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Prepared for:
Office of Natural Environment
Office of Planning,
Environment, and Realty
Federal Highway
Administration
U.S. Department of Transportation
December 3, 2015
Prepared
by:
Volpe National Transportation
Systems Center
Office of the Assistant Secretary
for Research and Technology
U.S. Department of Transportation
The SAFETEA-LU directed states and Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) to give priority to Cost-effective transportation projects, including diesel retrofits and congestion mitigation efforts that also produced an air quality benefit. The MAP-21 continues and expands the project selection focus on efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The MAP-21 also calls for the development of cost-effectiveness tables (Tables) for a range of CMAQ eligible project types. These Tables are intended to assist States, MPOs and other project sponsors as they make the most efficient use of their CMAQ dollars in reducing on road vehicle emissions and traffic congestion.
These online materials provide information regarding the development of estimates of cost- effectiveness for a range of representative project types previously funded under the CMAQ Program. Topics addressed in the development of these Tables include: key limitations of the cost effectiveness analysis process; utilization of MOVES in determining emissions rates by criteria pollutant; and the selection of specific project types for analysis. The results of the relative cost analysis of CMAQ projects is displayed in bar charts by pollutant type in increasing order of project median cost. An aggregate table of summary finding displays a color coded display for all pollutants and all project types.
Notice
This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for the use of the information contained in this document. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation.
The U.S. Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks or manufacturers names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the objective of the document.
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Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72)
1. Report No. |
2. Government Accession No. |
3. Recipient's Catalog No. |
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4. Title and Subtitle Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality (CMAQ) Improvement Program |
5. Report Date May 2015 |
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6. Performing Organization Code: |
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7. Author(s) Puckett, S.M., Noel, G., Jackson, L., Marjoncu, E., Razo, M. and Reed, E. |
8. Performing Organization Report No. |
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9. Performing Organization Name and Address Volpe National Transportation Systems Center U.S. Department of Transportation 55 Broadway Street Cambridge, MA 02142-1093 |
10. Work Unit No. |
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11. Contract or Grant No. |
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12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Office of Planning, Environment, and Realty Federal Highway Administration 1200 New Jersey Ave SE Washington, DC 20590 |
13. Type of Report and Period Covered |
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14. Sponsoring Agency Code |
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15. Supplementary Notes |
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16. Abstract This document presents summary and detailed findings from a research effort to develop estimates of the cost-effectiveness of a range of project types funded under the Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality (CMAQ) Improvement Program. In this study, cost-effectiveness was measured in terms of dollars per short ton of pollutant reduced. The estimates were generated to satisfy Title 23, Chapter 1, Section 149 of the United States Code, which mandates illustrative estimates of the cost-effectiveness of projects eligible for CMAQ funding. This research offers separate cost-effectiveness estimates by each criteria pollutant and applicable precursor under the CMAQ program, including: carbon monoxide (CO) monoxide, nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5). This research utilized EPA s MOVES2010b (Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator 2010, Version B) model to identify emission impacts by criteria pollutant and applicable precursors. In this research, estimates of project-level impacts (e.g., VMT impacts, travel speeds) were combined with unit (e.g., per-mile, per-hour) emission rates from MOVES2010b to yield estimated emission impacts in lieu of using either direct estimates from projects or relatively outdated tools (e.g., MOBILE6.2, (Mobile Source Emission Factor Model)). The analysis confirmed the presence of distinct levels of cost-effectiveness across types of projects and pollutants. Project types with estimated high cost-effectiveness include: Heavy-duty vehicle idle reduction strategies (with high cost-effectiveness for all pollutants in the study); heavy vehicle engine replacements (with high cost-effectiveness for all pollutants except for carbon monoxide); diesel retrofit technologies (with high cost-effectiveness for PM2.5, PM10 and CO); transit service expansion (with high cost-effectiveness for NOx, VOCs and CO); park and ride projects (with high cost-effectiveness for NOx, VOCs and CO); extreme-temperature cold start technologies (with high cost-effectiveness for VOCs and CO); intermodal freight projects (with high cost-effectiveness for NOx); and dust mitigation (with high cost-effectiveness for PM10). |
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17. Key Words CMAQ, COST-EFFECTIVENESS TABLES, MOBILE SOURCE EMISSIONS, PM2.5, NOx, VOCs, CO, PM10 |
18. Distribution Statement No restrictions. This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161. |
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19. Security Classif. (of this report) Unclassified |
20. Security Classif. (of this page) Unclassified |
21. No. of Pages 119 |
22. Price |
Symbol | When You Know | Multiply By | To Find | Symbol |
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Length | ||||
in | inches | 25.4 | millimeters | mm |
ft | feet | 0.305 | meters | m |
yd | yards | 0.914 | meters | m |
mi | miles | 1.61 | kilometers | km |
Area | ||||
in2 | square inches | 645.2 | square millimeters | mm2 |
ft2 | square feet | 0.093 | square meters | m2 |
yd2 | square yard | 0.836 | square meters | m2 |
ac | acres | 0.405 | hectares | ha |
mi2 | square miles | 2.59 | square kilometers | km2 |
Volume | ||||
fl oz | fluid ounces | 29.57 | milliliters | mL |
gal | gallons | 3.785 | liters | L |
ft3 | cubic feet | 0.028 | cubic meters | m3 |
yd3 | cubic yards | 0.765 | cubic meters | m3 |
NOTE: volumes greater than 1000 L shall be shown in m3 |
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Mass | ||||
oz | ounces | 28.35 | grams | g |
lb | pounds | 0.454 | kilograms | kg |
T | short tons (2000 lb) | 0.907 | megagrams (or "metric ton") | Mg (or "t") |
Temperature (exact degrees) | ||||
oF | Fahrenheit | 5 (F-32)/9 or (F-32)/1.8 |
Celsius | oC |
Illumination | ||||
fc | foot-candles | 10.76 | lux | lx |
fl | foot-Lamberts | 3.426 | candela/m2 | cd/m2 |
Force and Pressure or Stress | ||||
lbf | poundforce | 4.45 | newtons | N |
lbf/in2 | poundforce per square inch | 6.89 | kilopascals | kPa |
Symbol | When You Know | Multiply By | To Find | Symbol |
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Length | ||||
mm | millimeters | 0.039 | inches | in |
m | meters | 3.28 | feet | ft |
m | meters | 1.09 | yards | yd |
km | kilometers | 0.621 | miles | mi |
Area | ||||
mm2 | square millimeters | 0.0016 | square inches | in2 |
m2 | square meters | 10.764 | square feet | ft2 |
m2 | square meters | 1.195 | square yards | yd2 |
ha | hectares | 2.47 | acres | ac |
km2 | square kilometers | 0.386 | square miles | mi2 |
Volume | ||||
mL | milliliters | 0.034 | fluid ounces | fl oz |
L | liters | 0.264 | gallons | gal |
m3 | cubic meters | 35.314 | cubic feet | ft3 |
m3 | cubic meters | 1.307 | cubic yards | yd3 |
Mass | ||||
g | grams | 0.035 | ounces | oz |
kg | kilograms | 2.202 | pounds | lb |
Mg (or "t") | megagrams (or "metric ton") | 1.103 | short tons (2000 lb) | T |
Temperature (exact degrees) | ||||
oC | Celsius | 1.8C+32 | Fahrenheit | oF |
Illumination | ||||
lx | lux | 0.0929 | foot-candles | fc |
cd/m2 | candela/m2 | 0.2919 | foot-Lamberts | fl |
Force and Pressure or Stress | ||||
N | newtons | 0.225 | poundforce | lbf |
kPa | kilopascals | 0.145 | poundforce per square inch | lbf/in2 |