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Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology
Coordinating, Developing, and Delivering Highway Transportation Innovations
REPORT |
This report is an archived publication and may contain dated technical, contact, and link information |
Publication Number: FHWA-HRT-15-065 Date: September 2015 |
Publication Number: FHWA-HRT-15-065 Date: September 2015 |
* Revised 3/12/2019
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Location | Incorrect Values | Corrected Values |
---|---|---|
Cover page | "… Wet Reflective Pavement Markers" | "… Wet-Reflective Pavement Markings" |
Technical Documentation Page, 16. Abstract, Sentence 8 | "…, snow/slush ice, …" | "…, snow/slush/ice, …" |
Page vi, Abbreviation of HSIS | "Highway Safety Information Service" | "Highway Safety Information System" |
Page 1, Executive Summary, Paragraph 3, Sentence 5 | "…, snow/slush ice, or animal crashes." | "…, snow/slush/ice, or animal crashes." |
Page 1, Executive Summary, Paragraph 4, Sentence 3 | "… safety benefit for wet-road crashes and overall." | "… safety benefit for wet-road crashes." |
Page 3, Background on Study, Paragraph 1, Sentence 3 | "State transportations departments …" | "State transportation departments …" |
Page 13, Roadway Data, Paragraph 1, Sentence 1 | "… the Highway Safety Information Service (HSIS) …" | " … the Highway Safety Information System (HSIS) …" |
Page 30, Paragraph 1, Sentence 2 | "Sideswipe-same-direction and nighttime wet-road crashes had non-statistically significant increases." | "Sideswipe-same-direction crashes had non-statistically significant decreases, while nighttime wet-road crashes had negligible and non-statistically significant increases." |
Page 30, Paragraph 2, Sentence 1 | "… for total, wet-road, nighttime, and nighttime wet-road crashes …" | "… for total, wet-road, dry-road, nighttime, and nighttime wet-road crashes …" |
Page 30, Paragraph 2, Sentence 3 | "Sideswipe-same-direction and nighttime wet-road crashes …" | "Injury, run-off-road, and sideswipe-same-direction crashes …" |
Page 35, Paragraph 5, Sentence 1 | "For the benefit calculations, the most FHWA mean comprehensive crash costs disaggregated by crash severity, location type, and speed limit were used as a base." | " … were used as a base to derive comprehensive 2014 unit crash costs of $147,181 for freeways and $139,316 for multilane roads." |
Page 37, Paragraph 1, Sentence 4 | "… and snow/slush ice and …" | "… and snow/slush/ice and …" |
Page 37, Paragraph 3, Sentence 1 | "… results for total, run-off-road, and nighttime crashes on freeways as well as more informative disaggregate analysis and the development of CMFs." | "… results for those crash types for which a CMF could not be recommended, as well as more informative analyses to develop disaggregate CMFs." |
The research documented in this report was conducted as part of the Federal Highway Administration’s (FHWA) Evaluation of Low-Cost Safety Improvements Pooled Fund Study (ELCSI–PFS). FHWA established this pooled fund study in 2005 to conduct research on the effectiveness of the safety improvements identified by the National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 500 guides as part of implementation of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Strategic Highway Safety Plan. The ELCSI-PFS research provides a crash modification factor and benefit-cost economic analysis for each of the targeted safety strategies identified as priorities by the pooled fund member States.
The wet-reflective pavement markings evaluated in this study are intended to reduce the frequency of crashes by improving the level of retroreflectivity during wet-road conditions. Geometric, traffic, and crash data were obtained for freeway sections in Minnesota, North Carolina, and Wisconsin; treated two-lane rural road locations in Minnesota; and treated multilane road sections in Wisconsin. For freeways, the combined results for all States indicate reductions in crashes for injury and wet-road crashes. For multilane roads, significant reductions were estimated for total crashes, injury crashes, run-off-road crashes, wet-road crashes, and nighttime crashes. The results suggest that the treatment, even with conservative assumptions about cost, service life, and the value of a statistical life, can be cost effective.
Monique R. Evans, P.E.
Director, Office of Safety
Research and Development
Notice
This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for the use of the information contained in this document.
The U.S. Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks or manufacturers’ names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the objective of the document.
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Technical Report Documentation Page
Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) | Reproduction of completed page authorized |
SI* (Modern Metric) Conversion Factors
Figure 1. Equation. Estimated change in safety
Figure 2. Equation. Empirical Bayes estimate of expected crashes
Figure 3. Equation. Empirical Bayes weight
Figure 4. Equation. Index of effectiveness
Figure 5. Equation. Standard deviation of index of effectiveness
Figure 6. Equation. Calculation for treatment costs in North Carolina
Figure 7. Equation. Form of SPFs for North Carolina
Figure 8. Equation. Form of SPFs for Wisconsin
Figure 9. Equation. Form of SPFs for Minnesota
Figure 10. Equation. Freeway calculation
Figure 11. Equation. Multilane calculation
Table 1. Definitions of crash types by State
Table 2. Data summary for treatment sites
Table 3. Data summary for reference sites
Table 4. North Carolina freeway SPFs
Table 5. Wisconsin freeway SPFs
Table 6. Wisconsin multilane divided SPFs
Table 7. Minnesota freeway SPFs
Table 8. Minnesota two-lane undivided SPFs
Table 9. Results for North Carolina freeways
Table 10. Results for Wisconsin freeways
Table 11. Results for Wisconsin multilane roads
Table 12. Results for Minnesota two-lane roads
Table 13. Results for Minnesota freeways
Table 14. Results for combined States freeways
Table 15. Economic analysis results
Table 16. Recommended CMFs and standard errors
AADT | Average Annual Daily Traffic |
B/C | Benefit–Cost |
CMF | Crash Modification Factor |
DCMF | Development of Crash Modification Factors |
EB | Empirical Bayes |
ELCSI–PFS | Evaluation of Low-Cost Safety Improvements Pooled Fund Study |
FHWA | Federal Highway Administration |
HSIS | Highway Safety Information |
KABCO | Scale used to represent injury severity in crash reporting (K is fatal injury, A is incapacitating injury, B is non-incapacitating injury, C is possible injury, and O is property damage only) |
MnDOT | Minnesota Department of Transportation |
NCDOT | North Carolina Department of Transportation |
PDO | Property Damage Only |
SPF | Safety Performance Function |
USDOT | U.S. Department of Transportation |
WisDOT | Wisconsin Department of Transportation |
* Revised 3/12/2019