Development of Human Factors Guidelines for Advanced Traveler Information Systems and Commerical Vehicle Operations: Components of the Intelligent Transportation Systems: Designs Alternatives for In-Vehicle Information Displays
FOREWORD
This report is one of a series of reports produced as part of a contract designed to develop precise, detailed human factors design guidelines for Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) and Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO). The contractual effort consists of three phases: analytic, empirical, and integration. This report is a product of the empirical phase. The empirical phase will also address topics such as: ATIS function transition, display channels, multi–modality displays, CVO driver fatigue, display formats and workload, and head–up displays. Among the analytic topics discussed in the series are a functional description of ATIS/CVO, comparable systems analysis, task analysis of ATIS/CVO functions, alternate systems analysis, identification and exploration of driver acceptance, and definition and prioritization of research studies.
This report describes an experimental examination of In–Vehicle Safety Advisory and Warning Systems (IVSAWS) and In–Vehicle Signing Information Systems (ISIS) characteristics and their effect on driver performance. The study examines the impact of display modality, message style, and display location on driver compliance with warning messages and driving safety.
A. George Ostensen, Director
Office of Safety and Traffic
Operations Research and Development
NOTICE
This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its content or use thereof. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation.
The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade and manufacturers' names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the object of the document.
TECHNICAL REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
1. Report No. FHWA–RD–96–147 |
2. Government Accession No. |
3. Recipient's Catalog No. |
4. Title and Subtitle
Advanced Traveler Information Systems and Commercial Vehicle Operations Components of the Intelligent Transportation Systems: Design Alternatives
for In–Vehicle Information Displays
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5. Report Date October 1997 |
6. Performing Organization Code |
7. Author(s)
J. D. Lee, S. Stone, B. F. Gore, C. Colton, J. Macauley, R. Kinghorn, J. L. Campbell, M. Finch, G. Jamieson
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8. Performing Organization Report No. |
9. Performing Organization Name and Address
Battelle Human Factors Transportation Center
4000 NE 41st Street
P.O. Box 5395
Seattle, WA 98105–0395
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10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) 3B2C1012
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11. Contract or Grant No. DTFH61–92–C–00102 |
12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address
Office of Safety and Traffic Operations R&D
Federal Highway Administration
6300 Georgetown Pike
McLean, VA 22101–2296
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13. Type of Report and Period Covered
Technical Report
April 1995 – August 1996
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14. Sponsoring Agency Code |
15. Supplementary Notes
Contracting Officer's Technical Representative (COTR): Joe Moyer, HSR–30; Thomas Granda, SAIC
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16. Abstract
This report describes the results of an experiment that examines the effect of Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) devices. Specifically,
it examines how In–Vehicle Safety and Warning Systems (IVSAWS) and In–Vehicle Signing and Information
Systems (ISIS) characteristics affect driver compliance with warning messages and driving safety. These characteristics include display modality, message
style, and display location. A general issue facing ATIS designers is the concern that ATIS warning messages may go unheeded by drivers. Therefore,
a critical element of ATIS design concerns is making information easily accessible and compelling so drivers comply with the warnings. The results
show converging evidence that ATIS warnings can generate greater compliance compared to road signs. Another general issue that faces ATIS designers
is the potential for ATIS devices to undermine driving safety. The results of this experiment show that ATIS devices can undermine driving safety
by fostering an overreliance on ATIS information. The results also show how particular ATIS design characteristics can minimize the overreliance
and its negative effects on driving safety.
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17. Key Words ATIS, ISIS, ITS, IVSAWS, warning compliance, driving safety. |
18. Distribution Statement
No restrictions. This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, 22161.
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19. Security Classif. (of this report) Unclassified |
20. Security Classif. (of this page) Unclassified |
21. No. of Pages 86 |
22. Price |
Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPENDIX A: SUBJECT SELECTION PHONE QUESTIONNAIRE AND DRIVER DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS QUESTIONNAIRE
APPENDIX B: PRE/POST–STUDY QUESTIONNAIRES
APPENDIX C: SUBJECTIVE MEASURES, SITUATIONAL AWARENESS QUESTIONS, AND ATIS MESSAGES
APPENDIX D: SCENARIO EVENT DOCUMENTATION
LIST OF FIGURES
- Factors moderating the effect of ATIS design characteristics on driving safety and warning compliance
- The relationship between the independent and dependent variables and the focus of the data analysis
- A hypothetical trace of a driver's compliance with a warning message
- The timeline of the experiment showing the distribution of driving activity
- The effect of message style and modality on the perceived performance of male and female drivers
- The fluctuation of trust and self–confidence for various levels of roadway and ATIS information
- The effect of information availability and message style on trust in the ATIS
- The effect of information availability and message style on drivers' self–confidence
- The effect of information availability and message mode on trust
- The effect of information availability and driver age on trust in the ATIS
- The effect of age, gender, style, and mode on trust
- The effect of information availability, age, gender, and display location on trust
- The effect of information availability and driver age on situational awareness
- The effect of age, gender, message style, and information availability on mental effort
- Situational awareness accuracy and perceived accuracy for younger and older drivers
- The effect of gender, age, and message style on confidence in situational awareness accuracy
- The variables examined in this study
- The design trade–off between driving safety and warning compliance for different levels of roadway redundancy
- The design trade–off between driving safety and warning compliance for different message styles
- The design trade–off between trust and self–confidence for different message styles
LIST OF TABLES
- General guidelines for the selection of auditory versus visual forms of information presentation
- The combination of events within–subjects variables in a Latin square design
- Independent variables included in the experiment
- ATIS warnings for each of six different events
- Measures of compliance for the four levels of information availability with standard deviations in parentheses
- Correlation matrix of measures of compliance
- The effects of the independent variables on three measures of driver compliance
- The effect of information availability on driving safety
- The effect of message style on driving safety
- The effect of age on the five measures of driving safety
- The effects of the independent variables on the five measures of driving safety
- Comments explaining the effects shown in figure
- Summary of all significant effects for trust and self–confidence
- Responses to ATIS messages
- Responses to road signs
- Summary of significant effects for situational awareness and effort
- Summary of significant effects for message acknowledgment
LIST OF ACRONYMS
ATIS Advanced Traveler Information Systems
BAS Battelle Automobile Simulator
BMDP Bio–Medical Data Processing
CRT Cathode Ray Tube
CVO Commercial Vehicle Operations
EL Electroluminescent
HOV High–Occupancy Vehicle
HUD Head–Up Display
ISIS In–Vehicle Signing Information Systems
IVSAWS In–Vehicle Safety Advisory and Warning Systems
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
RMS Root Mean Square
SA Situational Awareness
SAGAT Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique
SD Standard Deviation
STI Systems Technology, Inc.
FHWA-RD-96-147
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