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Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology
Coordinating, Developing, and Delivering Highway Transportation Innovations
REPORT |
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Publication Number: FHWA-HRT-11-040 Date: November 2012 |
Publication Number: FHWA-HRT-11-040 Date: November 2012 |
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This report documents the results of crash data analyses to assess the potential safety benefits of vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication applications to improve highway safety. It provides estimates of the frequency and cost of crashes involving pre-crash scenarios addressed by V2I applications. It also evaluates pre-crash scenarios not addressed by those applications. This report will be useful to Federal, State, and local government agencies, research organizations, and private sector firms that research, develop, and deploy V2I technologies and safety applications.
Monique R. Evans
Director, Office of Safety
Research and Development
Notice
This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for the use of the information contained in this document. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation.
The U.S. Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks or manufacturers’ names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the objective of the document.
Quality Assurance Statement
The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) provides high-quality information to serve Government, industry, and the public in a manner that promotes public understanding. Standards and policies are used to ensure and maximize the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of its information. FHWA periodically reviews quality issues and adjusts its programs and processes to ensure continuous quality improvement.
Technical Report Documentation Page
1. Report No. FHWA-HRT-11-040 |
2. Government Accession No. |
3. Recipient's Catalog No. |
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4. Title and Subtitle Crash Data Analyses for Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communications for Safety Applications |
5. Report Date November 2012 |
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6. Performing Organization Code |
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7. Author(s) Kimberly Eccles, Frank Gross, Mindy Liu, and Forrest Council |
8. Performing Organization Report No. |
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9. Performing Organization Name and Address Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc. (VHB) 333 Fayetteville Street, Suite 1450 Raleigh, NC 27601-2951 University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center 730 Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3430 |
10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) |
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11. Contract or Grant No. DTFH61-06-C-00013 |
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12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Office of Safety Research and Development Federal Highway Administration 6300 Georgetown Pike McLean, VA 22101-2296 |
13. Type of Report and Period Covered Final Report September 2009-March 2011 |
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14. Sponsoring Agency Code Federal Highway Administration |
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15. Supplementary Notes This study was conducted with funding from the Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office. The Contracting Officer's Technical Representative (COTR) was Carol Tan. The task managers were Gregory Davis and Raymond Krammes. |
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16. Abstract This report presents the potential safety benefits of wireless communication between the roadway infrastructure and vehicles, (i.e., vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) safety). Specifically, it identifies the magnitude, characteristics, and cost of crashes that would be targeted with currently proposed V2I for safety application areas including intersections, speed management, vulnerable road users, and other safety applications areas. It also identifies the magnitude, characteristics, and cost of the remaining crashes that are not targeted by currently proposed V2I safety applications. The results of this study indicate that the applications are well conceived and can potentially treat large portions of U.S. crashes and crash costs. The characteristics of unaddressed crashes provide a starting point for identifying either new applications or modifications to current applications. |
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17. Key Words General Estimates System, Pre-crash scenarios, Vehicle safety research, Crash avoidance research, Crash frequency, Economic cost, Intersections, Speed, Pedestrians |
18. Distribution Statement No restrictions. This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service; Springfield, VA 22161 |
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19. Security Classif.(of this report) Unclassified |
20. Security Classif.(of this page) Unclassified |
21. No. of Pages 84 |
22. Price |
Form DOT F 1700.7 | Reproduction of completed page authorized |
SI (Modern Metric) Conversion Factors
Chapter 3. Overview of Current V2I Application Areas
Chapter 4. Intersection Applications
Chapter 6. Vulnerable Road Users
Chapter 7. Other Application Areas
Chapter 8. Unaddressed Crashes
Addendix A: Relevant Distributions
Table 3. Vehicle type assignment criteria
Table 4. MAIS comprehensive crash costs (based on 2007 U.S. dollars)
Table 5. Cost per maximum severity (based on 2007 U.S. dollars)
Table 6. Distribution of crash location-average annual national crashes
Table 7. Area type assignment criteria
Table 8. Summary of annual estimated targeted crashes based on current applications
Table 9. Single-vehicle unaddressed crashes by pre-crash scenario
Table 10. Multi-vehicle unaddressed crashes by pre-crash scenario
Table 12. Distribution of crash location for annual national (weighted) unaddressed bicycle crashes
Table 13. Distribution of area type for annual national (weighted) unaddressed animal crashes
Table 14. Distribution of crash location for annual national (weighted) unaddressed rear-end crashes
Table 15. Distribution of area type for annual national (weighted) unaddressed rear-end crashes
Table 19. Distribution of vehicle type for unaddressed crashes
Table 20. Distribution of area type for unaddressed crashes
Table 21. Distribution of crash location for unaddressed crashes
Table 24. Cost of annual single-vehicle crashes by pre-crash scenario and injury type
Table 25. Cost of annual multi-vehicle crashes by pre-crash scenario and injury type
Table 26. Single-vehicle pre-crash scenarios by vehicle type-annual crashes (observed)
Table 27. Single-vehicle pre-crash scenarios by vehicle type-annual national crashes (weighted)
Table 28. Multi-vehicle pre-crash scenarios by vehicle type-annual crashes (observed)
Table 29. Multi-vehicle pre-crash scenarios by vehicle type-annual national crashes (weighted)
AIS | Abbreviated injury scale |
AV | Autonomous vehicle |
CICAS | Cooperative Intersection Collisions Avoidance System |
CICAS-SLTA | Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance System-Signalized left-turn assist |
CICAS-SSA | Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance System-Stop-sign assist |
CICAS-V | Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance System-Violation |
FARS | Fatality Analysis Reporting System |
FHWA | Federal Highway Administration |
GES | General Estimates System |
HSIS | Highway Safety Information System |
ITS | Intelligent Transportation System |
KABCO | Scale used to record injury severity by crash victim |
LTAP/OD | Left-turn across path/opposite direction |
LVA | Lead vehicle accelerating |
LVD | Lead vehicle decelerating |
LVM | Lead vehicle moving at lower constant speed |
LVS | Lead vehicle stopped |
MAIS | Maximum abbreviated injury scale |
NASS | National Automotive Sampling System |
NHTSA | National Highway Traffic Safety Administration |
PDO | Property damage only |
SAS® | Statistical Analysis Software® |
SCP | Straight crossing path |
USDOT | United States Department of Transportation |
UVC | Uniform Vehicle Code |
V2I | Vehicle-to-infrastructure |
V2V | Vehicle-to-vehicle |
Volpe | John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center |