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Development and Implementation of a Performance-Related Specification for I-65 Tennessee: Final Report

Chapter 3. Development of the Performance-Related Specification

Selection of Acceptance Quality Characteristics

The following AQCs can be considered directly in the PaveSpec PRS methodology for JPCPs:

• Concrete strength.
• Slab thickness.
• Initial smoothness.
• Entrained-air content.
• Percent consolidation around dowel bars.

These AQCs were found to affect pavement performance and are under the control of the paving contractor. TDOT includes concrete strength, slab thickness, initial smoothness, and entrained-air content in their existing method specifications. After significant discussion, TDOT decided to use the following AQCs and test methods in the PRS for I-65:

• Concrete strength: The compressive strength at 28 days is the standard quality characteristic used, and this was the logical value to use in the PRS.
• Slab thickness: Typically measured by cores, and TDOT had an interest in specifying the impact echo procedure for this project.
• Initial smoothness: The Rainhart profilograph with a 0.1-in. (2.5 mm) blanking band is specified for use on this project.

TDOT Concrete Pavement Specifications

The current method specifications include the following items:

• Slab thickness: Measured by coring the pavement at 1,000-ft (304.8 m) intervals.
• PCC strength: Measured by taking cylinders at the paving site and curing them for 28 days to determine their compressive strength. One batch of PCC is taken each 400 yd³ (305.8 m³), for a minimum of two cylinders.
• Smoothness/profile: Measured by testing each wheelpath using the Rainhart profilograph with a 0.1-in. (2.5 mm) blanking band.

Details of measurement and pay are provided later in this chapter.

Establishment of As-Designed Target Values

PRS differs from other QC specifications in that target means and standard deviations are specified, not minimums. The target means and standard deviations of the AQCs are those values that, if achieved by the contractor for an as-constructed lot, will be paid for at 100 percent of the bid price. Considerable discussion went into the selection of the as-designed target values. Since this would be the first PRS project conducted in Tennessee, it was decided that the target levels set in the specification should not significantly exceed the level of quality being achieved under the current method specification. Given the magnitude of incentives, it was considered that the contractor may exceed the targets, but forcing an increase in quality by raising the target quality level (e.g., increasing PCC strength target) was not desired in this project. Of course, depending on the results of this project, TDOT may modify the target values in the future.

To determine the level of quality currently being achieved, historical data from three projects were obtained. A summary is given in table 1. These results show the following:

• Compressive strength of PCC ranged from 5,247 to 6,432 lbf/in² (36.18 to 44.35 MPa) with a mean of 5,908 lbf/in² (40.73 MPa).
• Compressive strength standard deviation of PCC ranged from 315 to 892 lbf/in² (2,171.8 kPa to 6,150.1 kPa) with a mean (computed from the mean of the variances) of 655 lbf/in² (4,516.1 kPa).
• Slab thickness data were not sufficient to analyze.
• Slab thickness standard deviation was available on one project with a value of 0.11 in. (2.8 mm).
• Profile index (PI) ranged from 2.53 to 2.55 in./mi (39.91 to 40.23 mm/km) with a mean of 2.54 in./mi (40.07 mm/km) (may have been measured after diamond grinding).
• PI standard deviation of thickness ranged from 0.71 to 0.88 in./mi (11.20 to 13.88 mm/km) with a mean of 0.8 in./mi (12.62 mm/km).

Table 1. Summary of Data From Three Previous Portland Cement Concrete Projects

Attribute		Project #1	Project #2	Project #3
Tennessee Department of Transportation Identification		S.P. 33003-4154-04	IM-40-2(71)87, 57001-8172-44	NH-I-75-1(95)3, 33005-3161-44
Location		I-24, Hamilton County	I-40, Madison & Henderson Counties	I-75, Hamilton County
Approximate length, mi		2.76	8.02	3.2
Project period		1997–2000	1997	1999-2001
28-day compressive strength, lbf/in2	Field average	6,432	5,247	6,046
	Field standard deviation	892	315	625
	Specifications	Min. 3,000	Min. 3,000	Min. 3,000
Thickness, in.	Field average	NA	NA	12.04
	Field standard deviation	NA	NA	0.11
	Specifications	NA	NA	12
Air content, %	Field average	5.46	5.11	5.14
	Field standard deviation	0.51	0.11	0.44
	Specifications	3 to 8	3 to 8	3 to 8
Profile index, in./mi	Field average	2.55	NA	2.53
	Field standard deviation	0.88	NA	0.71
	Specifications	5	NA	4
1 mi = 1.61 km; 1 lbf/in2 = 6.89 kPa; 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 in./mi = 16 mm/km

If the TDOT mean and standard deviation targets for each of the AQCs used for pay adjustment are met, the agency will pay 100 percent of the bid price. Table 2 shows target quality levels (mean and standard deviations) selected after examination of results achieved on previous PCC projects and significant discussion about the impacts of selection of AQC target levels.

Slab Thickness. The logical target mean is the design thickness (13 in. [330.2 mm). Specification of anything different would be inappropriate because this is what is called for in the design at a given level of reliability. Requiring more than the mean thickness would artificially add reliability to the design and is not recommended. The target standard deviation of thickness was set at 0.5 in. (12.7 mm), which is higher variability than a previous project target that appeared to be unreasonably low (0.11 in. [2.8 mm]).

PCC Strength. Compressive strength being achieved on previous projects is shown in table 1. The typical values presented previously were considered, and a somewhat lower value of 4,500 lbf/in² (31.03 MPa) was selected as representing the quality level desired by TDOT at 100 percent of PF. The standard deviation of PCC compressive strength was set slightly lower, at 500 lbf/in² (3,447 kPa), than past historical data indicated (655 lbf/in² [4,516 kPa]).

Smoothness (or Profile Index). Values of the PI achieved on two previous projects showed approximately 2.5 in./mi (39.44 mm/km) using the Rainhart profilograph with a 0.1-in. (2.5 mm) blanking band. This value was considered too low, and may require significant, undesirable grinding. Therefore, a value of 7.0 in. (177.8 mm) was selected as the target mean. The standard deviation of PI was set at 1.0 in./mi (15.78 mm/km), slightly higher than past data (0.8 in./mi [12.6 mm/km]).

Table 2. Lot Acceptance Quality Characteristic Target Lot Mean and Standard Deviation Selected for I-65 Project

Acceptance Quality Characteristic	Lot Target Values
	Mean	Standard Deviation
Slab thickness, in.	13.0	0.5(1)
Compressive strength: 28 days, lbf/in2	4,500	500(2)
Initial profile index (with 0.1 in. blanking band), in./mi	7.0	1.0(3)
1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 lbf/in2 = 6.89 kPa; 1 in./mi = 16 mm/km

1. Thickness: mean and standard deviation computed from independent cores (one core per sublot).
2. Compressive strength: mean and standard deviation computed from averages of two replicate cylinders taken at one location per sublot.
3. Profile index: mean and standard deviation computed from averages of inside and outside wheelpaths of each 500-ft (152.4 m) section in the lot measured prior to any grinding.

TDOT Pavement Performance Indicators

The PaveSpec PRS uses inputs from the as-designed target lot and predicts performance over a designated analysis period. The key performance indicators included in PaveSpec are the following for JPCP:

• Slab transverse fatigue cracking, percent slabs.
• Joint faulting, inches.
• Joint spalling, percent joints.
• PI (at 0.1-in. [2.5 mm] blanking band).

Definitions of these distress types are provided in reference 4.

Inputs Used for PaveSpec 3.0

The following section provides information on the critical terminal values for use in PaveSpec 3.0 analysis of pavement life.

General Information.

Project Number: I-65 from Old Hickory Boulevard at LM 91.55 to CSX Railroad at LM 95.03
Location: Nashville, Tennessee
Project length: 3.478 miles
Number of lanes: Five in each direction

Pavement Design Features. Table 3 shows the design feature inputs used in PaveSpec 3.0.

Traffic Loadings. Table 4 shows the traffic loading inputs used in PaveSpec 3.0. The listed traffic inputs result in a projected 92 million equivalent single-axle loads (ESALs) in the design lane over the 20-year analysis period.

Climate. Table 5 shows the climatic inputs used in PaveSpec.

Table 3. Design Feature Inputs Used in PaveSpec 3.0

Design Feature	Value	Data Source/ Comment
Design life	20	Ok
Pavement type	Jointed plain concrete	Ok
Dowel bar diameter	1.625 in.	Ok
Transverse joint spacing	15 ft	Ok
PCC modulus of elasticity	4,461,750 lbf/in2	Ok
Transverse joint sealant type	Silicone	Ok
Modulus of subgrade reaction (k-value)	126 lbf/in2/in.	Ok
Water–cementitious materials ratio	0.42	Ok
% Subgrade material pass sieve #200	75	Ok
Base type	Permeable-asphalt-treated aggregate	Ok
Base permeability	Yes	Ok
Base thickness	4-in. asphalt-treated permeable over 4-in. aggregate separator layer	Ok
Base modulus of elasticity	100,000 lbf/in2 typ. at 70 °F	Ok
PCC-Base Interface	Bonded	Ok
Base erodibility factor (1 = totally nonerodable material, 5 = granular)	1.5 permeable	Ok
1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.305 m; 1 lbf/in2 = 6.89 kPa

Table 4. Traffic Inputs Used in PaveSpec

Item	Value	Data Source/ Comment
Average daily traffic (both directions)	98,770	2004 estimate
Growth type	Linear	Ok
Growth rate	2.7%	Ok
Directional factor	50%	Ok
Percent trucks	20%	Ok
Percent trucks in outer lane	60%	Ok
Avg. truck-load equivalency factor	1.78 ESALs/truck	Ok
ESAL = equivalent single-axle load

Table 5. Climatic Inputs Used in PaveSpec 3.0

Item	Value	Data Source/ Comment
Average annual freezing index	226 per degree F	Ok
Average annual precipitation	56 in.	Ok
Average annual air freeze–thaw cycles	60 air freeze–thaw cycles	Ok
Average annual # of days > 90 °F	42 days	Ok
Climate zone	Wet–freeze	Ok
1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.305 m; 1 lbf/in2 = 6.89 kPa

M&R Plan. The following M&R activities were established based on discussions with TDOT staff.

Maintenance Plan Summary:

• Reseal 50 percent of the transverse joints every 10 years.
• Reseal 100 percent of the longitudinal joints every 10 years.
• Seal 100 percent of the transverse cracks every 5 years.

Localized Rehabilitation Plan Summary:

• Always apply 100 percent slab replacements to cracked slabs.
• If spalled joints exceed 30 percent, then apply partial-depth repairs to 100 percent of slabs.

Sublot Failure Thresholds:

• Consider the sublot failed if cumulative percent cracked slabs exceeds 20 percent.
• Consider the sublot failed if average transverse joint faulting exceeds 0.15 in. (3.8 mm).
• Consider the sublot failed if International Roughness Index (IRI) exceeds 175 in./mi (2,760 mm/km).
• Consider the sublot failed if cumulative percent joints spalled exceeds 30 percent.

If 20 percent of the sublots are failed, apply the global rehabilitation activities in table 6.

Table 6. Global Rehabilitation Activities If 20 Percent of Sublots Are Failed

Global Rehabilitation Activity	Activities
Prior to Phase I	Repair 100% of outstanding spalled joints with partial-depth repairs. Repair 100% of outstanding cracked slabs with full slab replacements
Phase I (diamond grinding)	Assumed life: 10 years Starting IRI: 50 in./mi Ending IRI: 175 in./mi
Phase II (diamond grinding)	Assumed life: 10 years Starting IRI: 50 in./mi Ending IRI: 175 in./mi
Phase III (asphalt concrete overlay)	Assumed Life: 10 years Starting IRI: 50 in./mi Ending IRI: 175 in./mi
Phase IV (asphalt concrete overlay)	Assumed life: 10 years Starting IRI: 50 in./mi Ending IRI: 175 in./mi
1 in./mi = 16 mm/km

This selection of 20 percent is important in that it triggers overall lot rehabilitation if 20 percent of the sublots reach a terminal cracking, faulting, or IRI. Thus, more variability within the project will result in 20 percent of sublots failing in cracking, faulting, or IRI earlier.

Unit Costs. Table 7 shows the unit costs estimated for this project used in PaveSpec.

Table 7. Design Feature Inputs Used in PaveSpec 3.0

Cost Item	Cost (in 2004 Dollars)
Transverse joint sealing	1.20/ft
Longitudinal joint sealing	0.80/ft
Transverse crack sealing	1.20/ft
Local: Partial-depth repairs of transverse joints*	70.00/yd2
Local: Full slab replacements	75.00/yd2
Local: Partial slab replacements	105.00/yd2
Global: Asphalt concrete overlay	9.00 per yd2
Global: Diamond grinding	5.25 per yd2
% user cost	2 (provides about the right amount of user impact on pay factor)
Estimated bid price	$31.95 per yd2 (contractors bid for 13-in. jointed plain concrete pavement)
1 ft = 0.305 m; 1 yd2 = 0.836 m2 *Width of partial-depth repair of transverse joints = 6 in. across joint.

Definitions of Lots and Sublots

The PRS AQCs of thickness, strength, and PI are measured within each sublot. All values measured within the lot are combined to compute a mean and standard deviation of the lot. The pay adjustment for a given lot is then computed from these values. Pay is determined on a lot-by-lot basis, not by the sublot.

There must be precise and easily understood definitions of lots and sublots, as ambiguity can cause significant problems in the field. These definitions required perhaps more discussion among the TDOT and project staff than any other item. Thus, sublots were set at a constant 500-ft (152.4 m) interval to provide simple, consistent testing methods. Sublot boundaries are marked and maintained until finalizing the payment computation. Each lot is divided into a minimum of three sublots for sampling and testing purposes. Markers are placed every 500 ft (152.4 m) along the mainline traffic lanes to aid in determining the lot and sublot limits.

The definitions of lot, sublot, and sampling frequency for thickness, concrete strength, and initial PI are presented below.

Lot Definition

• Each lot is one paving pass in width. This width can be equal to one, two, or more traffic lanes (see below for consideration of concrete shoulders).
• A lot consists of a minimum of three sublots that are each 500 ft (152.4 m) in length, and they all exist consecutively (longitudinally) along the same paving width. A lot cannot be divided between two adjacent or separated paving lanes.
• Therefore, the minimum length of a lot is 1,500 ft (457.2 m) along the same paving lane(s), and this lot can include work from 1 or more days of paving.
• The maximum lot length is defined as 1 day’s production of one paving pass, or 4,500 ft (1,371.6 m) in length, whichever is less. If the 1-day production is longer than 4,500 ft (1,371.6 m), the engineer will divide the 1-day production into multiple lots that meet the minimum lot length as defined above. The engineer may terminate the lot if there is any reason to believe that a special cause affected the process and resulted in a significant shift in the mean or standard deviation of thickness, PI, or strength (AQCs).
• If the contractor builds a paving pass in a given day that is less than 1,500 ft (457.2 m), this is defined as a partial lot. A partial lot is combined with the previous or next day’s paving to produce a full lot with a minimum length of 1,500 ft (457.2 m) and a maximum length of 4,500 ft (1,371.6 m). If the combined length of paving of a partial lot and the current lot being paved is greater than 4,500 ft (1,371.6 m), the lot will be limited to 4,500 ft (1,371.6 m) and another partial lot identified to be added to the next day’s paving.
• If a section of paving has been designated as a partial lot but cannot be combined with the adjacent lot (e.g., a single lane of widening or tapered paving that is less than 1,500 ft (457.2 m), or if it is the last lot in the paving project and is less than 1,500 ft (457.2 m), it may be grouped with a previous lot. This will be allowed even if it results in a lot that is greater than 4,500 ft (1,371.6 m). This type of flexibility must be included to make the field management of the PRS data collection feasible and efficient.
• Concrete shoulders can be included along with adjacent paved traffic lane(s), or by themselves if paved separately. If concrete shoulders are paved with a traffic lane (a paving width includes one or more traffic lanes and a concrete shoulder), the traffic lane is tested for all AQCs (PI, strength, and thickness) but the shoulder is tested for strength and thickness only. The pay factor is computed using only the PI values obtained from the traffic lane(s). If the lot width includes only a concrete shoulder, the shoulder is tested for concrete strength and slab thickness, and PI is assumed to be at the target values of 7.0 in. (177.8 mm) mean and 1.0-in. (25.4 mm) standard deviation.

Sublot Definition

• The sublot length is established at a constant 500 ft (152.4 m) so that the PI can be measured, as well as for field location expediency and consistency.
• The width of the sublot is the paving width.
• There shall be a minimum of three sublots in each lot. The maximum is nine sublots within a maximum lot size of 4,500 ft (1,371.6 m).
• If there is a sublot that is not tested for concrete strength for whatever reason, this section shall be cored as specified and tested for compressive strength at 28 days after placement. The cores shall be tested for compressive strength according to procedures required in table 8.

Table 8. Testing Procedures Used for Performance-Related Specification Evaluation

Acceptance Quality Characteristic	Test Method
Slab thickness	AASHTO T148
Compressive strength	Concrete cylinders: AASHTO T23 and AASHTO T22. Concrete cores: AASHTO T24 for sublots with missing strength data.
Initial Profile Index	ASTM E 1274

Sampling Frequency Within Sublots

The sampling frequencies for slab thickness, concrete strength, and PI within a given 500-ft (152.4 m) sublot are described below.

Slab Thickness: A thickness measurement for each sublot is determined by taking one core through the slab at one random location in the sublot.

Concrete Strength: The concrete strength for each sublot is determined as the average of the 28-day compression tests of two replicates taken from one random batch of concrete from each sublot. Thus, the concrete strength sample size is one per sublot and the number of replicates per sample is two.

Initial Smoothness (PI): A longitudinal profile trace will be taken in each 500-ft (152.4 m) length within the wheelpaths (inside and outside wheelpaths located 3 ft [0.91 m] from the edge of the slab for conventional width lanes, or 3 ft [0.91 m] from the paint stripe for widened slabs) for each traffic lane included within the sublot. The mean PI for each 500-ft (152.4 m) section within the sublot will be computed. The number of replicates per pass location equals the number of wheelpaths per traffic lane. Smoothness measurement will terminate not less than 50 ft (15.2 m) from the bridge approach joint.

Existing Tennessee Pay Factor Curves

The existing TDOT pay factor curves are provided in chapter 5 and compared with the final PRS pay factor curves. The main difference in the curves is that there are no incentives available with the existing TDOT pay factor curves, only disincentives.

Development of Pay Factor Curves Using PaveSpec 3.0

A PRS recognizes that higher quality products have additional value; and, the PRS provides payment adjustment for this higher quality up to a maximum value. A PRS also recognizes that marginal quality products have reduced value and advocates payment reduction instead of requiring complete removal, unless the pavement is so deficient that replacement or corrective action is warranted.

Individual Pay Adjustment Factors

Individual pay adjustment factors for slab thickness, comprehensive strength, and initial PI shall be determined using the pay factor curves shown in figures 2 through 4 or tables 9 through 11. These curves and tables were developed using the PaveSpec 3.0 software and account for the mean and standard deviation of the AQCs for the subject pavement project. Linear interpolation or extrapolation shall be used between the values shown in these tables, if needed.

Figure 2 and table 9 show that as strength increases within the specified limits, the pay factor increases due to greater resistance to fatigue cracking from repeated truck loadings, resulting in fewer cracked slabs and lower rehabilitation costs. Also, the lower the variability (as indicated by standard deviation) of strength, the higher the pay factor. This is caused by fewer slabs containing low-strength concrete.

Figure 2. Pay adjustment curve for 28-day compressive strength of concrete.

Table 9. Compressive Strength Pay Adjustment Table (PF, %)

Lot Mean, lbf/in2**	Lot Standard Deviation (computed using means of 2 tests)
	0 lbf/in2	500 lbf/in2*	1,000 lbf/in2
3,000	92.17	91.28	87.92
3,250	93.68	92.89	90.22
3,500	95.14	94.43	92.36
3,750	96.54	95.91	94.33
4,000	97.88	97.32	96.13
4,250	99.17	98.67	97.76
4,500*	100.41	100.00	99.23
4,750	101.58	101.18	100.52
5,000	102.71	102.33	101.65
5,250	103.78	103.42	102.62
5,500	104.79	104.45	103.41
1 lbf/in2 = 6.89 kPa *Targets **Pay adjustment for Lot Mean less than 3,000 lbf/in2 are as follows: <3,000 to 2,751 lbf/in2 = 85.00 percent 2,750 to 2,501 lbf/in2 = 70.00 percent 2,500 to 2,251 lbf/in2 = 50.00 percent 2,250 to 2,000 lbf/in2 = 25.00 percent

Figure 3 and table 10 show that as slab thickness increases within the specified limits, the pay factor increases. This is due to greater resistance to fatigue cracking from repeated truck loadings, resulting in fewer cracked slabs and lower rehabilitation costs. Also, the lower the variability (as indicated by standard deviation) of thickness, the higher is the pay factor. This results from having fewer thin slabs. One very interesting item to note from figure 3 is that as the slab thickness decreases from 13 in. (330.2 mm), the loss in pay factor is not very significant within the range shown because of the very conservative thickness design used (13 in. [330.2 mm], as determined by AASHTO at high level of reliability). The slab cracking model in PRS is predicting that a reduced slab thickness to, say, 12 in. (304.8 mm) is not showing a drastic reduction in performance. For thinner pavement designs (e.g., 9 to 11 in. [228.6 to 279.4 mm]), this drop-off would be much more dramatic.

Figure 3. Slab thickness pay adjustment curve.

Table 10. Slab Thickness Pay Adjustment Table (PF, %)

Lot Mean Slab Thickness, in.	Lot Standard Deviation (computed from independent cores), in)
	0	0.5-in.*	1.0-in.
12.0	94.26	92.14	90.19
12.25	96.24	94.62	93.16
12.5	97.94	96.74	95.69
12.75	99.35	98.51	97.78
13.00*	100.47	100.00	99.43
13.25	101.31	100.97	100.64
13.50	101.86	101.67	101.41
13.75	102.12	102.02	101.75
14.00	102.11	102.01	101.64
1 in. = 25.4 mm *Targets

Figure 4 and table 11 show that as initial PI decreases within the specified limits, the pay factor increases. This is due to longer pavement life from better initial smoothness (smoother pavements last longer). Also, lower variability (as indicated by standard deviation) of the PI results in a higher pay factor. The cause is that fewer sublots are reaching a terminal PI level and there are lower rehabilitation costs.

Figure 4. Initial profile index pay adjustment curve.

Table 11. Initial Profile Index Pay Adjustment Table (PF, %)

Lot Mean Profile Index (PI), in./mi**	Lot Standard Deviation (computed using means of 2 wheelpaths, PIs per lane), in./mi
	0	1.0 in./mi*	3.00 in./mi
0	107.29	107.02	106.26
1	106.39	106.20	105.60
2	105.44	105.32	104.86
3	104.44	104.38	104.04
4	103.39	103.38	103.15
5	102.30	102.33	102.18
6	101.16	101.21	101.13
7*	99.97	100.00	100.00
8	98.73	98.79	98.80
9	97.45	97.50	97.52
10	96.12	96.14	96.17
11	94.74	94.72	94.73
12	93.32	93.25	93.22
1 in./mi = 16 mm/km *Targets **Measured prior to any grinding. ***If PI is > 9 in./mi, grinding is required. The PF is determined for the PI prior to grinding for > 9 to 12 in./mi. If PI > 12-in./mi, the pay factor for 12 is used.

Computation of AQC Mean and Standard Deviation

The determination of individual pay factors from figures 2 through 4 or tables 9 through 11 requires computing the mean and standard deviation of the slab thickness, compressive strength, and initial PI for the as-constructed lot based on the field testing results. These statistics are calculated as follows.

(2)

Where:

• = Mean of n random samples of the AQC under consideration for the lot
• X_i = Sample measurement (for PI and strength, X_i is a mean of multiple replicates, and for thickness is the individual core)
• n = Sample size per lot, n for each AQC is as follows:
  • Compressive strength: n = number of sublots (mean of two replicate cylinders produced from each batch in sublot)
  • Thickness: n = number of sublots (one core per sublot, no replicates)
  • PI: n = number of sublots multiplied by number of traffic lanes in lot (each profile test consists of measurement of a 500-ft [152.4 m] continuous wheelpath section, mean of two replicates [the two wheelpaths in each lane are considered replicates])

The lot thickness standard deviation (where number of replicates = 1) is computed as follows:

(3)

The compressive strength and PI unbiased lot standard deviation (where more than one replicate per sample are used) is computed as follows.

(4)

Where:

• m = Number of replicates per sample, m, for compressive strength and PI are as follows:
  • Compressive strength: m = 2 replicates (i.e., two tests per batch sublot)
  • PI: m = 2 replicates per lane (i.e., two wheelpaths per lane) multiplied by number of lanes in lot.

C_SD = Correction factor (based on the total sample size, n) used to obtain unbiased estimates of the actual lot sample standard deviation. Appropriate C_SD values are determined using table 12.

Table 12. Correction Factors Used to Obtain Unbiased Estimates of the Actual Standard Deviation

Number of Samples, n	Correction Factor, CSD
2	0.7979
3	0.8862
4	0.9213
5	0.9399
6	0.9515
7	0.9594
8	0.9650
9	0.9693
10	0.9726
30	0.9915

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