TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD, NOTICE AND TECHNICAL FORM
1. TASK ANALYSIS OF ATIS/CVO SYSTEMS
Goals of the Task Analysis of ATIS/CVO Systems
Usefulness of a Task Analysis
Constraints in the Task Analysis
Experiential Observations of IRANS and IMSIS
Observations of CVO, AVL, and Satellite Communications Systems
Observations of Computer-Aided Dispatch, AVL, and IRANS for Emergency Vehicles
Background
Subjects
Scenarios
Procedure
Limitations of Using Prospective Verbal Protocol Analysis
OPERATIONAL SEQUENCE DIAGRAM (OSD)
Characterizing the Purpose for the Function or Task
Characterizing the Initiating Conditions
Characterizing Task Activities
Characterizing Task Performance Considerations
Selection of Driving Functions
Drive and Pre-Drive Driving Functions
Primary and Ancillary Driving Functions
3. AN OVERVIEW OF DRIVING AND ATIS TASKS
Linking Groups of Tasks
Integrating ATIS-Specific and Driving-Specific Tasks
Interactions Between ATIS-Specific Tasks
Attending to Driving While Attending to ATIS
Integrating ATIS Information and Commands into Driving Behavior
Assumption of an Integrated System
Assumption of Minimal Use
Assumption of Prior Task Completion
Assumption of Complete Infrastructure Support
Assumption of Normal System Behavior
Function of Setup Tasks
General Characteristics of Setup Tasks
Human Factors Design Implications (General and Specific)
Function of Bridging Tasks
General Characteristics of Bridging Tasks
Human Factors Design Implications (General and Specific)
Analysis of Decision-Making Tasks
Function of Decision-Making Tasks
General Characteristics of Decision-Making Tasks
Human Factors Design Implications (General and Specific)
Analysis of Tasks Integrated with Critical Driving Functions
Function of Tasks Integrated with Critical Driving Functions
General Characteristics of ATIS Tasks Integrated with Critical Driving Functions
Human Factors Design Implications (General and Specific)
5. DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
User Responses to ATIS/CVO Features
System Architecture Issues
Conclusions
APPENDICES
B. FUNCTION AND SCENARIO SELECTION
Functional Characteristics Included in the Private Vehicle Task Analysis
Frequency Count
Network Analyses
Cliques
Clusters
Functional Characteristics Included in the Commercial Vehicle Task Analysis
Frequency Count
Network Analyses
Cliques
Clusters
Scenarios Selected for Analysis
Private Driving Scenarios Based on Frequency Count and Centrality Measure
Private Driving Scenarios Based on Functional Clusters
Private Driving Scenarios Based on the Nature of Task Interactions
Private Driving Scenario Based on High Workload Demands
Commercial Driving Scenarios Based on Frequency Count and Centrality Measure
Commercial Driving Scenarios Based on Functional Clusters
Commercial Driving Scenarios Based on the Nature of Task Interactions
C. HIERARCHICAL TASK DESCRIPTIONS
E. INTEGRATION OF ATIS TASKS A THROUGH E
Structure of the Project
Task Objectives
Project Goals
Research Issues
Issue 1: Existing Status of Research and Development
Issue 2: Formatting of Information
Issue 3: Driver Capacity to Assimilate Information
Issue 4: Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities Requirements
Issue 5: Information Requirements of ATIS/CVO Users
Issue 6: Driver Acceptance of ATIS/CVO
Issue 7: Driver Decision Strategies for Trip Taking
Issue 8: Factors Influencing the Performance of Drivers
Issue 9: Issues Related to CVO System Use
Issue 10: Interactions Between ATIS Use and Driving
Issue 11: ATIS System Interactions
FINDINGS AND OBSERVATIONS RELATED TO PROJECT GOALS AND TASK OBJECTIVES
Findings and Observations Related to Project Goals
Findings Related to Task Objectives
Findings Related to Task A. Literature Review
Findings Related to Task B. System Objectives and Performance Requirements
Findings Related to Task C. Function Description
Findings Related to Task D. Comparable Systems Analysis
Findings Related to Task E. Task Analysis
Findings Related to Issue 1: Existing Status of Research and Development
Findings from Task A. Literature Review
Findings from Task E. Task Analysis
Findings Related to Issue 2: Formatting of Information
Findings from Task A. Literature Review
Findings from Task C. Function Description
Findings from Task E. Task Analysis
Findings Related to Issue 3: Driver Capacity to Assimilate Information
Findings from Task B. System Objectives and Performance Requirements
Findings from Task C. Function Description
Findings Related to Issue 4: Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities Requirements
Findings from Task E. Task Analysis
Findings Related to Issue 5: Information Requirements of ATIS/CVO Users
Findings from Task C. Function Description
Findings from Task E. Task Analysis
Findings Related to Issue 6: Driver Acceptance of ATIS/CVO
Findings from Task B. System Objectives and Performance Requirements
Findings from Task C. Function Description
Findings from Task E. Task Analysis
Findings Related to Issue 7: Driver Decision Strategies for Trip Taking
Findings from Task A. Literature Review
Findings from Task C. Function Description
Findings from Task E. Task Analysis
Findings Related to Issue 8: Factors Influencing the Performance of Drivers
Findings from Task A. Literature Review
Findings from Task C. Function Analysis
Findings from Task E. Task Analysis
Findings Related to Issue 9: Issues Related to CVO System Use
Findings from Task A. Literature Review
Findings from Task B. System Objectives and Performance Requirements
Findings from Task C. Function Analysis
Findings Related to Issue 10: Interactions Between ATIS Use and Driving
Findings from Task C. Function Analysis
Findings Related to Issue 11: ATIS Interactions
Findings from Task B. System Objectives and Performance Requirements
Findings from Task C. Function Analysis
Recommendations Related to Human Factors Design Guidelines
Recommendations Related to Research Issues
LIST OF FIGURES
1. Hierarchy of tasks involved in IRANS function "pre-drive route and destination selection"
4. Example of nested driving functions
5. Example of functional links
6. Example of integrated ATIS-specific and driving-specific tasks
7. Example of interactions between ATIS-specific tasks
8. Example of integrating ATIS information and commands into driving behavior
10. Example of setup task (system turn on)
11. Example of setup task (critical information)
12. Example of setup task using menu lists
13. Example of setup task for parameter information
14. Example of setup task (review of recommendation)
15. Bridging task between destination selection and route guidance
16. Bridging task coordinating destination requirements
17. Bridging task caused by change of plans
18. Bridging task across parts of the system (i.e., dispatch and drivers)
19. Decision task to determine if route meets requirements
20. Decision task to determine if recommendation is appropriate
21. Decision task to determine if warning requires action
22. Decision task for recognition of change in situation
23. Integration task for route following
24. Driving integration task response to CVO regulatory notice
25. Graphical representation of the first row and column of the matrix (table 24)
26. Example of a differential weight applied to a functional characteristic
27. Graphical depiction of the information flows linking a subset of ATIS/CVO functions
28. Examples of input and output centrality
29. Function interaction diagram for Scenario P6
30. Operational sequence diagram for Scenario P6
31. Function interaction diagram for Scenario P14
32. Operational sequence diagram for Scenario P14
33. Function interaction diagram for Scenario P22
34. Operational sequence diagram for Scenario P22
35. Function interaction diagram for Scenario P16
36. Operational sequence diagram for Scenario P16
37. Function interaction diagram for Scenario P1
38. Operational sequence diagram for Scenario P1
39. Function interaction diagram for Scenario P20
40. Operational sequence diagram for Scenario P20
41. Function interaction diagram for Scenario P2
42. Operational sequence diagram for Scenario P2
43. Function interaction diagram for Scenario P8
44. Operational sequence diagram for Scenario P8
45. Function interaction diagram for Scenario C12
46. Operational sequence diagram for Scenario C12
47. Function interaction diagram for Scenario C13
48. Operational sequence diagram for Scenario C13
49. Function interaction diagram for Scenario C4
50. Operational sequence diagram for Scenario C4
51. Function interaction diagram for Scenario C11
52. Operational sequence diagram for Scenario C11
53. Function interaction diagram for Scenario C15
54. Operational sequence diagram for Scenario C15
LIST OF TABLES
1. Contributions of previous tasks to the task analysis
2. Focus groups to gather information on ATIS functions and tasks
3. Scenario P1 as used in the Prospective Verbal Protocol Analysis
4. Scenario P8 as used in the Prospective Verbal Protocol Analysis
5. Scenario P12 as used in the Prospective Verbal Protocol Analysis
6. Scenario P16 as used in the Prospective Verbal Protocol Analysis
7. Scenario P22 as used in the Prospective Verbal Protocol Analysis
8. Functional characteristics used for the Prospective Verbal Protocol Analysis
9. Purpose categories used to characterize functions and tasks
10. Taxonomy of initiating conditions
11. Summary of decision-making elements that describes driver interaction with ATIS/CVO systems
12. Summary of decision-making elements and human task performance considerations
13. Driving functions and the associated ATIS functional characteristics for private drivers
14. Driving functions and the associated ATIS functional characteristics for commercial drivers
15. Summary of assumptions used in the task analysis
16. Function and description of setup tasks
17. Summary of the general characteristics and considerations associated with setup tasks
18. Function and description of bridging tasks
19. Summary of the general characteristics and considerations associated with bridging tasks
20. Function and description of decision-making tasks
22. Summary of tasks integrated with critical driving functions
24. Information flows between functions for private vehicle operations
25. Rank ordering of the private functional characteristics
26. Matrix of input/output (centrality/links)
27. Calculating input and output centrality
28. Centrality measures for private driver functional characteristics
29. Cliques for private functions
30. Clusters for private functions
31. Private vehicle cluster analysis
32. Information flows between functions for commercial vehicle operations
33. Rank ordering of the commercial functional characteristics
34. Centrality measures for commercial driver functional characteristics
35. Cliques for commercial functions
36. Clusters for commercial functions
37. Commercial vehicle cluster analysis
38. Functional characteristics used in private vehicle scenarios as originally designed in Task B
39. Functional characteristics used in commercial vehicle scenarios as originally designed in Task B
40. Functional characteristics used in the expanded private vehicle scenarios
41. Functional characteristics used in the expanded commercial vehicle scenarios
42. Description of Scenario P6
43. Description of Scenario P14
44. Description of Scenario P22
45. Description of Scenario P16
46. Description of Scenario P1
47. Description of Scenario P20
48. Description of Scenario P2
49. Description of Scenario P8
50. Description of Scenario C12
51. Description of Scenario C13
52. Description of Scenario C4
53. Description of Scenario C11
54. Description of Scenario C15
55. Task characterization of Scenario P6
56. Task characterization of Scenario P14
57. Task characterization of Scenario P22
58. Task characterization of Scenario P16
59. Task characterization of Scenario P1
60. Task characterization of Scenario P20
61. Task characterization of Scenario P2
62. Task characterization of Scenario P8
63. Task characterization of Scenario C12
64. Task characterization of Scenario C13
65. Task characterization of Scenario C4
66. Task characterization of Scenario C11
67. Task characterization of Scenario C15
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ADIS Advanced Driver Information Systems
ARI Advisory, Restrictive, or Inhibitory
ATIS Advanced Traveler Information System
ATMS Advanced Traffic Management Systems
AVCS Advanced Vehicle Control Systems
AVI Automatic Vehicle Identification
AVL Automatic Vehicle Location
CAD Computer-Aided Dispatch
CB Citizens Band
CDM Critical Decision Method
CM Concept Mapping
CRT Cathode Ray Tube
CTA Cognitive Task Analysis
CVO Commercial Vehicle Operations
DAWS Driver Alert Warning System
ERGS Electronic Route Guidance Systems
ETA Estimated Time of Arrival
FHWA Federal Highway Administration
GPS Global Positioning System
IDA Information Decision Action
IMSIS In-Vehicle Motorist Services Information Systems
IRANS In-Vehicle Routing and Navigation Systems
ISIS In-Vehicle Signing Information Systems
IVHS Intelligent Vehicle-Highway System
IVNS In-Vehicle Navigation Systems
IVSAWS In-Vehicle Safety Advisory and Warning Systems
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
MDS Multi-dimensional scaling
OSD Operational Sequence Diagram
PVPA Prospective Verbal Protocol Analysis
TA Task Analysis
UTM Universal Traverse Mercader
VPA Verbal Protocol Analysis
WIM Weigh in Motion