U.S. Department of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration
1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE
Washington, DC 20590
202-366-4000
Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology
Coordinating, Developing, and Delivering Highway Transportation Innovations
 |
| This report is an archived publication and may contain dated technical, contact, and link information |
|
Publication Number: FHWA-HRT-06-073 Date: July 2006 |
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, "AASHTO Guide Specification for Highway Construction, Section 56X, Portland Cement Concrete Resistant to Excessive Expansion Caused by Alkali-Silica Reaction," http://leadstates.tamu.edu/ASR/library/gspec.stm, 2000.
Baxter, S.Z., Stokes, D.B., Manissero, C.E., "Lithium-Based Pozzolans for ASR Control," Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction (ICAAR), Quebec, Canada, June 11-16, 2000, pp. 573-582.
Berra, M., Mangialardi, T., Paolini, A.E., "Rapid Evaluation of the Threshold Alkali Level for Alkali-Reactive Siliceous Aggregates in Concrete," Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 21, No. 4, 1999, pp. 325-333.
Bérubé, M.A., Duchesne, J., "Evaluation of Testing Methods Used for Assessing the Effectiveness of Mineral Admixtures in Suppressing Expansion Due to Alkali-Aggregate Reaction," Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, (Ed. V.M. Malhotra), ACI SP132, Vol. 1, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, MI, 1992, pp. 549-575.
Bérubé, M.A., Fournier, B., "Accelerated Test Methods for Alkali-Aggregate Reactivity," Advances in Concrete Technology (Ed. V.M. Malhotra), CANMET/EMR, Ottawa, Canada, 1992, pp. 583-627.
Bérubé, M.A., Tremblay, C., Fournier, B., Thomas, M.D., Stokes, D.B. "Influence of Lithium-Based Products Proposed for Counteracting ASR on the Chemistry of Pore Solution and Cement Hydrates," Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 34, 2004, pp. 1645-1660.
Bleszynski, R., Thomas, M.D.A., Hooton, D., "The Efficiency of Ternary Cementitious Systems for Controlling Expansion Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete," Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction (ICAAR), Quebec, Canada, June 11-16, 2000, pp. 583-592.
Building Research Establishment (BRE), "Minimizing the Risk of Alkali-Silica Reaction: Alternative Methods," Information Paper, BRE, London, United Kingdom, 2002.
Canadian Standards Association (CSA), "Standard Practice to Identify Degree of Alkali-Aggregate Reactivity of Aggregates and to Identify Measures to Avoid Deleterious Expansion in Concrete," CSA A23.2-27A, 2000a, Ontario, Canada, 2000.
Canadian Standards Association (CSA), "Guide to the Evaluation and Management of Concrete Structures Affected by Alkali-Aggregate Reactions," CSA A864-00, 2000b, Ontario, Canada, 2000.
Canadian Standards Association (CSA), "Standard Practice for Laboratory Testing to Demonstrate the Effectiveness of Supplementary Cementing Materials and Lithium-Based Admixtures to Prevent Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete," CSA A23.2-28A.C, Ontario, Canada, 2004.
Chatterji, S., Thalow, N., Jensen, A.D., "Studies of the Alkali-Silica Reaction, Part 4: Effect of Different Alkali Salt Solutions on Expansion," Cement and Concrete Research, 17, 1987, pp. 777-783.
Collins, C.L., "Examination of the Mechanism by Which Lithium Additives Inhibit Alkali-Silica Reaction Gel Expansion," M.S. Environmental Engineering Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 2002.
Collins, C.L., Ideker, J.H., Willis, G.S., Kurtis, K.E., "Examination of the Effects of LiOH, LiCl, and LiNO3 on Alkali-Silica Reaction," Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 34, No. 8, 2004, pp. 1403-1425.
Dent Glasser, L.S., Kataoka, N., "The Chemistry of Alkali-Aggregate Reactions," Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction, Cape Town, South Africa, 1981, S252/23.
Diamond, S., "Effects of Two Danish Fly Ashes on Alkali Contents of Pore Solutions of Cement-Fly Ash Pastes," Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 11, No. 3, 1981, pp. 383-394.
Diamond, S., "Unique Response of LiNO3 as an Alkali-Silica Reaction-Prevention Admixture," Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 29, 1999, pp. 1271-1275.
Diamond, S., "ASR-Another Look at Mechanisms," Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction, (Eds. K. Okada, S. Nishibayashi, and M. Kawamura), Kyoto, Japan, 1989, pp. 83-94.
Diamond, S., Ong, S., Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction, London, United Kingdom, July 1992.
Durand, B., "A Note About Alkali Contribution From Aggregates in Concrete," Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction (ICAAR), Quebec, Canada, June 11-16, 2000a, pp. 169-177.
Durand, B., "More Results About the Use of Lithium Salts and Mineral Admixtures to Inhibit ASR in Concrete," Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction (ICAAR), Quebec, Canada, June 11-16, 2000, pp. 623-632.
Fournier, B., Stokes D., Ferro A., "Comparative Field and Laboratory Investigations on the Use of Supplementary Cementing Materials (SCMs) and Lithium-Based Admixtures to Control Expansion Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) in Concrete,"Proceedings of the SixthCANMET/ACI International Conference on Durability of Concrete, Thessaloniki, Greece, 2003, pp. 823-851.
Gillott, J., Rogers, C., "Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Internal Release of Alkalies," Magazine of Concrete Research, Vol. 46, No. 167, 1994, pp. 99-112.
Glasser, F.P., "Chemistry of the Alkali-Aggregate Reaction," The Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete (Ed. R.N. Swamy), Blackie, London, United Kingdom, 1992, pp. 96-121.
Hansen, W.C., "Studies Relating to the Mechanism by Which the Alkali-Aggregate Reaction Proceeds in Concrete," Journal of the American Concrete Institute, Vol. 15, No. 3, 1944, pp. 213-227.
Iler, R.K., The Chemistry of Silica : Solubility, Polymerization, Colloid and Surface Properties and Biochemical of Silica, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1979.
Johnston, D.P., "Mitigation of Potential Alkali-Silica Reactivity Using Lithium," SHRP Strategic Highway Research Program Concrete and Structures ASR Showcase Test and Evaluation Project 34, 2001.
Johnston, D., Fournier, B., "A Kinetic-Based Method for Interpreting Accelerated Mortar Bar Test (ASTM C 1260) Data," Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction (ICAAR), Quebec, Canada, June 11-16, 2000, pp. 623-632.
Johnston, D.P., Stokes, D., Fournier, B., and Surdahl, R., "Kinetic Characteristics of ASTM C 1260 Testing and ASR-Induced Concrete Damage," Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete, Beijing, China, Eds. Tang Mingshu and Deng Min, October 2003, pp. 338-346.
Johnston, D.P., Surdahl, R., Stokes, D.B., "A Case Study of a Lithium-Based Treatment of an ASR-Affected Pavement," Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reactions, (Eds. Bérubé, et al.), CRIB, Quebec, Canada, 2000, pp. 1149-1158.
Kawamura, M., Fuwa, H., "Effects of Lithium Salts on ASR Gel Composition and Expansion of Mortars," Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 33, No. 6, June 2003, pp. 913-919.
Kurtis, K., "Transmission Soft X-Ray Microscopy of the Alkali-Silica Reaction," Doctoral Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 1998.
Kurtis, K.E., Monteiro, P.J.M., Meyer-Ilse, W., "Examination of the Effect of LiCl on ASR Gel Expansion," Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction (ICAAR), Quebec, Canada, June 11-16, 2000, pp. 51-60.
Kurtis, K.E., Monteiro, P.J.M., "Chemical Additives to Control Expansion of Alkali-Silica Reaction Gel: Proposed Mechanisms of Control," Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 38, 2003, pp. 2027-2036.
Lawrence, M., Vivian, H.F., "The Reactions of Various Alkalies With Silica," Australian Journal of Applied Science, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1961, pp. 96-103.
Lumley, J.S., "ASR Suppression by Lithium Compounds," Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 27, No. 2, 1997, pp. 235-44.
Mangialardi, T., "Reconsideration of ASTM C1260 Test Results in the Light of a Recent Kinetic Model," Advances in Cement Research, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2002, pp. 51-60.
McCoy, W.J., Caldwell, A.G., "A New Approach to Inhibiting Alkali-Aggregate Expansion," Journal of the American Concrete Institute, Vol. 22, 1951, pp. 693-706.
McGowan, J.K., Vivian, H.E., "Studies in Cement-Aggregate Reaction: Correlation Between Crack Development and Expansion of Mortars," Australian Journal of Applied Science, Vol. 3, 1952, pp. 228-232.
McKeen, R.G., Lenke, L.R., Pallachulla, K.K., Barringer, W.L., "Mitigation of Alkali-Silica Reaction in New Mexico," Transportation Research Record 1968, National Research Council, 2000, pp. 9-16.
Mei, L.B., Lu, D., Deng, M., Tang, M.S., "Expansion of Siliceous Aggregate in LiOH Solution," Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on AAR in Concrete, Beijing, China, October 2004, pp. 399-406.
Nixon, P. J., Canham, I., Page, C. L., Bollinghaus, R., "Sodium Chloride and Alkali Aggregate Reaction," Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Concrete Alkali-Aggregate Reactions, (Ed. P. E. Grattan-Bellew), Noyes, NJ, 1987, pp. 110-114.
Nixon, P.J., Sims, I., "RILEM TC106 Alkali Aggregate Reaction - Accelerated Tests Interim Report and Summary of Survey of National Specifications," Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete, Concrete Society, Slough, Vol. 2, 1992, pp. 731-738.
Ober, J.A., "Lithium," United States Geological Survey (USGS) Minerals Yearbook, Lithium, 2000.
Ober, J.A., United States Geological Survey (USGS) Mineral Commodity Summaries, 2002.
Oberholster, R.E., Davies, G., "An Accelerated Method for Testing the Potential Reactivity of Siliceous Aggregates," Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 16, 1986, pp. 181-189.
Odler, Ivan, "Special Inorganic Cements," Modern Concrete Technology Series, Ed. E&FN Spon, Vol. 8 2000, pp. 115-133.
Ohama, Y., Demura, K., Kakegawa, M., "Inhibiting Alkali-Aggregate Reaction With Chemical Admixtures," Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction, (Eds. K.Okada, S. Nishibayashi, and M. Kawamura), Kyoto, Japan, 1989, pp. 253-258.
Pedneault, A., "Development of Testing and Analytical Procedures for the Evaluation of the Residual Potential of Reaction, Expansion, and Deterioration of Concrete Affected by ASR," M.Sc. Memoir, Laval University, Québec City, Canada, 1996, 133 pp.
Powers, T.C., Steinour, H.H., "An Investigation of Some Published Researches on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction: I. The Chemical Reactions and Mechanism of Expansion," Journal of the American Concrete Institute, Vol. 26, No. 6, 1955, pp. 497-516.
Prezzi, M., Monteiro, P.J.M., Sposito, G., "The Alkali-Silica Reaction, Part I: Use of the Double-Layer Theory to Explain the Behavior of the Reaction-Product Gels," ACI Materials Journal, 94, No. 1, 1997, pp. 10-17.
Prezzi, M., Monteiro, P.J.M., Sposito, G., "The Alkali-Silica Reaction, Part 2: The Effect of Chemical Additives," ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 95, No. 1, 1998, pp. 3-10.
Qi, Z., Wen Z-Y., "Effects of Lithium Hydroxide on Alkali Silica Reaction Gels," Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reactivity, Beijing, China, October 2004, pp. 801-804.
Qian, G., Deng, M., Tang, M., "Expansion of Siliceous and Dolomitic Aggregates in Lithium Hydroxide Solution," Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 32, 2002, pp. 763-768.
Qinghan, B., Nishibayashi, S., Xuequan, W., Yoshino, A, Hong, Z., Tiecheng, W., Mingshu, T., "Preliminary Study of the Effects of LiNO2 on Expansion of Mortars Subjected to Alkali-Silica Reaction," Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 25, 1995, pp. 1647-1654.
Ramachandran, V.S., "Alkali-Aggregate Expansion Inhibiting Admixtures," Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 20, Nos. 2-3, 1998, pp. 149-161.
Ramyar, K., Copuroglu, O., Andic, O., Fraaij, A.L.A., "Comparison of Alkali-Silica Reaction Products of Fly Ash or Lithium-Salt-Bearing Mortar Under Long-Term Accelerated Curing," Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 34, No. 7, 2004, pp. 1179-1183.
Rodrigues, F.A., Monteiro, P.J.M., Sposito, G., "The Alkali-Silica Reaction: The Effect of Monovalent and Bivalent Cations on Surface Charge Density of Opal," Cement and Concrete Research, 31, 2001, pp. 1549-1552.
Sakaguchi, Y., Takakura, M., Kitagawa, Hori, T., Tomosawa, F., and Abe, M.., "The Inhibiting Effect of Lithium Compounds on Alkali-Silica Reaction," Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction, Kyoto, Japan, 1989, pp. 229-234.
Shehata, M.H., Thomas, M.D.A., Bleszynski, R.F., "The Effect of Fly Composition on the Chemistry of Pore Solution," Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 29, 1999, pp. 1915-1920.
Shehata, M.H., Thomas, M.D.A., "The Effect of Fly Ash Composition on the Expansion of Concrete Due to Alkali Silica Reaction," Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 30, 2000, pp. 1063-1072.
Shehata, M.H., Thomas, M.D.A., "Use of Ternary Blends Containing Silica Fume and Fly Ash to Suppress Expansion Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete," Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 32, 2002, pp. 341-349.
Stanton, T.E., "Expansion of Concrete Through Reaction Between Cement and Aggregate," Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 66, No. 10, 1940, pp. 1781-1811.
Stark, D., Morgan, B., Okamoto, P., Diamond, S., Eliminating or Minimizing Alkali-Silica Reactivity, SHRP-C-343, National Research Council, Washington, DC, 1993.
Stark, D., "Lithium Salt Admixtures - An Alternative Method to Prevent Expansive Alkali-Silica Reactivity," Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete, London, United Kingdom, July 1992.
Stark, D., Bhatty, M.S.Y., "Alkali-Silica Reactivity: Effect of Alkali in Aggregate on Expansion," Alkalies in Concrete, ASTM STP 930, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 1986, pp. 16-30.
Stark, D., "Alkali-Silica Reactivity in the Rocky Mountain Region," Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Effects of Alkalies in Cement and Concrete, Publication No. CE-MAT-1-78, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN, 1978, pp. 235-243.
Stokes, D.B., Wang, H.H., and Diamond, S., "A Lithium-Based Admixture for ASR Control That Does Not Increase the Pore Solution pH," Proceedings of the Fifth CANMET/ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixtures in Concrete, SP-173, 1997, pp. 855-867.
Stokes, D.B., Manissero, C.B., Roy, D.M., Malek, R.I., and Roumain, J.C., "Portland Cement Manufacture Containing Lithium for ASR Control," Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction (ICAAR), Quebec, Canada, June 11-16, 2000a, pp. 773-782.
Stokes, D.B., Thomas, M.D.A., and Shashiprakash, S.G., "Development of a Lithium-Based Material for Decreasing ASR-Induced Expansion in Hardened Concrete," Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete, Eds. M.A. Bérubé, et al., CRIB, Quebec City, Canada, 2000b, pp. 1079-1087.
Strategic Highway Research Program, Handbook for the Identification of Alkali-Silica Reactivity in Highway Structures, SHRP C-315, 1991.
Tang, M.S., Su-Fen, H., "Effect of Ca(OH)2 on Alkali-Silica Reaction," Proceedings of the Eight International Congress of Cement Chemistry, Paris, France, Vol. 2, 1980, pp. 94-99.
Tang, M., "Some Remarks About Alkali-Silica Reactions," Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 33, No. 117, 1981, pp. 208-219.
Thomas, M.D.A., Bleszynski, R.F., "The Use of Silica Fume to Control Expansion Due to Alkali-Aggregate Reactivity in Concrete-A Review," Materials Science of Concrete, Eds. J. Skalny and S. Mindess, American Ceramic Society, Vol. 6, 2000.
Thomas, M.D.A., Innis, F.A., "Use of the Accelerated Mortar Bar Test for Evaluating the Efficacy of Mineral Admixtures for Controlling Expansion Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction," Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates, Vol. 21, No. 2, 1999, pp. 157-164.
Thomas, M.D.A., Nixon, P. J., Pettifer, K., "The Effect of Pulverized Fuel Ash With a High Total Alkali Content on Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete Containing Natural U.K. Aggregate," Proceedings of the Second CANMET/ACI International Conference on Durability of Concrete, Ed. V.M. Malhotra, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, MI, Vol. 2, 1991, pp. 919-940.
Thomas, M.D.A., Blackwell, B.Q., Pettifer, K., "Suppression of Damage From Alkali Silica Reaction by Fly Ash in Concrete Dams," Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete," Concrete Society, Slough, London, United Kingdom, Vol. 2, Concrete Society, Slough, 1992, pp. 1059-1066.
Thomas, M.D.A., Fournier, B., Folliard, K.J., Protocol for Selecting Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR)-Affected Structures for Lithium Treatment, Federal Highway Administration, Report No. FHWA-HRT-04-113, 2004.
Thomas, M.D.A., Hooper, R., Stokes, D., "Use of Lithium-Containing Compounds to Control Expansion in Concrete Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction," Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction (ICAAR), Quebec, Canada, June 11-16, 2000, pp. 783-792.
Thomas, M.D.A., Stokes, D., "Use of a Lithium-Bearing Admixture to Suppress Expansion in Concrete Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction," Transportation Research Record, No. 1668, 1999, pp. 54-59.
Thomas, M.D.A, Baxter, S., Stokes, D., Hill, R., "The Combined Use of Fly Ash and Lithium for Controlling Expansion Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction," Presented at the International Center for Aggregate Research (ICAR) Symposium, Austin, TX, 2001.
Thomas, M.D.A., Personal communications, 2002.
Thomas, M.D.A., Stokes, D., Rodgers, T, "The Effect of Lithium-Based Admixtures on the Properties of Concrete," October 2003.
Thomas, M.D.A., Fournier, B., Folliard, K.J., Shehata, M., and Ideker, J.H., "Performance Limits for Evaluating Supplementary Cementing Materials using the Accelerated Mortar Bar Test," Portland Cement Association, R&D Serial No. 2892, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL, 2005, 22 pages.
Thomson, M.C., "Field Installation in Pennsylvania to Assess SHRP Recommendations for ASR Control, Part 2: Laboratory Testing of Job Material," Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reactions, Eds. Bérubé, et al., Quebec City, Canada, 2000, pp. 1215-1224.
Thomson, M.C., Stokes, D.B., "Field Installation in Pennsylvania to Assess SHRP Recommendations for ASR Control," TRB Catalogue of 1999 Practical Papers, Design and Construction of Transportation Facilities, Transportation Research Board, Paper No. 991190, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 1999, pp. 29-30.
Tremblay, C., Bérubé, M.A., Fournier, B., Thomas, M.D.A., "Performance of Lithium-Based Products Against ASR: Effect of Aggregate Type and Reactivity, and Reaction Mechanisms," Proceedings of the Seventh CANMET/ACI International Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology (Suppl. Papers), Las Vegas, NV, May 2004a, pp. 247-267.
Tremblay, C., Bérubé, M.A., Fournier, B., Thomas, M.D.A., Folliard, K.J., "Use of the Accelerated Mortar Bar Test to Evaluate the Effectiveness of LiNO3 Against Alkali-Silica Reaction, Part 2: Comparison With the Concrete Prism Test Results," In preparation, to be submitted to the ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 2006b.
Tremblay, C., Berube, M.A., Fournier, B., Thomas, M.D.A., Stokes, D.B., "Performance of Lithium-Based Products Against ASR: Application to Canadian Reactive Aggregates, Reaction Mechanisms and Testing". 12th International Conference on Alkali-aggregate Reaction (AAR) in Concrete, Beijing (China), Proceedings edited by Tang, M. and Deng, International Academic Publishers, Beijing World Publishing Corp, October 2004b, Vol. 1, pp. 668-677.
Tremblay, C., Berube, M.A., Fournier, B. and Thomas, M.D.A., "Effectiveness of Lithium-Based Products in Concrete Made with Canadian Aggregates Susceptible to ASR", 8th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology (Proceedings of a Special Symposium honoring Prof. Marc-Andre Bérubé), Montréal (Canada), Proceedings published by CANMET, Ottawa, ON, Canada. May-June 2006a.
Uchikawa, H., Uchida, S., Hanehara, S., "Relationship Between Structure and Penetrability of Na Ion in Hardened Blended Cement Paste Mortar and Concrete," Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction, Eds. K. Okada, S. Nishibayashi, and M. Kawamura, Kyoto, Japan, 1989, pp. 121-128.
Wang, H.H., Tysl, S., Gillot, J.E., "Practical Implications of Lithium-Based Chemicals and Admixtures in Controlling Alkali-Silica Reaction," Proceedings of the Fourth CANMET/ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and Chemical Admixtures, SP-148-20, 1994, pp 353-366.
Wang, H.H., Stokes, D.B., Tang, F., "Compatibility of Lithium-Based Admixtures With Other Concrete Admixtures," Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction (ICAAR), Melbourne, Australia, August 18-23, 1996, pp. 884-891.
Whiting, N.M., "Comparison of Field Observations With Laboratory Test Results on Concretes Undergoing Alkali-Silica-Reaction," Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates, Vol. 21, No. 2, 1999, pp. 142-148.
Whitmore, D., Abbott, S., "Use of an Applied Electric Field to Drive Lithium Ions into Alkali-Silica Reactive Structures," Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete, Eds. M.A. Bérubé, B. Fournier, and B. Durand, Quebec City, Canada, 2000, pp. 1089-1098.
Wijnen, P.W.J.G., Beelen, T.P.M., de Haan, J.W., Rummens, C.P.J., van de Ven, L.J.M., van Santen, R.A., "Silica Gel Dissolution in Aqueous Alkali Metal Hydroxides Studies by 29Si NMR," Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 1989, Vol. 109, 1989, pp. 85-94.
