapters:
- Chapter 1 describes the background and need for the CP Road Map.
- Chapter 2 tells how the CP Road Map was developed.
- Chapter 3 provides an overview of the 12 tracks of planned research.
- Chapters 4 through 7 describe the critical issues and objectives that the CP Road Map addresses in the areas of design, mixtures and materials, construction, and pavement management/business systems.
- Chapter 8 describes the innovative research management plan that will guide the conduct of research.
Volume II contains the executive summary and describes in detail the 12 tracks of planned research:
- Each track begins with introductory material that summarizes the goal and objectives for the track and the gaps and challenges for its research program.
- A phasing chart is included to show the approximate sequencing of the problem statements in the track.
- A table of estimated costs provides the projected cost range for each problem statement, depending on the research priorities and scope determined in implementation.
- The problem statements within each track are grouped into subtracks. Each subtrack is introduced by a brief summary of the subtrack’s focus and a table listing the titles, estimated costs, products, and benefits of each problem statement in the subtrack.
- Each subtrack begins with a framework problem statement in which the subtrack work is planned in more detail.
- The problem statements then follow.
Each problem statement clearly defines tasks that need to be performed to produce a desired product or achieve a desired objective. Each problem statement will need to be developed into appropriate research project statements with detailed descriptions of the research to be accomplished, specific budgets, and definite timelines.
Many conventional concrete pavement topics are integrated across the research tracks in the CP Road Map. Using the CP Road Map database, distinct topic areas can be easily identified and pulled out of the tracks into their own tables. For example, the following three important research topics are addressed in a number of tracks. Near the end of volume II, cross-reference tables list the relevant problem statements for each of these topics:
- Concrete pavement foundation and drainage.
- Concrete pavement maintenance and rehabilitation.
- Environmental concrete pavement advancements.
HOW CAN YOU PARTICIPATE?
Beginning a long-term research program is a long, slow process. In this case, the CP Road Map provides a framework for moving forward.
Stakeholders in the concrete pavement community are invited to participate:
- To receive a printed copy of the full two-volume CP Road Map, with complete problem statements (available 2005), contact Peter Kopac, FHWA, 202–493–3151, peter.kopac@fhwa.dot.gov.
- An electronic version of the CP Road Map and the two-volume report will be available on the FHWA Web site in 2005. See www.tfhrc.gov.
- For additional information, go to www.tfhrc.gov and search for CP Road Map.