U.S. Department of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration
1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE
Washington, DC 20590
202-366-4000


Skip to content
Facebook iconYouTube iconTwitter iconFlickr iconLinkedInInstagram

Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology
Coordinating, Developing, and Delivering Highway Transportation Innovations

Report
This report is an archived publication and may contain dated technical, contact, and link information
Publication Number: FHWA-HRT-05-137
Date: July 2006

Evaluation of Safety, Design, and Operation of Shared-Use Paths

Final Report

PDF Version (1172 KB)

PDF files can be viewed with the Acrobat® Reader®

 

REFERENCES

 

  1. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities, Washington, DC, 1999.

  2. Transportation Research Board, Highway Capacity Manual, Special Report 209, Updated Third Edition, Washington, DC, 1997.

  3. Rouphail, N., J. Hummer, J. Milazzo, II, and D. Allen, Capacity Analysis of Pedestrian and Bicycle Facilities: Recommended Procedures for the Bicycles Chapter of the Highway Capacity Manual, Report No. FHWA-RD-98-108, FHWA, McLean, VA, 2000.

  4. Transportation Research Board, Highway Capacity Manual, Fourth Edition, Washington, DC, 2000.

  5. Botma, H., and H. Papendrecht, "Traffic Operations of Bicycle Traffic," Transportation Research Record 1320, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, pp. 65–72, 1991.

  6. Harkey, D., D. Reinfurt, A. Sorton, M. Knuiman, and J. Stewart, The Bicycle Compatibility Index: A Level-of-Service Concept, Report No. FHWA-RD-98-095, FHWA, McLean, VA, 1998.

  7. Landis, B.W., V.R. Vattikuti, and M.T. Brannick, "Real-Time Human Perceptions: Toward a Bicycle Level of Service," Transportation Research Record 1578, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 1997.

  8. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, Washington, DC, 2001.

  9. Federal Highway Administration, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, Washington, DC, 2003.

  10. Rouphail, N., J. Hummer, J. Milazzo, II, and D. Allen, Literature Synthesis for Chapter 13, "Pedestrians" of the Highway Capacity Manual, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, VA 1998.

  11. Allen, D., N. Rouphail, J. Hummer, and J. Milazzo, II, "Operational Analysis of Uninterrupted Bicycle Facilities," Transportation Research Record 1636, 1998,
    pp. 29–36.

  12. Fruin, J.J., Pedestrian Planning and Design, Metropolitan Association of Urban Designers and Environmental Planners, New York, NY, 1971.

  13. Polis, A., J. Schofer, and A. Ushpiz, "Pedestrian Flow and Level of Service," Journal of Transportation Engineering, January 1983.

  14. TRB, Highway Capacity Manual, Special Report 209, Updated Third Edition, Washington, DC, 1994.

  15. Knoblauch, R., M. Nitzburg, R. Dewar, J. Templer, and M. Pietrucha, Older Pedestrian Characteristics for Use in Highway Design, Report No. FHWA-RD-93-177, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, VA, 1995.

  16. Pushkarev, B., and J. Zupan, "Capacity of Walkways," Transportation Research Record 538, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 1975.

  17. Roddin, M., A Manual to Determine the Benefits of Separating Pedestrians and Vehicles, NCHRP Report 240, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 1981.

  18. Kirschbaum, J.B., P.W. Axelson, P.E. Longmuir, K.M. Mispagel, J.A. Stein, and D.A Yamada, Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access, Part II: Best Practices Design Guide, September 2001. Accessed March 23 at https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/pdf.htm.

  19. TRB, Highway Capacity Manual, Special Report 209, Third Edition, Washington, DC, 1985.

  20. Tanaboriboon, Y., and J.A. Guyano, "Level of Service Standards for Pedestrian Facilities in Bangkok: A Case Study," ITE Journal, November 1989.

  21. Davis, D., and J. Braaksma, "Level-of-Service Standards for Platooning Pedestrians in Transportation Terminals," ITE Journal, April 1987.

  22. Pushkarev, B., and J. Zupan, Urban Space for Pedestrians, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1975.

  23. Navin, F.P.D., and R.J. Wheeler, "Pedestrian Flow Characteristics," Traffic Engineering, June 1969.

  24. Zegeer, C., et al., The National Bicycle and Pedestrian Study: Transportation Choices for a Changing America, Report No. FHWA-RD-94-023, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, 1994.

  25. Northwestern University Traffic Institute, Bicycle Planning and Facility Workshop, Evanston, IL, 1994.

  26. Wilkinson, W.C., A. Clarke, B. Epperson, and R. Knoblauch, Selecting Roadway Design Treatments to Accommodate Bicycles, Report No. FHWA-RD-92-073, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, VA, 1994.

  27. Hunter, W.W., and H. Huang, "User Counts on Bicycle Lanes and Multiuse Trails in the United States," Transportation Research Record 1502, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 1995, pp. 45–57.

  28. Niemeier, D.A., "Longitudinal Analysis of Bicycle Count Variability: Results and Modeling Implications," Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 122, No. 3, May-June 1996.

  29. Miller, R.E., and M.R. Ramey, Width Requirements for Bikeways: A Level-of-Service Approach, Report 75–4, Department of Civil Engineering, University of California, Davis, 1975.

  30. Center for Research and Contract Standardization in Civil and Traffic Engineering, Sign Up for the Bike: Design Manual for a Cycle-Friendly Infrastructure, Record 10, Ede, The Netherlands, 1994.

  31. Brilon, W., "A New German Highway Capacity Manual," Proceedings, Second International Symposium on Highway Capacity, Volume 1, Sydney, Australia, August 1994.

  32. Vagverk, S., "Chapter 10: Bicycle Traffic Facilities" (English translation), Swedish Capacity Manual, National Swedish Road Administration, Stockholm, 1977.

  33. Yang, J.-M., "Bicycle Traffic in China, Transportation Quarterly, Vol. 39, No. 1, January 1985.

  34. Directorate of Public Roads, Norwegian Public Roads Administration, City Planning for Cycling, Oslo, December 1995.

  35. Navin, F.P.D., "Bicycle Traffic Flow Characteristics: Experimental Results and Comparisons," ITE Journal, Vol. 64, No. 3, March 1994.

  36. Homburger, W.S., Capacity of Bus Routes, and of Pedestrian and Bicycle Facilities, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Berkeley, February 1976.

  37. Opiela, K.S., S. Khasnabis, and T.K. Datta, "Determination of the Characteristics of Bicycle Traffic at Urban Intersections," Transportation Research Record 743, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 1980, pp. 30–36.

  38. Federal Highway Administration, Safety and Locational Criteria for Bicycle Facilities, User Manual, Volume II: Design and Safety Criteria, Report No. FHWA-RD-75-114, Washington, DC, 1976.

  39. Lui, Y., "The Capacity of Highways With a Mixture of Bicycle Traffic," Proceedings, 1991 International Symposium on Highway Capacity, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

  40. Liu, X., L.D. Shen, and F. Ren, "Operational Analysis of Bicycle Interchanges in Beijing, China," Transportation Research Record 1396, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 1993, pp. 18–21.

  41. Wei, H., J. Huang, and J. Wang, "Models for Estimating Traffic Capacity on Urban Bicycle Lanes," presented at the 76th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, January 1997.

  42. Botma, H., "Method to Determine Levels of Service for Bicycle Paths and Pedestrian-Bicycle Paths", Transportation Research Record 1502, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 1995, pp. 38–44.

  43. Virkler, M., and R. Balasubramanian, "Flow Characteristics on Shared Hiking/Biking/ Jogging Trails," Transportation Research Record 1636, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 1998, pp. 43–46.

  44. Landis, B.L., T.A. Petritsch, and H.F. Huang, Characteristics of Emerging Road and Trail Users and Their Safety, Final Report, Report No. FHWA-HRT-04-103, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, VA, October 2004.

  45. Botma, H., and H. Papendrecht, "Operational Quality of Traffic on a Bicycle Path," ITE 1993 Compendium of Technical Papers, 63rd Annual Meeting, 1993, pp. 81–85.

  46. Wardrop, J., "Some Theoretical Aspects of Road Traffic Research," Proceedings of the Institute of Civil Engineers, Vol. 12, Part 2, London, England, 1952, pp. 333–334.

  47. Rouphail, N., J. Hummer, J. Milazzo, II, and D. Allen, Capacity Analysis of Pedestrian and Bicycle Facilities: Recommended Procedures for the Pedestrian Chapter of the Highway Capacity Manual, Report No. FHWA-RD-98-107, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, VA, 2000.

  48. St. John, A., and D. Harwood, TWOPAS User Guide, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, VA, May 1986.

  49. Hoban, C., R. Shepherd, and G.J. Fawcett, A Model for Simulating Traffic on Two-Lane Rural Roads: User Guide and Manual for TRARR Version 3.2, Australian Road Research Board, Melbourne, Australia, 1991.

  50. Morrall, J., and A. Werner, "Measuring Level of Service of Two-Lane Highways by Overtakings," Transportation Research Record 1287, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 1990, pp. 62–69.

  51. Federal Highway Administration, CORSIM User's Manual, Version 1.03, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, VA, 1997.

  52. Innovative Transportation Concepts, LLC, VISSIM User's Manual, Version 2.50, Corvallis, OR

  53. Van Aerde, M., Integration Release 2, User's Manual, Queen's University, Montreal, Quebec, 1995.

  54. Homburger, W., and J. Kell, Fundamentals of Traffic Engineering, Institute of Transportation Studies, Berkeley, California, 1988.

  55. Beukers, B., "Bicycles and Mopeds as Alternative Modes of Transportation," Proceedings, 13th International Study Week in Traffic Engineering and Safety, Montreux, Switzerland, 1978.

  56. Botma, H., H. Papendrecht, and D. Westland, Validation of Capacity Estimators Based on the Distribution of Headways, Transportation Research Laboratory, TU Delft, The Netherlands, 1980.

  57. Ferrara, T.C., A Study of Two-Lane Intersections and Crossings Under Combined Motor Vehicle and Bicycle Demands, Report 75-5, Civil Engineering Department, University of California, Davis, December 1975.

  58. Stembord, H., "Capacity Research and Applications: Country Report of The Netherlands," Proceedings, 1991 International Symposium on Highway Capacity, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

  59. Pécheux, K., M. Pietrucha, and P. Jovanis, "User Perception of Level of Service at Signalized Intersections," Preprint CD-ROM, 79th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, January 2000.

  60. May, A., Traffic Flow Fundamentals, Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1990.

  61. Hughes, R., and D. Harkey, "Cyclists' Perception of Risk in a Virtual Environment: Effects of Lane Conditions, Traffic Speed, and Traffic Volume," Proceedings, Traffic Congestion and Traffic Safety in the 21st Century: Challenges, Innovations, and Opportunities, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY, 1997.

 

FHWA-HRT-05-137

Previous | Table of Contents

Federal Highway Administration | 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE | Washington, DC 20590 | 202-366-4000
Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center | 6300 Georgetown Pike | McLean, VA | 22101