Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) Data Analysis Support: National Pooled Fund Study Tpf-5(013)

Appendix E. Responses Received From Pooled Fund States

This appendix provides the information obtained from the PFS in response to the questionnaire in Appendix E. Some of the information provided by the PFS was excluded from this appendix because of publication limitations.

STATE OF ALASKA
Department of Transportation and Public Facilities
2301 Peger Road
Fairbanks, Alaska 99709

June 22, 2004

Newton Jackson, P.E.
Principal Engineer
Nichols Consulting Engineers, Chtd.
1885 S. Arlington, Suite 111
Reno, NV 89509

RE: Alaskan pavement section for "Effects of Multiple Freeze Cycles…" Pooled Fund Study

Dear Newton:

I am enclosing the Alaskan information you requested for the above project:

Standard Roadway Section:

• In Alaska, only flexible pavements are used for roadways
• In Rural Interstate (4 lanes): 30M ESALs is a high traffic level for us, so no pavement section is provided.
• Rural Primary (2 lanes): Enclosed are a drawing and a table detailing the pavement section for this case.

Standard Specifications:
Enclosed are hard copies of the relevant pages from the "Alaska Standard Specifications for Highway Construction – 2004."

Test Procedures:
We mainly use AASHTO specifications; however, two tests are done according to the Alaska Test Methods (ATM); see enclosed.

Average Unit Bid Prices:
They are included in the table detailing the pavement section.

Typical Service Life for Standard Section:
The average service life is 10 to 12 years. Typically, rutting and ride quality dictate the rehabilitation. "Shave and Pave" is typically used, unless distress is due to deep failures, where reclamation and paving become necessary.

Adjacent State Treatments:
The Yukon Territory mainly uses high-float surface treatment.

If you have questions or need further clarifications, please call or e-mail me.

Sincerely,

Steve Sabaundjian, P.E.
Research Engineer
steve_saboundjian@dot.state.ak.us
Ph: (907) 451-5322

Typical flexible pavement for Alaska; Rural Primary (two lanes); 5M ESALs. See drawing.

Notes:
* Asphalt, PG 58-28, $371.55/metric ton ($337/ton)
** MC-30 liquid asphalt prime coat, $385.89/metric ton ($350/ton)
See Section 703 for Aggregates Specs.

Figure 92. Diagram. Typical section for rural primary (2 lanes) in Alaska.

STATE OF IDAHO
Transportation Department
P.O. Box 7129
Boise, ID 83707-1129

December 20, 2004

Figure 93. Diagram. Rigid pavement rural interstate typical section for Idaho.

Figure 94. Diagram. Flexible pavement rural interstate typical section for Idaho

Figure 95. Diagram. Rigid pavement rural primary typical section for Idaho.

Figure 96. Flexible pavement rural primary typical section for Idaho.

Figure 97. Diagram. Rigid pavement at LTPP site 163023 in Idaho.

Figure 98. Diagram. Flexible pavement at LTPP site 169032 in Idaho.

STATE OF ILLINOIS
Department of Transportation
126 East Ash Street
Springfield, IL 62704-4766

Standard Roadway Sections

Standard drawings of the typical pavement cross sections may be found on the IDOT Internet site by following these directions.

Also, you will find two design drawings at:

Standard Specifications
Standard specifications that apply to rigid and flexible pavement construction may be found on the IDOT internet site by following these directions.

Test Procedures
References to test procedures other than AASHTO or ASTM standard test procedures may be found in the IDOT Manual of Test Procedures for Materials. This manual is not available on the internet; however, the order form to receive a copy of the manual may be found on the IDOT internet site by following these directions. The cost of the manual is $50.00.

Average Unit Bid Prices
The following are average bid prices for the bid items listed under the Standard Roadway Sections. These prices assume large quantities.

Typical Service Life for Standard Section
A description of the typical service life and the "planned" repair methods throughout the life of the pavement may be found on the IDOT internet site by following these directions.

STATE OF MICHIGAN
Department of Transportation
8885 Ricks Road
P.O. Box 30049

Michigan’s Typical Designs
Response for pooled fund study "Effects of Multiple Freeze Cycles and Deep Frost Penetration on Pavement Performance and Cost"

Note: We use a design life of 20 years, and an M_R of 69,000 kPa (10,000 psi) is much higher than anything we would typically encounter in Michigan.

Designs

Rural Interstate (four lanes) Rigid and Flexible
30-year design
30,000,000 ESALs
Frost susceptible fine grained soil M_R 69,000 kPa (10,000 psi)

If this were a freeway, it would be 230 mm (9.0 in), which is our minimum concrete thickness for freeways.

For equivalent designs (same traffic makeup) the ESALs would be different for asphalt and concrete. So, a 30 million ESAL design for HMA is not equivalent (structurally) to a 30 million ESAL design for concrete.

Specifications
Gap Graded Superpave—see attached special provision

4E50, 3E50, 5E10, 4E10, 3E10—Superpave mainline mixes. Covered by Division 5 of Standard Specifications for Construction which can be found at:
      http://www.mdot.state.mi.us/specbook/

Materials for the mixes are covered in Division 9 of the Standard Specifications.

Also see the special provision for superpave mixes (03SP501F) and the HMA Mixture Selection Guidelines which are attached.

4C, 3C, 2C—Marshall mixes used for shoulders. Covered by Division 5 and Division 9 of the Standard Specifications. Also see the special provision for Marshall mixes (03SP501H) and HMA Mixture Selection Guidelines which are attached.

Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement—Covered by Division 6

21AA—Base layer under HMA pavements. Covered by Sections 302 and 902 of the Standard Specifications.

4G modified—Base layer under concrete pavements. Covered by Sections 303 and 902 of the Standard Specifications. The special provision for open graded drainage course, modified (03SP303A) covers the modifications to the Standard Specifications.

Class II—Subbase layer. Covered by Sections 301 and 902 of the Standard Specifications.

Geotextile Separator—Used between open graded bases and sand subbases. Covered by Section 910 of the Standard Specifications.

Underdrains – Covered by Section 404 and 909 of the Standard Specifications.

State Specific Test Methods
Any test methods specific to Michigan will be listed as MTM-xxx where ‘xxx’ will be a number. The Manual for the Michigan Test Methods (MTM’s) can be found at:

http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdot_MTM_CombinedManual_83501_7.pdf

Also, years ago Michigan developed its own "One Point" tests for determining maximum density for granular and cohesive soils. ("One Point" refers to compacting the density mold at only one moisture content, instead of doing an optimum moisture content curve.) T-99 molds are used for cohesive soils and an inverted cone shaped mold is used for granular soils and unbound base courses. Detailed procedures are outlined in the Density Control Handbook, which can be accessed at:

http://www.michigan.gov/mdot/0,1607,7-151-9622_11044_11367---,00.html

Average Unit Bid Prices
These are prices we use in life-cycle costing:

We divide the State into three zones and obtain average unit prices for each of the zones. Prices with an * are chosen from one of the zones (zone 2); otherwise it is a statewide average price.

Typical Service Life
In Michigan, we use a 20-year design life. Our service life for design 1 above (rural interstate) would be 26 years for both HMA and JPCP. Both would typically receive two cycles of preventive maintenance during that time. For the HMA, it would be a crack seal that averages about year 10 and a Distress Index of 29 and a mill and resurface that averages about year 13 and a Distress Index of 18. For the JPCP, it would be a joint reseal that averages about year 9 and a Distress Index of 6 and a CPR (full-depth repairs, spall repair, etc.) that averages about year 15 and a Distress Index of 18.

The service life for design 2 (rural two-lane) would be 30 years. Again, two cycles of the same preventive maintenance fixes for both pavement types. For HMA, the first cycle would be at an average age of 11 and Distress Index of 27 and the second cycle would be at an average age of 15 and Distress Index of 20. For JPCP, the first cycle would average age 8 and Distress Index of 6 for cycle one and age 16 and Distress Index of 20 for cycle two.

The Distress Index is Michigan’s measure of the pavement condition. The pavement is visually surveyed and distresses are logged. Each distress has a point value assigned to it depending on its severity. The points are accumulated into 0.16 km (0.1 mile) segments that are called the Distress Index. When a pavement reaches a Distress Index of 50, it is considered to have 0 life left and needs to be rehabilitated/reconstructed. The amount and type of distresses can vary significantly for the same Distress Index. For that reason, typical distress values at which preventive maintenance fixes are applied, are not given here.

Michael Eacker
Pavement Design Engineer
eackerm@michigan.gov
517-322-3474
3-1-05

STATE OF NEW YORK
Department of Transportation
50 Wolf Road
Albany, NY 12232

MEMO via e-mail

Newton,

In response to your questionnaire for the Pooled Fund Study, "Effect of Multiple Freeze Cycles & Deep Frost Penetration on Pavement, Phase 2," attached are NYSDOT standard pavement sections from our 2000 Comprehensive Design Manual.

For your information, NYS does not use rigid pavement for highways with less than 10,000,000 ESALs. Also MR (MPa in NYS) is used for HMA pavement only, and our typical allowed maximum is 62 MPa (9,000 psi). For rigid pavement, NYSDOT uses the Modulus of Subgrade Reaction (k-value).

You may obtain copies of NYSDOT’s 2002 Standard Specifications and our Weighted Average Bid Price Book on NYDOT’s website at: www.dot.state.ny.us/pubs/publist.html.

If you need additional information or have questions concerning this information, please feel free to contact me or Wes Yang.

Figure 99. Diagram. Typical portland cement concrete pavement section for New York.

Figure 100. Diagram. Typical hot-mix asphalt pavement section for New York.

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
Department of Transportation
P.O. Box 25201
Raleigh, NC 27611

July 20, 2004

Attached are the pavement designs you requested. Our Standard Specifications and Average Unit Bid Prices are available online at:

http://www.ncdot.gov/doh/preconstruct/ps/

Please let me know if you have any difficulty with this site. This part of NCDOT is reorganizing, and their website address and the content may be changing in the near future. If you need help, please call me at 919-250-4094.

RURAL INTERSTATE (four lanes)
30-year design
30,000,000 ESALs
Frost-susceptible fine grained soil, MR 69,000 kPa (10,000 PSI)
Use S = 3.0, R = 1.5 (Typical values used in North Carolina Western Divisions)

Recommended flexible pavements:

Recommended rigid pavement:

RURAL PRIMARY (two lanes)
30-year design
5,000,000 ESALs
Frost-susceptible fine grained soil, M_R 69,000 kPa (10,000 psi)
Use S = 3.0, R = 1.5 (Typical values used in North Carolina Western Divisions)

Recommended rigid pavement:

STATE OF OHIO
Department of Transportation
P.O. Box 899
Columbus, OH 43216-0899

ODOT on line is found at:
http://www.dot.state.oh.us/default.htm

In general all ODOT standards, specifications and design policies are found at:
http://www.dot.state.oh.us/drrc/

ODOT specifications can be found at:
http://www.dot.state.oh.us/construction/OCA/Specs/2002CMS/Specbook2002/Specbook2002.htm

Supplemental Specifications and approved plan notes can be found at:
http://www.dot.state.oh.us/construction/OCA/Specs/SSandPN2002/default.htm

Warranty Policy can be found at:
http://www.dot.state.oh.us/construction/OCA/Warranty/WarrantyDocs/warpolicy.htm

Warranty Guidelines can be found at:
Final Design—Rural Interstate—Flexible:      290 mm (11.5 inches) Item 880 Asphalt Concrete with Warranty      150 mm (6 inches) Item 304 Aggregate Base   Item 605 Underdrains

Rural Interstate—Rigid (93 AASHTO)
30,000,000 rigid ESAL
Mr = 69,000 kPa (10,000 psi)
R=90%; Overall Deviation = 0.39; Modulus of rupture = 4800 kPa (700 psi); Modulus of Elasticity = 34,500 MPa (5,000,000 psi); J=2.8; k = 38.5 N/cubic cm (142 pci) { Mr (subgrade) = 69,000 kPa (10,000 psi), Mr (subbase) = 207,000 kPa (30,000 psi), subbase = 150 mm (6 in) LOS=1}; Cd=1.0; Initial Serviceability = 4.2; Terminal Serviceability = 2.5

Rural Primary (two lanes) Rigid and Flexible
30-year design
5,000,000 ESALs
Frost susceptible fine grained soil MR 69,000 kPa (10,000 psi)

Standard Specifications
http://www.dot2.state.pa.us/
Follow links for: References, Highway Related Pubs, Publication 408 (on page 4 of the
list).

GPS and SPS test sites (hat represent the performance data included in the LTPP database) were built using ID-2 and ID-3 mixes.

Test Procedures
AASHTO test procedures

Average Unit Bid Prices

In addition to the specifications we will also need the average unit bid prices or the prices you would prefer we use in this study, for each of the bid items noted in your standard or design roadway section.

Typical Service Life for Standard Section
The amount of fatigue cracking, ride value, etc. when treatment is applied varies by district depending upon variables such as funding availability. Applicable sections of typical pavement maintenance timeline from the Publication 242, Pavement Policy Manual are as follows:

New Bituminous, Bituminous Reconstruction and Bituminous Overlay

New Concrete, Concrete Reconstruction and Unbonded Concrete Overlay

Adjacent State Treatments
PennDOT is not aware of any treatments utilized by adjacent States. PA overdesigns for frost heave. Publication 242, PennDOT’s Pavement Policy Manual is available on line at ftp://ftp.dot.state.pa.us/public/pdf/pricelist.pdf. The link is towards the bottom of the third page. See the following section from Publication 242, Pavement Policy Manual for PennDOT design guidelines.

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