U.S. Department of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration
1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE
Washington, DC 20590
202-366-4000


Skip to content
Facebook iconYouTube iconTwitter iconFlickr iconLinkedInInstagram

Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology
Coordinating, Developing, and Delivering Highway Transportation Innovations

Report
This report is an archived publication and may contain dated technical, contact, and link information
Publication Number: FHWA-HRT-11-039
Date: April 2011

Evaluation of Pedestrian and Bicycle Engineering Countermeasures: Rectangular Rapid-Flashing Beacons, HAWKs, Sharrows, Crosswalk Markings, and the Development of an Evaluation Methods Report

REFERENCES

  1. National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2008). Traffic Safety Facts, DOT HS 811 163, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http://www.walkinginfo.org/facts/docs/PedTSF_2008.pdf. Site last accessed October 4, 2010.

  2. Federal Highway Administration. (2009). Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/kno_2009.htm. Site last accessed March 5, 2010.

  3. California Department of Transportation. (2006). California Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, CA.

  4. Federal Highway Administration. (2003). Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/kno_2003r1r2.htm. Site last accessed March 21, 2011.

  5. Huang, H.F., Steward, J.R., and Zegeer, C.V. (2004). Summary Report: Evaluation of Lane Reduction "Road Diet" Measures and Their Effects on Crashes and Injuries, Report No. FHWA-HRT-04-082, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  6. Markowitz, F., Sciortino, S., Fleck, J.L., and Yee, B.M. (2006). "Pedestrian Countdown Signals: Experience with an Extensive Pilot Installation," Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal, 43–48.

  7. Redmon, T. (2005). "Looking Out for Pedestrians," Public Roads, 69(3), Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. Obtained from: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/05nov/03.cfm. Site last accessed March 21, 2011.

  8. Zegeer, C.V., Steward, J.R., and Huang, H. (2002). Safety Effects of Marked Versus Unmarked Crosswalks at Uncontrolled Locations: Executive Summary and Recommended Guidelines, Report No. FHWA-RD-01-075, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  9. Shurbutt, J. and Van Houten, R. (2010). Effects of Yellow Rectangular Rapid-Flashing Beacons on Yielding at Multilane Uncontrolled Crosswalks, Report No. FHWA-HRT-10-043, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  10. Fitzpatrick, K., Turner, S., Brewer, M., Carlson, P., Lalani, N., Ullman, B., Trout, N., Park, E.S., Lord, D., and Whitacre, J. (2006). Improving Pedestrian Safety at Unsignalized Crossings, TCRP/NCHRP Report No. 112/562, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

  11. Van Houten, R., Ellis, R., and Marmolejo, E. (2008). "The Use of Stutter Flash LED Beacons to Increase Yielding to Pedestrians at Crosswalks," Transportation Research Record 2073, 69–78, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

  12. Institute of Transportation Engineers Technical Council Committee 4A-16. (1985). Determining Vehicle Change Intervals: A Proposed Recommended Practice, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Washington, DC.

  13. Huitema, B.E. and McKean, J.W. (1998). "Irrelevant Autocorrelation in Least-Squares Intervention Models," Psychological Methods, 3, 104–116.

  14. Huitema, B.E. and McKean, J.W. (2000). "A Simple and Powerful Test for Autocorrelated Errors in OLS Intervention Models," Psychological Reports, 87, 3–20.

  15. Huitema, B.E. and McKean, J.W. (2000). "Design Specification Issues in Time-Series Intervention Models," Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60, 38–58.

  16. McKnight, S.D., McKean, J.W., and Huitema, B.E. (2000). "A Double Bootstrap Method to Analyze Linear Models with Autoregressive Error Terms," Psychological Methods, 5, 87–101.

  17. Fitzpatrick, K. and Park, E.S. (2010). Safety Effectiveness of the HAWK Pedestrian Crossing Treatment, Report No. FHWA-HRT-10-042, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  18. Nassi, R.B. and Barton, M.J. (2008). "New Traffic Control for an Old Pedestrian Crossing Safety Problem," APWA Reporter, 44–49.

  19. Hauer, E. (1997). Observational Before-After Studies in Road Safety, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England.

  20. Tucson Department of Transportation. Traffic Data for the City of Tucson, Tucson Department of Transportation, Tucson, AZ. Obtained from: http://www.dot.ci.tucson.az.us/traffic/adt.cfm. Site last accessed June 26, 2008.

  21. Pima Association of Governments. Traffic Volumes Map, Tucson, AZ. Obtained from: http://www.pagnet.org/RegionalData/TransportationTrendsandData/TrafficVolumes/Maps/tabid/446/Default.aspx. Site last accessed June 26, 2008.

  22. Hunter, W.W., Thomas, L., Srinivasan, R., and Martell, C.A. (2010). Evaluation of Shared Lane Markings, Report No. FHWA-HRT-10-041, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  23. NCUTCD Bicycle Technical Committee. (2007). Proposed Shared Lane Marking Part 9 of the MUTCD, National Committee on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, Surprise, AZ. Obtained from: http://members.cox.net/ncutcdbtc/sls/slmtoncjan07.pdf. Site last accessed August 3, 2010.

  24. Alta Planning + Design. (2004). San Francisco's Shared Lane Pavement Markings: Improving Bicycle Safety, San Francisco Department of Parking and Traffic, San Francisco, CA.

  25. Pein, W.E., Hunter, W.W., and Stewart, J.R. (1999). Evaluation of the Shared-Use Arrow, Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, FL.

  26. Fitzpatrick, K., Chrysler, S.T., Iragavarapu, V., and Park, E.S. (2010). Crosswalk Marking Field Visibility Study, Report No. FHWA-HRT-10-068, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  27. Knoblauch, R.L., Tustin, B.H., Smith, S.A., and Pietrucha, M.T. (1988). Investigation of Exposure-Based Pedestrian Accident Areas: Crosswalks, Sidewalks, Local Streets and Major Arterials, Report No. FHWA-RD-87-038, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  28. Knoblauch, R.L. and Raymond, P.D. (2000). The Effect of Crosswalk Markings on Vehicle Speeds in Maryland, Virginia, and Arizona, Report No. FHWA-RD-00-101, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  29. Knoblauch, R.L., Nitzburg, M., and Seifert, R.F. (2001). Pedestrian Crosswalk Case Studies: Richmond, Virginia; Buffalo, New York; Stillwater, Minnesota, Report No. FHWA-RD-00-103, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  30. Chrysler, S.T., Fitzpatrick, K., Brewer, M.A., and Cynecki, M. (2010). Pedestrian and Bicyclist Traffic Control Device Evaluation Methods, Report No. FHWA-HRT-11-035, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

Federal Highway Administration | 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE | Washington, DC 20590 | 202-366-4000
Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center | 6300 Georgetown Pike | McLean, VA | 22101