Guidelines for Ultrasonic Inspection of Hanger Pins
Alternative Text
Figures
Figure 1. Model of an elastic material. Diagram. This figure is a diagram model of an elastic material showing a grid-like system of discrete masses connected by elastic springs to adjacent masses. The masses appear as a system of gridded dots, where each dot is connected to the adjacent dot by a zigzag line, which represents an elastic spring.
Figure 2. Longitudinal wave. Diagram. This figure is a diagram representation of a longitudinal wave as it moves through a two-dimensional slice of material. The diagram appears as a grid of dots, 14 in the vertical direction and 49 in the horizontal direction. The dots are all evenly spaced in the vertical direction. Horizontally, the space between adjacent dots increases progressively to a maximum distance and then decreases progressively. This series of progressively increasing and decreasing spaced dots is repeated several times in the horizontal direction.
Figure 3. Shear wave. Diagram. This figure is a diagram representation of a shear wave that moves at right angles to a longitudinal wave. The diagram shows a series of dots, evenly spaced in all directions from adjacent dots. Dimension is depicted by a mass of evenly spaced dots, 14 deep and occurring between two parallel zigzag lines.
Figure 4. Basic principle of pulse-echo
technique. Diagram. This figure is a simple line drawing that
represents the pulse-echo ultrasonic testing technique as it passes through a
piece of material. The left side of the
diagram illustrates a housing containing a transmitter and a receiver below it. An ultrasonic signal is depicted as an arrow
originating at the transmitter and entering a piece of test material. The wave passes through the material and out
to a back wall, which reflects the signal back through the material and to the
receiver. The diagram also illustrates
the path of the wave in defected test material. When the ultrasonic wave hits a defect or discontinuity, it is
reflected back to the receiver, rather than passing through the material to the
back wall.
Figure 5. Sketch of a typical ultrasonic A-scan. Diagram. This figure is a sketch of a typical A-scan, which is the
amplified signal from the receiver of the pulse-echo testing apparatus. The horizontal axis represents transit time
of the signal, and the vertical axis corresponds to the amplitude of the echo
signal. The sketch illustrates a fairly
stable baseline and a sharp spike, representing the transmitter pulse, near the
start of the signal travel time. About
one-third of the way across the baseline is a smaller spike, representing the
reflected echo from a defect in the test material. Near the end of the chart is another spike, representing the echo
from the back wall. This peak is midway
in amplitude between the transmitter pulse and the defect.
Figure 6. Influence of distance on reflected
ultrasonic signal. Diagram. This figure consists of two simple line
drawings that illustrate the effect of distance on the amplitude of the wave
signal. The top drawing is a sketch of
an A-scan and the bottom drawing illustrates the pulse-echo wave traveling from
the transmitter through the test material to the back wall. The test material is shown with two
equivalent defects at different locations.
The A-scan shows, from left to right, the relative amplitudes of the
near-field noise signal, the signal from the first defect, the signal from the
second defect, and the signal from the back wall. The amplitudes of the signals from the two equivalent defects at
different locations in the test material are not equal. The sketch of the A-scan illustrates that
the signal from the defect further from the transmitter is lower in amplitude
than the signal from an equivalent defect located closer to the transmitter.
Figure 7. Influence of shadow effects on ultrasonic
signal. Diagram. This figure consists of two simple line drawings
that illustrate the shadow effect on the amplitude of the ultrasonic wave
signal. The top drawing is a sketch of
an A-scan and the bottom drawing illustrates the pulse-echo wave traveling from
the transmitter through the test material to the back wall. The test material is shown with two defects
of two sizes. The A-scan shows, from
left to right, the relative amplitudes of the near-field noise signal, the
signal from the larger defect, the complete absence of a signal from the
smaller defect, and the signal from the back wall. As illustrated by the sketch of the A-scan, presence of the
larger defect completely masks the signal from the smaller defect.
Figure 8. Influence of defect orientation on
ultrasonic signal. Diagram. This figure consists of two simple line
drawings that illustrate the effect of defect orientation on the amplitude of
the ultrasonic wave signal. The top
drawing is a sketch of an A-scan, and the bottom drawing illustrates the
pulse-echo wave traveling from the transmitter through the test material to the
back wall. The test material is shown
with a defect orientated with its long side parallel to the path of the
wave. The A-scan shows, from left to
right, the relative amplitudes of the near-field noise signal, the absence of a
signal from the defect, and the signal from the back wall. As illustrated by the sketch, the horizontal
orientation of the defect results in an insufficient surface to produce a
meaningful reflection and wave signal.
Figure 9. Influence of defect size on ultrasonic
signal. Diagram. This figure consists of two simple line
drawings that illustrate the effect of defect size on the amplitude of the
ultrasonic wave signal. The top drawing
is a sketch of an A-scan, and the bottom drawing illustrates the pulse-echo
wave traveling from the transmitter through the test material to the back
wall. The test material is shown with
two different sized defects in similar locations. The A-scan shows, from left to right, the relative amplitudes of
the near-field noise signal, the signal from the smaller defect, the signal
from the larger defect, and the signal from the back wall. The larger defect reflects more ultrasonic
energy, resulting in a signal with a greater amplitude.
Figure 10. Schematic of direct pitch-catch
technique. Diagram. This figure is a simple line drawing that
represents the direct pitch-catch technique as an ultrasonic wave passes
through a piece of material with and without a defect. The left side of the diagram illustrates the
path of the wave through a piece of material with no defects. The transmitter is located along the bottom
of the test material, and the receiver is placed in the area where the
reflected beam is expected, given no defects in the test material. The wave travels from the transmitter up to
the edge of the test material where it is reflected back down to the
receiver. The right side of the diagram
shows the path of the wave through material with a defect. The transmitter is located along the bottom
of the test material, and the receiver is placed in the area where the
reflected beam is expected, given no defects in the test material. The path of the ultrasonic wave is from the
transmitter to the edge of the test material, where it is reflected down to the
location of a defect, and to the receiver.
Figure 11. Schematic of indirect pitch-catch
technique. Diagram. This figure is a simple line drawing that
represents the indirect pitch-catch technique as an ultrasonic wave passes
through a piece of material with and without a defect. The left side of the diagram illustrates the
path of the wave through a piece of material with no defects. The transmitter is located along the bottom
of the test material, and the receiver is placed in the area where the
reflected beam is expected, given a defect in the test material. The wave travels from the transmitter up to
the edge of the test material where it is reflected back down to the
receiver. The right side of the diagram
shows the path of the wave through material with a defect. The transmitter is located along the bottom
of the test material, and the receiver is placed in the area where the
reflected beam is expected, given a defect in the material. The path of the ultrasonic wave is from the
transmitter to location of the defect, where it is reflected down to the
receiver.
Figure 12. Piezoelectric effect. Diagrams. This figure consists of four simple diagrams, each illustrating
an example of the piezoelectric effect.
A crystal face is represented by rectangle. Figures 12A and 12B illustrate the direct piezoelectric effect
where an applied stress induces electric charges on each face of a
crystal. Figure 12A represents the
effect of tensile strength. Pressure is
represented by arrows that point away from the face of the crystal. Positive charges occur at the top face of
the crystal, and negative charges are at the bottom face of the crystal. Figure 12B represents the effect of compressive
stress. Pressure is represented by
arrows that point toward the face of the crystal. Negative charges are shown at the top face of the crystal, and
positive charges are at the bottom face of the crystal. Figures 12C and 12D illustrate the converse piezoelectric
effect where an applied electric field induces a mechanical deformation. Figure 12C illustrates the effect of
application of an electric field to a crystal.
The electric field is represented by an arrow from the bottom of the
crystal face to the top, resulting in a compressed shape, which is narrower but
greater in height than the original.
Figure 12D shows the effect of reversing the application of electric
field. The electric field is
represented by an arrow from the top of the crystal face to the bottom,
resulting in a compressed shape, which is wider but shorter in height than the
original.
Figure 13. Schematic of a straight beam piezoelectric
ultrasonic probe. Diagram. This figure is a cross-sectional line
drawing, which illustrates the components and configuration of a basic straight
compression beam probe. It shows a
square box with an opening at the top for the lead wires. The outer layer of the box represents a
housing. Within the housing is a
damping block, with an inclined surface.
The damping block is located above the transducer, which is contained within
a cover. The lead wires attach to the
damping block.
Figure 14. Schematic of an angle beam piezoelectric
ultrasonic probe. Diagram. This figure is a cross-sectional line
drawing, which illustrates the components and configuration of the angle-beam
probe. It shows the components of the
straight beam probe described in figure 13, supplemented with an acrylic wedge
or shoe. The wedge is a right-angle
trapezoid covered with absorbent material on the top and its perpendicular
side. The probe is located on the slope
of the Perspex wedge.
Figure 15. Concept for generating distance amplitude
correction curves. Diagrams. This figure consists of two simple line
drawings that conceptually illustrate how a DAC curve would be generated for an
angle beam transducer. Figure 15A shows
the transducer and hole location for generating a DAC curve. A rectangular test block is shown with a
side-drilled hole. Four different
scanning patterns can be used, depending on the transducer location. The transducer can be in position D or the
upper left of the block; position A or the upper right of the block; position
C, the bottom left of the block; or position D, the bottom right of the
block. Figure 15B illustrates the generation
of a DAC curve from the scan signals.
The first signal represents the transmission peak, followed by
progressively decreasing amplitude signals from probe locations A, B, C, and
D. Connecting the peaks of these
signals generates the 100-percent DAC curve.
Figure 16. Typical pin/hanger assembly. Diagrams. This figure consists of two simple line drawings that represent
the typical pin/hanger assembly shown in (A) elevation and in (B) cross
section. Figure 16A identifies the concrete
deck at the top, the suspended web, and the hanger plate attached to the
suspended web by the nut and pin.
Figure 16B is a cross section of the hanger plate, nut, and pin
assembly. It shows the suspended span
web, and an enlarged view of the nut, pin, and hanger plate.
Figure 17. Application of a straight beam
transducer. Diagram. This figure is a simple line drawing of a cross section of the
hanger/pin assembly, similar to that shown in figure 16B, but additionally
illustrating the application of a straight beam transducer. It shows the suspended span web between the
hanger plates; an enlarged view of the nut and pin assembly; and critical
defect locations on the pin. A straight
beam transducer is shown attached to the left side of the pin. Also illustrated are the beam centerline and
the beam spread as it passes through the pin.
Figure 18. Application of an angle beam
transducer. Diagram. This figure is a simple line drawing of a
cross section of the pin/hanger assembly, similar to that shown in figure 16B,
but additionally illustrating the application of an angle beam transducer. It shows the suspended span web between the
hanger plates; an enlarged view of the nut and pin assembly; and critical
defect locations on the pin. An angle
beam transducer is shown attached to the left side of the pin. Also illustrated are the angled beam
centerline and the beam spread as it passes through the pin.
Figure 19. Typical physical measurements. Diagram. This figure is a simple line drawing of a cross section of the
pin/hanger assembly and associated physical measurements. The figure identifies the suspended span
web, hanger plate, nut, and pin assembly.
Potential shear planes are shown on either side of the suspended span
webs where they meet the pin. The
following measurements are identified on the drawing: length of the pin is
uppercase L; the distances from the face of the pin to the face of the web are
uppercase F uppercase W subscript 1 and uppercase F uppercase W subscript 2;
the measured thickness of the web is lowercase T subscript W; the measured gap
width between each hanger plate and the suspended span web is lowercase T
subscript lowercase G1 and lowercase T subscript lowercase G2; the distances
from the face of the pin to the face of the hanger on each side are uppercase F
uppercase H subscript 1 and uppercase F uppercase H subscript 2; the distance
from the face of the pin to either potential shear plane is uppercase D; and
the measured thickness of the hangers are lowercase T subscript uppercase H1
and lowercase T subscript uppercase H2.
Figure 20. Sample ultrasonic test data. Data Page. The figure is a page of ultrasonic test data, which combine basic
information and measurements with geometry of the connection assembly. The data sheet is shown to illustrate a
sample form that could be used in the collection of test data. Basic data that are identified on the form
are bridge designation, location of the assembly being tested, date of
inspection, pin location; reference plane; stick-out (inches); face of hanger
(inches); face of web (inches); web thickness (inches); UT length (inches);
distance to shear plane (inches); the nominal pin dimensions (inches),
including threaded diameter, barrel diameter, barrel length, and total pin
length; nominal hanger dimensions (inches), including width and thickness;
nominal web dimensions (inches), including thickness; UT scan angle (degrees);
indication level (decibels); reading radial location (hours, minutes); radial
location 1 (hours, minutes); radial location 2 (hours, minutes); distance to index
(inches); sound path distance (inches), and radial distance (inches). The geometric data for the connection
assembly, shown on elevation and cross section diagrams, includes physical
measurements, calculated location of shear planes, and basic design information.
Figure 21. SDHTB details. Diagram. Companion to
figure 22. This figure is a simple line
drawing illustrating the side-drilled-hole test block and its dimensions. The test block is 305 millimeters (12
inches) square and 51 millimeters (2 inches) thick. The hole is 6 millimeters (0.25 inches) in diameter, and is
located 229 millimeters (9 inches) from the top and 178 millimeters (7 inches)
from the left side of the block.
Figure 22. Photograph of the SDHTB. Color Photograph. Companion to figure 21. The figure is a color photograph of the test
block described in figure 21. The
photograph shows the hole as well as the thickness of the block.
Figure 23. Typical pin geometry. Diagram. This figure is a simple line drawing of the pin and its
dimensions. A longitudinal or elevation
view and a cross section of the pin are shown.
The pin illustrated is 225 millimeters (8.875 inches) in total length
and 76 millimeters (3 inches) in diameter.
The diameter of the pin ends is 57 millimeters (2.25 inches). The pin ends extend 44 millimeters (1.75)
inches out from the main body of the pin.
The flange between the pin ends and the main body of the pin is 3
millimeters (0.125 inches) thick.
Figure 24. Pin 1 defect details. Diagram. This figure is a simple line drawing of pin 1 showing its
dimensions, and size and location of the crack in longitudinal or elevation
view and in cross section. Pin 1 is
shown as 225 millimeters (8.875 inches) in length. Flaw 1 is located 97 millimeters (3.8125 inches) from end 1 (left
side of drawing). On the
cross-sectional view, the defect is shown at 220 degrees, and is approximately
3 millimeters (0.125 inches) by 6 millimeters (0.25 inches) in size.
Figure 25. Pin 2 defect details. Diagram. This figure is a simple line drawing of pin 2 showing its
dimensions, and size and location of the cracks in longitudinal or elevation
view and in cross section. Pin 2 is
shown as 225 millimeters (8.875 inches) in length. Flaw 1 is located 94 millimeters (3.6875 inches) from end 1 (left
side of drawing). Flaw 2 is located 75
millimeters (2.9375 inches) from end 2 (right side of drawing). On the cross-sectional view, flaw 1 is shown
at 50 degrees, and is approximately 6 millimeters (0.25 inches) by 13
millimeters (0.5 inches) in size. Flaw
2 is shown at 160 degrees, and is approximately 6 millimeters (0.25 inches) by
13 millimeters (0.5 inches) in size.
Figure 26. Pin 3 defect details. Diagram. This figure is a simple line drawing of pin 3 showing its
dimensions, and size and location of the cracks in longitudinal or elevation
view and in cross section. Pin 3 is
shown as 225 millimeters (8.875 inches) in length. Flaw 1 is located 94 millimeters (3.6875 inches) from end 1 (left
side of drawing). Flaw 2 is located 75
millimeters (2.9375 inches) from end 2 (right side of drawing). On the cross-sectional view, flaw 1 is shown
at 150 degrees, and is approximately 25 millimeters (1 inch) by 13 millimeters
(0.5 inches) in size. Flaw 2 is shown
at 330 degrees, and is approximately 25 millimeters (1 inch) by 13 millimeters
(0.5 inches) in size.
Figure 27. Pin 4 defect details. Diagram. This figure is a simple line drawing of pin 4 showing its
dimensions, and size and location of the crack in longitudinal or elevation
view and in cross section. Pin 4 is
shown as 225 millimeters (8.875 inches) in length. Flaw 1 is located 94 millimeters (3.6875 inches) from end 1 (left
side of drawing). On the
cross-sectional view, flaw 1 is shown at 35 degrees, and is approximately 19
millimeters (0.75 inches) by 19 millimeters (0.75 inches) in size.
Figure 28. Pin 5 defect details. Diagram. This figure is a simple line drawing of pin 5 showing its
dimensions, and size and location of the crack in longitudinal or elevation view
and in cross section. Pin 5 is shown as
225 millimeters (8.875 inches) in length.
Flaw 1 is located 94 millimeters (3.6875 inches) from end 1 (left side
of drawing). On the cross-sectional
view, flaw 1 is shown at 180 degrees, and is approximately 25 millimeters (1
inch) by 25 millimeters (1 inch) in size.
Figure 29. Pin/hanger mockup details. Diagram. This figure consists of three simple line drawings that show the
top, side, and end views of a pin/hanger connection mockup. The dimensions of the pin are similar to
other pins in the study. As shown in
the top view, the overall length of the pin is 225 millimeters (8.875
inches). Each pin end extends 44
millimeters (1.75 inches) out from the main pin body. The side view illustrates the three plates, one perpendicular to
the top load platen and two perpendicular to the bottom load platen, which
respectively represent the suspended span web and two hanger plates found in a
typical connection. Two load platens,
each 25.4 millimeters (1 inch) thick and 225 millimeters (8.875 inches) long,
are shown 30 millimeters (1.1875 inches) above and below the pin assembly. The end view shows the outer diameter of the
pin as 76 millimeters (3 inches), the diameter of the pin ends as 57
millimeters (2.25 inches), and the width of the two load platens as 127
millimeters (5 inches).
Figure 30. Beam diffraction results for 8-degree,
5-megahertz, 12.7-millimeter diameter transducer. Charts. The figure
consists of four charts that present results of the experimental beam
diffraction tests obtained with the 8-degree, 5-megahertz,
12.7-millimeter-diameter transducer for four different penetration depths. The X-axis on all four figures is distance
in millimeters (negative 60 to positive 60) from maximum indication. The Y-axis on all figures is the relative
indication intensity in percent. The
first figure (30A) presents the results for a 76.2-millimeter penetration, and
shows a best-fit Gaussian distribution or bell curve between approximately
negative 15 and positive 15 millimeters, at an indication intensity of about 78
percent. Figure 30B presents the
results for a 127-millimeter penetration, and shows the bell curve between
approximately negative 25 and positive 25 millimeters, at an indication
intensity of about 80 percent. The results for a 177.8-millimeter penetration,
at an indication intensity of 80 percent, are shown in figure 30C as a bell
curve between approximately negative 35 and positive 35 millimeters. Figure 30D presents the results for a
228.6-millimeter penetration, and shows a best-fit Gaussian distribution
between approximately negative 40 and positive 40 millimeters, at an indication
intensity of about 75 percent. Overall
this series of charts illustrates that, as the depth of penetration increases,
the breadth of the beam diffraction also increases.
Figure 31. Beam diffraction results for 0-degree,
5-megahertz, 12.7-millimeter diameter transducer. Charts. The figure
consists of four charts that present results of the experimental beam diffraction
tests obtained with the 0-degree, 5-megahertz, 12.7-millimeter-diameter
transducer for four different penetration depths. The X-axis on all four figures is distance in millimeters
(negative 60 to positive 60) from maximum indication. The Y-axis on all figures is the relative indication intensity in
percent. The first figure (31A)
presents the results for a 76.2-millimeter penetration, and shows a best-fit
Gaussian distribution or bell curve between approximately negative 10 and
positive 10 millimeters, at an indication intensity of about 80 percent. Figure 31B presents the results for a
127-millimeter penetration, and shows the bell curve between approximately
negative 15 and positive 15 millimeters, at an indication intensity of 80
percent. The results for a
177.8-millimeter penetration, at an indication intensity of about 82 percent,
are shown in figure 31C as a bell curve between approximately negative 20 and
positive 20 millimeters. Figure 31D
presents the results for a 228.6-millimeter penetration, and shows a best-fit
Gaussian distribution between approximately negative 30 and positive 30
millimeters, at an indication intensity of about 82 percent. Overall this series of charts illustrates
that, as the depth of penetration increases, the breadth of the beam
diffraction also increases.
Figure 32. Beam diffraction results for 0-degree,
2.25-megahertz, 25.4-millimeter diameter transducer. Charts. The figure
consists of four charts that present results of the experimental beam
diffraction tests obtained with the 0-degree, 2.25-megahertz,
25.4-millimeter-diameter transducer for four different penetration depths. The X-axis on all four figures is distance
in millimeters (negative 60 to positive 60) from maximum indication. The Y-axis on all figures is the relative
indication intensity in percent. The
first figure (32A) presents the results for a 76.2-millimeter penetration, and
shows a best-fit Gaussian distribution or bell curve between approximately negative
12 and positive 12 millimeters, at an indication intensity of 80 percent. Figure 32B presents the results for a
127-millimeter penetration, and shows the bell curve between approximately
negative 30 and positive 30 millimeters, at an indication intensity of 75
percent. The results for a 177.8-millimeter penetration, at an indication
intensity of 75 percent, are shown in figure 32C as a bell curve between
approximately negative 25 and positive 25 millimeters. Figure 32D presents the results for a 228.6-millimeter
penetration, and shows a best-fit Gaussian distribution between approximately
negative 30 and positive 30 millimeters, at an indication intensity of about 76
percent. Overall this series of charts
illustrates that, as the depth of penetration increases, the breadth of the
beam diffraction also increases.
Figure 33. Beam diffraction results for 11-degree,
2.25-megahertz, 12.7-millimeter diameter transducer. Charts. The figure
consists of four charts that present results of the experimental beam
diffraction tests obtained with the 11-degree, 2.25-megahertz,
12.7-millimeter-diameter transducer for four different penetration depths. The X-axis on all four figures is distance
in millimeters (negative 60 to positive 60) from maximum indication. The Y-axis on all figures is the relative
indication intensity in percent. The
first figure (33A) presents the results for a 76.2-millimeter penetration, and
shows a best-fit Gaussian distribution or bell curve between approximately
negative 20 and positive 20 millimeters, at an indication intensity of about 88
percent. Figure 33B presents the
results for a 127-millimeter penetration, and shows the bell curve between
approximately negative 25 and positive 25 millimeters, at an indication
intensity of about 78 percent. The
results for a 177.8-millimeter penetration, at an indication intensity of 80
percent, are shown in figure 33C as a bell curve between approximately negative
40 and positive 40 millimeters. Figure
33D presents the results for a 228.6-millimeter penetration, and shows a best-fit
Gaussian distribution between approximately negative 45 and positive 45
millimeters, at an indication intensity of about 78 percent. Overall this
series of charts illustrates that, as the depth of penetration increases, the
breadth of the beam diffraction also increases.
Figure 34. Beam diffraction results for 14-degree,
2.25-megahertz, 12.7-millimeter diameter transducer. Charts. The figure
consists of four charts that present results of the experimental beam
diffraction tests obtained with the 14-degree, 2.25-megahertz,
12.7-millimeter-diameter transducer for four different penetration depths. The X-axis on all four figures is distance
in millimeters (negative 60 to positive 60) from maximum indication. The Y-axis on all figures is the relative
indication intensity in percent. The
first figure (34A) presents the results for a 76.2-millimeter penetration, and
shows a best-fit Gaussian distribution or bell curve between approximately
negative 15 and positive 15 millimeters, at an indication intensity of about 80
percent. Figure 34B presents the
results for a 127-millimeter penetration, and shows the bell curve between
approximately negative 30 and positive 30 millimeters, at an indication
intensity of about 82 percent. The
results for a 177.8-millimeter penetration, at an indication intensity of about
82 percent, are shown in figure 34C as a bell curve between approximately
negative 40 and positive 40 millimeters.
Figure 34D presents the results for a 228.6-millimeter penetration, and
shows a best-fit Gaussian distribution between approximately negative 50 and
positive 50 millimeters, at an indication intensity of about 77 percent.
Overall this series of charts illustrates that, as the depth of penetration
increases, the breadth of the beam diffraction also increases.
Figure 35. Beam diffraction results for 8-degree,
2.25-megahertz, 19-millimeter square transducer. Charts. The figure
consists of four charts that present results of the experimental beam
diffraction tests obtained with the 8-degree, 2.25-megahertz, 19-millimeter
square transducer for four different penetration depths. The X-axis on all four figures is distance
in millimeters (negative 60 to positive 60) from maximum indication. The Y-axis on all figures is the relative
indication intensity in percent. The
first figure (35A) presents the results for a 76.2-millimeter penetration, and
shows a best-fit Gaussian distribution or bell curve between approximately
negative 10 and positive 10 millimeters, at an indication intensity of about 85
percent. Figure 35B presents the
results for a 127-millimeter penetration, and shows the bell curve between
approximately negative 20 and positive 20 millimeters, at an indication
intensity of about 82 percent. The
results for a 177.8-millimeter penetration, at an indication intensity of about
78 percent, are shown in figure 35C as a bell curve between approximately
negative 25 and positive 25 millimeters.
Figure 35D presents the results for a 228.6-millimeter penetration, and
shows a best-fit Gaussian distribution between approximately negative 30 and
positive 30 millimeters, at an indication intensity of about 85 percent. Overall this series of charts illustrates
that, as the depth of penetration increases, the breadth of the beam
diffraction also increases.
Figure 36. Distance amplitude correction curve for
8-degree, 5-megahertz, 12.7-millimeter diameter transducer. Chart.
The figure is a graph relating sound-path distance to indication
intensity. The X-axis is sound-path
distance in millimeters (0 to 250), and the Y-axis is relative indication
intensity in percent (0 to 90). A
best-fit exponential curve is shown decreasing from 80 percent relative
indication intensity at a sound-path distance of 75 millimeters to about 12
percent relative indication intensity at a sound-path distance of 225
millimeters.
Figure 37. Distance amplitude correction curve for
0-degree, 5-megahertz, 12.7-millimeter diameter transducer. Chart.
The figure is a graph relating sound-path distance to indication intensity. The X-axis is sound-path distance in
millimeters (0 to 250), and the Y-axis is relative indication intensity in
percent (0 to 90). A best-fit
exponential curve is shown decreasing from 80 percent relative indication
intensity at a sound-path distance of 75 millimeters to about 15 percent
relative indication intensity at a sound-path distance of 225 millimeters.
Figure 38. Distance amplitude correction curve for
0-degree, 2.25-megahertz, 25.4-millimeter diameter transducer. Chart.
The figure is a graph relating sound-path distance to indication
intensity. The X-axis is sound-path
distance in millimeters (0 to 250), and the Y-axis is relative indication
intensity in percent (0 to 90). A
best-fit exponential curve is shown decreasing from 80 percent relative
indication intensity at a sound-path distance of 75 millimeters to about 22
percent relative indication intensity at a sound-path distance of 225
millimeters.
Figure 39. Distance amplitude correction curve for
11-degree, 2.25-megahertz, 12.7-millimeter diameter transducer. Chart.
The figure is a graph relating sound-path distance to indication
intensity. The X-axis is sound-path
distance in millimeters (0 to 250), and the Y-axis is relative indication
intensity in percent (0 to 90). A best-fit
exponential curve is shown decreasing from 80 percent relative indication
intensity at a sound-path distance of 75 millimeters to about 10 percent
relative indication intensity at a sound-path distance of about 225
millimeters.
Figure 40. Distance amplitude correction curve for
14-degree, 2.25-megahertz, 12.7-millimeter diameter transducer. Chart.
The figure is a graph relating sound-path distance to indication
intensity. The X-axis is sound-path
distance in millimeters (0 to 250), and the Y-axis is relative indication
intensity in percent (0 to 90). A
best-fit exponential curve is shown decreasing from 80 percent relative
indication intensity at a sound-path distance of 75 millimeters to about 12
percent relative indication intensity at a sound-path distance of about 225
millimeters.
Figure 41. Distance amplitude correction curve for
8-degree, 2.25-megahertz, 19-millimeter square transducer. Chart.
The figure is a graph relating sound-path distance to indication
intensity. The X-axis is sound-path
distance in millimeters (0 to 250) and the Y-axis is relative indication
intensity in percent (0 to 90). A
best-fit exponential curve is shown decreasing from 80 percent relative
indication intensity at a sound-path distance of 75 millimeters to about 18
percent relative indication intensity at a sound-path distance of 225
millimeters.
Figure 42. Pin 1 testing results. Chart and Drawings. This figure consists of a chart presenting
the raw inspection data (A) and two graphical representations (B and C) of the
scan results for end 1 of pin 1. Figure
42A is a table of raw data recorded during inspection scanning of end 1 of pin
1. Parameters included on the chart are
scan angle (degrees), indication level (decibels), reference level (decibels), reading
location (hours and minutes), beginning of signal location (hours and minutes),
end of signal location (hours and minutes), distance to index (inches), sound
path distance (inches), axial distance (inches), and radial distance (inches). Figure 42B is an elevation line drawing
representing the pin. It shows the location of the crack as a dotted line,
approximately 97 millimeters (3.8 inches) from end 1 of pin 1, and also the
centerline path of the ultrasonic beam as it travels from the transducer (on
the left) to the crack. Figure 42C is a
cross-sectional representation of end 1 of pin 1, showing the location of peak
signal strength at about 8 o’clock, which represents the location of the crack,
and the range (7:30 to 8:30) about the circumference over which the typical
signal was observed.
Figure 42. (Continued) Pin 1 testing results. Chart and Drawings. This figure consists of a chart presenting
the raw inspection data (D) and two graphical representations (E and F) of the
scan results for end 2 of pin 1. Figure
42D is a table of raw data recorded during inspection scanning of end 2 of pin
1. Parameters included on the chart are
scan angle (degrees), indication level (decibels), reference level (decibels),
reading location (hours and minutes), beginning of signal location (hours and
minutes), end of signal location (hours and minutes), distance to index
(inches), sound path distance (inches), axial distance (inches), and radial
distance (inches). Figure 42E is an
elevation line drawing representing the pin.
It shows the location of the crack as a dotted line, approximately 127
millimeters (5 inches) from end 2 of pin 1, and also the centerline path of the
ultrasonic beam as it travels from the transducer (on the left) to the
crack. Figure 42F is a cross-sectional
representation of end 2 of pin 1, showing the location of peak signal strength
at about 5 o’clock, which represents the location of the crack.
Figure 43. Pin 2 testing results. Chart and Drawings. This figure consists of a chart presenting
the raw inspection data (A) and two graphical representations (B and C) of the
scan results for end 1 of pin 2. Figure
43A is a table of raw data recorded during inspection scanning of end 1 of pin
2. Parameters included are scan angle
(degrees), indication level (decibels), reference level (decibels), reading
location (hours and minutes), beginning of signal location (hours and minutes),
end of signal location (hours and minutes), distance to index (inches), sound
path distance (inches), axial distance (inches), and radial distance
(inches). Figure 43B is an elevation
line drawing representing the pin. It
shows the location of two cracks as dotted lines, approximately 97 millimeters
(3.8 inches) and 150 millimeters (5.9 inches) from end 1 of pin 2, and also the
centerline path of the ultrasonic beam as it travels from the transducer (on
the left) to the cracks. Figure 43C is
a cross-sectional representation of end 1 of pin 2, showing the locations of peak
signal strength at about 2 o’clock and 5 o’clock, which represent the locations
of the crack.
Figure 43. (Continued) Pin 2 testing results. Chart and Drawings. This figure consists of a chart presenting
the raw inspection data (D) and two graphical representations (E and F) of the
scan results for end 2 of pin 2. Figure
43D is a table of raw data recorded during inspection scanning of end 2 of pin
2. Parameters included are scan angle
(degrees), indication level (decibels), reference level (decibels), reading
location (hours and minutes), beginning of signal location (hours and minutes),
end of signal location (hours and minutes), distance to index (inches), sound
path distance (inches), axial distance (inches), and radial distance
(inches). Figure 43E is an elevation
line drawing representing the pin. It shows the location of two cracks as
dotted lines, approximately 74 millimeters (2.9 inches) and 262 millimeters (5
inches) from end 2 of pin 2, and also the centerline path of the ultrasonic
beam as it travels from the transducer (on the left) to the cracks. Figure 43F is a cross-sectional
representation of end 2 of pin 2, showing the locations of peak signal strength
at about 6:30 o’clock and 7:30 o’clock, and at 10 and 10:30 o’clock, which represent
the locations of the cracks.
Figure 44. Pin 3 testing results. Chart and Drawings. This figure consists of a chart
presenting the raw inspection data (A) and two graphical representations (B and
C) of the scan results for end 1 of pin 3.
Figure 44A is a table of raw data recorded during inspection scanning of
end 1 of pin 3. Parameters included are
scan angle (degrees), indication level (decibels), reference level (decibels),
reading location (hours and minutes), beginning of signal location (hours and
minutes), end of signal location (hours and minutes), distance to index
(inches), sound path distance (inches), axial distance (inches), and radial
distance (inches). Figure 44B is an
elevation line drawing representing the pin. It shows the location of two
cracks as dotted lines, approximately 97 millimeters (3.8 inches) and 147
millimeters (5.8 inches) from end 1 of pin 3, and also the centerline path of
the ultrasonic beam as it travels from the transducer (on the left) to the
cracks. Figure 44C is a cross-sectional
representation of end 1 of pin 3, showing the locations of peak signal strength
at about 4:30 o’clock and 5 o’clock, and at 10:30 o’clock and 11 o’clock, which
represent the locations of the cracks.
Figure 44. (Continued) Pin 3 testing results. Chart and Drawings. This figure consists of a chart presenting
the raw inspection data (D) and two graphical representations (E and F) of the
scan results for end 2 of pin 3. Figure
44D is a table of raw data recorded during inspection scanning of end 2 of pin
3. Parameters included are scan angle
(degrees), indication level (decibels), reference level (decibels), reading
location (hours and minutes), beginning of signal location (hours and minutes),
end of signal location (hours and minutes), distance to index (inches), sound
path distance (inches), axial distance (inches), and radial distance
(inches). Figure 44E is an elevation
line drawing representing the pin. It shows the location of two cracks as
dotted lines, approximately 74 millimeters (2.9 inches) and 262 millimeters (5
inches) from end 2 of pin 3, and also the centerline path of the ultrasonic
beam as it travels from the transducer (on the left) to the cracks. Figure 44F is a cross-sectional
representation of end 2 of pin 3, showing the locations of peak signal strength
at about 6:30 o’clock and 7:30 o’clock, and at 12:30 and 1 o’clock, which
represent the locations of the cracks.
Figure 45. Pin 4 testing results. Chart and Drawings. This figure consists of a chart
presenting the raw inspection data (A) and two graphical representations (B and
C) of the scan results for end 1 of pin 4.
Figure 45A is a table of raw data recorded during inspection scanning of
end 1 of pin 4. Parameters included are
scan angle (degrees), indication level (decibels), reference level (decibels),
reading location (hours and minutes), beginning of signal location (hours and
minutes), end of signal location (hours and minutes), distance to index
(inches), sound path distance (inches), axial distance (inches), and radial
distance (inches). Figure 45B is an
elevation line drawing representing the pin.
It shows the location of the crack as a dotted line, approximately 97
millimeters (3.8 inches) from end 1 of pin 4, and also the centerline path of
the ultrasonic beam as it travels from the transducer (on the left) to the
crack. Figure 45C is a cross-sectional
representation of end 1 of pin 4, showing the locations of peak signal strength
at about 12:30 o’clock and 1 o’clock, which represent the location of the
crack.
Figure 45. (Continued) Pin 4 testing results. Chart and Drawings. This figure consists of a chart presenting
the raw inspection data (D) and two graphical representations (E and F) of the
scan results for end 2 of pin 4. Figure
45D is a table of raw data recorded during inspection scanning of end 2 of pin
4. Parameters included are scan angle
(degrees), indication level (decibels), reference level (decibels), reading
location (hours and minutes), beginning of signal location (hours and minutes),
end of signal location (hours and minutes), distance to index (inches), sound
path distance (inches), axial distance (inches), and radial distance
(inches). Figure 45E is an elevation
line drawing representing the pin. It
shows the location of a crack as a dotted line, approximately 127 millimeters
(5 inches) from end 2 of pin 4, and also the centerline path of the ultrasonic
beam as it travels from the transducer (on the left) to the crack. Figure 45F is a cross-sectional representation
of end 2 of pin 4, showing the locations of peak signal strength at about 11
o’clock, which represents the location of the crack, and the range (10 to 12
o’clock) about the circumference over which the typical signal was observed.
Figure 46. Pin 5 testing results. Chart and Drawings. This figure consists of a chart presenting
the raw inspection data (A) and two graphical representations (B and C) of the
scan results for end 1 of pin 5. Figure
46A is a table of raw data recorded during inspection scanning of end 1 of pin
5. Parameters included are scan angle
(degrees), indication level (decibels), reference level (decibels), reading
location (hours and minutes), beginning of signal location (hours and minutes),
end of signal location (hours and minutes), distance to index (inches), sound
path distance (inches), axial distance (inches), and radial distance
(inches). Figure 46B is an elevation
line drawing representing the pin. It
shows the location of the crack as a dotted line, approximately 97 millimeters
(3.8 inches) from end 1 of pin 5, and also the centerline path of the
ultrasonic beam as it travels from the transducer (on the left) to the
crack. Figure 46C is a cross-sectional
representation of end 1 of pin 5, showing the locations of peak signal strength
from 6 to 7 o’clock, and the range (5:30 to 7 o’clock) about the circumference
over which the typical signal was observed.
Figure 46. (Continued) Pin 5 testing results. Chart and Drawings. This figure consists of a chart
presenting the raw inspection data (D) and two graphical representations (E and
F) of the scan results for end 2 of pin 5.
Figure 46D is a table of raw data recorded during inspection scanning of
end 2 of pin 5. Parameters included are
scan angle (degrees), indication level (decibels), reference level (decibels),
reading location (hours and minutes), beginning of signal location (hours and
minutes), end of signal location (hours and minutes), distance to index
(inches), sound path distance (inches), axial distance (inches), and radial
distance (inches). Figure 46E is an
elevation line drawing representing the pin.
It shows the location of a crack as a dotted line, approximately 129
millimeters (5.1 inches) from end 2 of pin 5, and also the centerline path of
the ultrasonic beam as it travels from the transducer (on the left) to the
crack. Figure 46F is a cross-sectional
representation of end 2 of pin 5, showing the locations of peak signal strength
at about 6 o’clock, which represents the location of the crack, and the range
(5:30 to 7 o’clock) about the circumference over which the typical signal was
observed.
Figure 47. Photograph of pulse-echo setup using
14-degree transducer. Color Photograph. This figure is a color photograph of the
pulse-echo setup with a 14-degree transducer used during the acoustic coupling
tests. The photograph shows a hand
holding the transducer at the end of the pin, which is held in place by a test
frame.
Figure 48. UT scan utilizing pulse-echo technique with
a 14-degree transducer. Charts. This figure consists of printouts from 11
pulse-echo ultrasonic testing scans conducted with a 14-degree transducer. Each scan represents a sequentially
decreasing applied load. Figure 48A
represents load step 1 at 88.96 kilonewtons; figure 48B represents load step 2
at 84.51 kilonewtons; figure 48C represents load step 3 at 80.07 kilonewtons;
figure 48D represents load step 4 at 75.62 kilonewtons; figure 48E represents
load step 5 at 71.17 kilonewtons; figure 48F represents load step 6 at 66.72
kilonewtons; figure 48G represents load step 7 at 62.28 kilonewtons; figure 48H
represents load step 8 at 57.83 kilonewtons; figure 48I represents load step 9
at 53.38 kilonewtons; figure 48J represents load step 10 at 48.93 kilonewtons;
and figure 48K represents load step 11 at 44.48 kilonewtons. Overall, the scan series shows that the
intensity of the signal decreases as the applied load is decreased.
Figure 49. Photograph of pitch-catch setup using
0-degree transducers. Color Photograph. This figure is a color photograph of a
pitch-catch setup with two 0-degree transducers used during the acoustic
coupling tests. The photograph shows a
hand holding the transmitting transducer at the right end of the pin, which is
held in place by a test frame. Another
hand is holding the receiving transducer at the left side of the test frame.
Figure 50. UT scan utilizing pitch-catch technique
using 0-degree transducers. Charts. This figure consists of printouts from 20
pitch-catch ultrasonic testing scans, using two 0-degree transducers. Each scan represent a sequentially
increasing applied load. Figure 50A
represents load step 1 at 0 kilonewtons; figure 50B represents load step 2 at
8.89 kilonewtons; figure 50C represents load step 3 at 13.34 kilonewtons; figure
50D represents load step 4 at 17.79 kilonewtons; figure 50E represents load
step 5 at 22.24 kilonewtons; figure 50F represents load step 6 at 26.69
kilonewtons; figure 50G represents load step 7 at 31.14 kilonewtons; figure 50H
represents load step 8 at 35.59 kilonewtons; figure 50I represents load step 9
at 40.03 kilonewtons; figure 50J represents load step 10 at 44.48 kilonewtons;
figure 50K represents load step 11 at 48.93 kilonewtons, figure 50L represents
load step 12 at 53.38 kilonewtons; figure 50M represents load step 13 at 57.82
kilonewtons; figure 50N represents load step 14 at 62.28 kilonewtons; figure
50O represents load step 15 at 66.72 kilonewtons; figure 50P represents load
step 16 at 71.17 kilonewtons, figure 50Q represents load step 17 at 75.62
kilonewtons; figure 50R represents load step 18 at 80.07 kilonewtons; figure
50S represents load step 19 at 84.52 kilonewtons; and figure 50T represents
load step 20 at 88.96 kilonewtons.
Overall, the scan series shows that the intensity of the signal
increases as the applied load is increased.
Figure 51. Photograph of pitch-catch setup using
0-degree receiving and 14-degree transmitting transducers. Color Photograph. This figure is a color photograph of a
pitch-catch setup with one 0-degree receiving transducer and one 14-degree transmitting
transducer used during the acoustic coupling tests. The photograph shows a hand holding the 14-degree transmitting
transducer at the right end of the pin, which is held in place by a test frame. Another hand is holding the 0-degree
receiving transducer on the left side of the test frame.
Figure 52. UT scan utilizing pitch-catch technique
using 0-degree and 14-degree transducers.
Charts. This figure consists
of printouts from 21 pitch-catch ultrasonic testing scans, using 0-degree and
14-degree transducers. Each scan
represent a sequentially decreasing applied load. Figure 52A represents load step 1 at 88.96 kilonewtons; figure
52B represents load step 2 at 84.52 kilonewtons; figure 52C represents load
step 3 at 80.07 kilonewtons; figure 52D represents load step 4 at 75.62
kilonewtons; figure 52E represents load step 5 at 71.17 kilonewtons; figure 52F
represents load step 6 at 66.72 kilonewtons; figure 52G represents load step 7
at 62.28 kilonewtons; figure 52H represents load step 8 at 57.83 kilonewtons;
figure 52I represents load step 9 at 53.38 kilonewtons; figure 52J represents
load step 10 at 48.93 kilonewtons; figure 52K represents load step 11 at 44.48
kilonewtons, figure 52L represents load step 12 at 40.03 kilonewtons; figure
52M represents load step 13 at 35.59 kilonewtons; figure 52N represents load
step 14 at 31.14 kilonewtons; figure 52O represents load step 15 at 26.69
kilonewtons; figure 52P represents load step 16 at 22.24 kilonewtons, figure
52Q represents load step 17 at 17.79 kilonewtons; figure 52R represents load
step 18 at 13.34 kilonewtons; figure 52S represents load step 19 at 8.90
kilonewtons; figure 52T represents load step 20 at 4.45 kilonewtons, and figure
52U represents load step 21 at 0 kilonewtons.
Overall, the scan series shows that the intensity of the signal
decreases as the applied load is decreased.
Equations
Equation 1. Frequency, F,
times wavelength, lambda, equals the velocity of sound, C.
Equation 2. For
longitudinal waves, C subscript L equals the square root of the product of the
quotient of the modulus of elasticity, E, divided by density, phi, times the
quotient of 1 minus Poisson’s ratio, mu, divided by the product of 1 plus mu
times 1 minus 2 times mu.
Equation 3. For shear
waves, C subscript S equals the square root of the product of E divided by phi,
times the quotient of 1 divided by the product of 1 plus mu times 2. This then equals the square root of the
shear modulus, G, divided by phi.
Equation 4. C subscript S
divided by C subscript L equals the square root of the quotient of 1 minus 2
times mu divided by 2 times 1 minus mu.
Equation 5. Decibel, DB,
equals 10 times the log of 10 times the quotient of the measured power, P,
divided by P subscript 0.
Equation 6. DB equals 10
times the log of 10 times the quotient of the voltage, V, divided by V
subscript 0, squared.
Equation 7. DB equals 20
times the log of 10 times the quotient of V divided by V subscript 0.
Equation 8. The beam spread
angle, beta, equals sine negative 1 of the quotient of 0.61 times wavelength,
lambda, divided by the transducer active radius, alpha.
Equation 9. Axial distance
equals the sound path, SP, times the cosine of the transducer angle, theta.
Equation 10. Radial distance equals the distance to index, DI, plus SP times the sine of theta.
Equation 11. Axial distance equals SP times the cosine of theta plus or minus the beam spread angle, beta.
Equation 12. Radial distance equals DI plus SP times the sine of theta plus or minus beta.
Equation 13. The distance to a potential shear plane, D subscript 1, equals the distance from the face of pin to the face of hanger, FH subscript 1, plus the measured thickness of hanger, lowercase T subscript H1, plus the measured gap width between the suspended span web and hanger plate, lowercase T subscript lowercase G1, plus the measured thickness of the web, lowercase T subscript W.
Equation 14. D subscript 2 equals the distance from face of pin to face of web, FW subscript 1, plus lowercase T subscript W.
Equation 15. D subscript 3 equals the length of pin (measured or design), L, minus the product of FH subscript 2 plus lowercase T subscript H2 plus lowercase T subscript G2.
Equation 16. D subscript 4 equals L minus FW subscript 2.
Equation 17. D equals the sum of D subscript 1 plus D subscript 2 plus D subscript 3 plus D subscript 4, all divided by 4.
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