Fiber Reinforced Concrete 1991

This bibliography was compiled as a sequel to a previous bibliography which had been incorporated into a report (SHRP-C/WP-90-001) and published by the Strategic Highway Research Program in 1990 as a product of research project SHRP C-205. Included in this bibliography are 321 additional references covering particularly every important aspect of the mechanical properties of high performance fiber reinforced concrete. For the purpose of this bibliography, high performance implies primarily high strength, high early strength, improved durability, or improved toughness as used in the references reviewed. This report provides not only a summary but also the most relevant conclusions of 150 publications, as well as an extensive subject index.

4044
Batson, G. B.
"FATIGUE STRENGTH TOUGHNESS INDICES OF FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE,
in Durability of Concrete; Second International Conference, 1991, Montreal, Canada; Ed. by V. M. Malhotra; American Concrete Institute, Detroit, MI, 1991, Vol. 2, pp 715-728. (ACI SP-126)

This paper presents test data on the flexural fatigue strength and toughness indices of concrete reinforced with three types of metallic and one type of synthetic fiber in volume percentages ranging from 0.1 to 2.0. The beams reinforced with metallic fibers exhibited greater fatigue strength than beams reinforced with synthetic fibers. The fatigue strength increased with fiber volume percentage for each type of fiber. The fatigue strength of the beams varied with the deformed shape of the metallic fibers. The toughness indices of the fiber reinforced beams were computed from the area under the static load deflection curve. The toughness indices for two of the three types of metallic fiber reinforced beams were greater than for the synthetic fiber reinforced beams. The toughness indices increased with fiber volume percentage.

4045
"CONCRETE TOUGHNESS UP,
Materials Engineering (Cleveland), Jan 1991, Vol. 102, No. 1, p 38.

One way to protect steel rebars is to place an overlay on the concrete. Reichhold Chemicals, Inc. Dover, DE, produces both a polyester polymer concrete, and a latex to modify concrete for both overlays and bridge deck repairs. Using Amoco isophthalic acid, Reichhold developed their polyester polymer concrete overlay resin. Reichhold's Tylac 97-314 is a carboxylated styrene butadiene latex emulsion. An innovative cementitious topping, Syacon, was developed by Master Builders Inc., Cleveland, OH, that incorporates GE Plastics' Valox, virgin or recycled plastics. Allied-Signal, Petersburg, VA, offers a high-strength nylon 6 fiber, engineered for secondary reinforcement of concrete. The fibers inhibit plastic settlement (settling and separating of the aggregate), reduce permeability in the concrete, are non-corrosive, non-magnetic and alkaline resistant, and result in a smooth, non-hairy surface.

4046
Dave, N. J.
"FATIGUE PERFORMANCE OF FIBRE-REINFORCED CEMENT COMPOSITE CONCRETE BEAMS,
in Durability of Concrete; Second International Conference, 1991, Montreal, Canada; Ed. by V. M. Malhotra; American Concrete Institute, Detroit, MI, 1991, Vol. 2, pp 697-713. (ACI SP-126)

After a brief review of the concept of fibre-reinforced cement (FRC), composite concrete construction, the paper describes and details the test programme. The behaviour of the beams is examined as regards ultimate load, deflection and cracking - the criteria of safety and serviceability. The performance under fatigue loading of beams with surface reinforcement is compared with that of companion beams: (1) without surface reinforcement, but subjected to similar fatigue loading; (2) with surface reinforcement, but tested under short-term static loading. It is concluded that the use of FRC as surface reinforcement is effective in controlling deflection and cracking, well within the permissible limits, without affecting ultimate load carrying capacity, for the beams subjected to fatigue loading.

4047
Ezeldin, A. S. and Lowe, S. R.
"MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL FIBER REINFORCED RAPID-SET MATERIALS,
ACI Materials Journal, Jul-Aug 1991, Vol. 88, No. 4, pp 384-389.

This paper presents an experimental program designed to study the mechanical properties of rapid-set materials reinforced with steel fibers. The primary variables of this study are: (a) rapid-set cementing materials; (b) fiber type; and (c) fiber content. Three commercially available rapid-set materials were investigated. Four fiber types made of low-carbon steel were incorporated in this study. Two were hooked at the ends, one was crimped at the ends, and one was crimped throughout the length. Steel fibers were added in the quantities of 50, 75, and 100 lb/cu yd. The findings show that steel fibers can be successfully mixed with rapid set materials up to a quantity of 75 lb/cu yd. The mechanical properties enhancement depends on the fiber shape, aspect ratio, and content.

4048
Johnston, C. D. and Zemp, R. W.
"FLEXURAL FATIGUE PERFORMANCE OF STEEL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE - INFLUENCE OF FIBER CONTENT, ASPECT RATIO, AND TYPE,
ACI Materials Journal, Jul-Aug 1991, Vol. 88, No. 4, pp 374-383.

The performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete under flexural fatigue loading was examined in terms of fiber content (0.5 to 1.5 percent by volume), fiber aspect ratio (47 to 100), and fiber type (4 types). Data from 194 fatigue tests and 135 complementary static loading tests are presented both as S-N relationships, with the maximum stress expressed as a percentage of the strength under static loading, and as relationships between actual stress and number of loading cycles. The relationships between actual stress and number of cycles depend primarily on fiber content. The best performance, a 100,000 cycle endurance limit of 6.9 MPa, is obtained with 1.5 % by volume of 75 aspect ratio cold-drawn wire fibers in a concrete with a w/(c plus f) of 0.49. For 0.5 % of the same fibers, the 100,000 cycle limit is only 5.2 MPa despite a lower w/(c plus f) of 0.39.

4049
Kawamura, M. and Igarashi, S.
"SIGNIFICANCE OF MICROSTRUCTURE OF THE GLASS FIBER-CEMENT PASTE INTERFACIAL ZONE IN LONG-TERM DURABILITY OF GFRC COMPOSITES,
in Durability of Concrete; Second International Conference, 1991, Montreal, Canada; Ed. by V. M. Malhotra; American Concrete Institute, Detroit, MI, 1991, Vol. 2, pp 799-819. (ACI SP-126)

The long-term durability of glass fiber reinforced (GFR) mortars and concretes manufactured by the pre-mixing method was investigated. Microhardness measurements and the quantitative back scattered electron image (BSE) analysis were made in the regions around glass fiber strands embedded in the cement paste. Changes of flexural strength and toughness in the GFR mortars with age were discussed being related to the features of microstructure in the interfacial regions. The toughness of the GFR mortars decreased with age in response to the increase in microhardness at the immediate vicinity of strands and around 70-100 micrometers from the interface. The solidification in the regions around 70-100 micrometers from interface as well as the formation of the hydration products in the spaces among the glass filaments appear to relate to reduction in toughness in GFRC composites.

4050
Khajuria, A., Bohra, K., and Balaguru, P.
"LONG-TERM DURABILITY OF SYNTHETIC FIBERS IN CONCRETE,
in Durability of Concrete; Second International Conference, 1991, Montreal, Canada; Ed. by V. M. Malhotra; American Concrete Institute, Detroit, MI, 1991, Vol. 2, pp 851-868. (ACI SP-126)

Durability of fibers in concrete is a concern for nonmetallic fibers. This paper presents the results of durability studies conducted for synthetic fibers made of nylon 6, polypropylene and polyester. Long-term durability was estimated using an accelerated aging process. In this process, the specimens were stored in lime saturated water maintained at 50 degrees centigrade. The integrity and the effectiveness of the fibers were studied using flexural toughness of 100 x 100 x 360-mm prisms tested under four point loading. Results indicate that, at a fiber loading of 4.75 kg/m cubed, all three fibers provide postcrack resistance. Nylon 6 and polypropylene fibers are durable in alkaline environment present in concrete. This is demonstrated by the effectiveness of fibers measured in terms of flexural toughness values and the general load-deflection response. Specimens with polyester fibers had some loss of ductility when subjected to accelerated aging.

4051
Kwak, K., Suh, J., and Hsu, C-T. T.
"SHEAR-FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF STEEL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS,
ACI Structural Journal, Mar-Apr 1991, Vol. 88, No. 2, pp 155-160.

Recently, the use of steel fibers has been increased in flexural members and columns of such concrete structures subjected to cyclic loadings as bridge decks, highway roads, runways of airport, and buildings. However, few experimental tests have been carried out under fatigue loading. In the present study, reinforced concrete beams with fiber volume fractions of 1 and 2 percent, with and without stirrups were investigated. In fatigue tests, it was found that the failure of the beam is usually due to breaking of fibers rather than fiber pullout. A comparison of the experiments and numerical analysis using a nonlinear finite element method program (ADINA) is presented.

4052
Majumdar, A. J. and Walton, P. L.
"DURABILITY OF FIBRE CEMENT COMPOSITES,
in Durability of Concrete; Second International Conference, 1991, Montreal, Canada; Ed. by V. M. Malhotra; American Concrete Institute, Detroit, MI, 1991, Vol. 2, pp 745-771. (ACI SP-126)

Fibre cement composites developed commercially as replacements for asbestos cement have been under investigation at the Building Research Establishment for a number of years. These include composites containing fibres of glass, polyvinyl alcohol and cellulose. The suitability of other fibres including some natural vegetable fibres for cement reinforcement has also been examined in the past. A summary of the results obtained in some of these studies is presented.

4053
Morgan, D. R.
"FREEZE THAW DURABILITY OF STEEL AND POLYPROPYLENE REINFORCED SHOTCRETES: A REVIEW,
in Durability of Concrete; Second International Conference, 1991, Montreal, Canada; Ed. by V. M. Malhotra; American Concrete Institute, Detroit, MI, 1991, Vol. 2, pp 901-918. (ACI SP-126)

This paper summarizes the results of several laboratory studies in which both wet and dry-mix fiber reinforced shotcretes have been tested according to ASTM C666 Procedure A (Freezing and Thawing in Water). It is shown that both steel and high volume polypropylene fiber reinforced wet-mix shotcretes can be made to be freeze-thaw durable, provided the shotcrete is properly air entrained. Non-air entrained fiber reinforced wet-mix shotcrete deteriorates very rapidly in the ASTM C666 Procedure A test. In the dry-mix shotcrete process it does not appear possible to effectively use air entraining admixtures; in spite of this, it is shown that properly designed and applied steel fiber reinforced dry-mix shotcrete can be made to be freeze-thaw durable. The important criteria for making such steel fiber reinforced dry-mix shotcretes freeze-thaw durable are discussed. It is currently not possible to practically produce high volume polypropylene fiber reinforced shotcrete using the dry-mix process, therefore the inherent freeze-thaw durability of such a system is not known.

4054
Parker, F., Jr and Shoemaker, W. L.
"PCC PAVEMENT PATCHING MATERIALS AND PROCEDURES,
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Feb 1991, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp 29-47.

Research is reported which identifies patch materials and construction techniques that would produce patches when constructed and cured in one working day. The study also constructed a series of patches under a variety of conditions and monitored their performance. Recommendations for portland cement concrete pavement patch construction are also presented. The details of the study are described and the results are discussed. It was found that patch material can be produced using Type III cement and a 'nonchloride' accelerator that will develop strength rapidly enough to allow patch construction and reopening to traffic in one working day. Studies were conducted with a rapid setting fibrous PCC mixture, and a rapid setting PCC mixture. The steel fibrous concrete patches performed the best.

4055
Shah, S. P.
"DO FIBERS INCREASE THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF CEMENT-BASED MATRIXES?" ACI Materials Journal, Nov-Dec 1991, Vol. 88, No. 6, pp 595-602.

Many of the current applications of fiber reinforced concrete involve the use of fibers ranging around 1 % by volume of concrete. It is usually assumed that fibers do not influence the tensile strength of the matrix, and that only after the matrix has cracked do the fibers contribute by bridging the cracks. Recently, it has been possible to incorporate relatively large volumes (ranging up to 15%) of steel, glass, and synthetic fibers in concrete. With such a large volume of fibers in concrete, some evidence presented in this paper indicates that the fibers may substantially increase the tensile strength of matrixes. If this is true, then it is important to define conditions under which such beneficial interactions can occur.

4056
Soroushian, P., Aouadi, F., and Nagi, M.
"LATEX-MODIFIED CARBON FIBER REINFORCED MORTAR,
ACI Materials Journal, Jan-Feb 1991, Vol. 88, No. 1, pp 11-18.

Effects of latex modification on performance characteristics of carbon fiber reinforced mortars incorporating silica fume were investigated. Two styrene butadiene latexes were considered in this investigation. Latex modification was observed to enhance the bonding of cementitious matrixes to carbon fibers. Latex-modified fibrous cement composites, when compared with the unmodified ones, also had reduced water absorption and drying shrinkage movements, and increased flexural toughness. The desirable flexural strength and impact resistance of carbon fiber reinforced mortar were not much influenced by latex modification, and the presence of latex led to some reductions in the compressive strength of the composite material. Latex modification of carbon fiber reinforced mortar led to higher frost resistance and significantly improved resistance to acid attack.

4057
Soroushian, P. and Bayasi, Z.
"FIBER-TYPE EFFECTS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF STEEL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE,
ACI Materials Journal, Mar-Apr 1991, Vol. 88, No. 2, pp 129-134.

The paper reports the results of an experimental study on the relative effectiveness of different types of steel fiber in concrete. A constant fiber volume fraction of 2 % was used throughout this investigation. The fresh fibrous mixes were characterized by their slump, inverted slump-cone time, and subjective workability, and the hardened materials by their compressive and flexural load-deformation relationships. The overall workability of fresh fibrous mixes was found to be largely independent of the fiber type, with crimped fibers producing only slightly higher slumps. Hooked fibers were found to be more effective than straight and crimped ones in enhancing the flexural and compressive behavior of concrete. Under flexural loads, crimped fibers were slightly less effective than straight ones in improving the strength and energy absorption of concrete.

4058
Soroushian, P. and Tlili, A.
"LATEX MODIFICATION EFFECTS ON THE IMPACT RESISTANCE AND TOUGHNESS OF PLAIN AND STEEL-FIBER-REINFORCED CONCRETES,
Transportation Research Record, 1991, No. 1301, pp 6-11.

The effects of latex modification and steel fiber reinforcement on the impact resistance and flexural strength and toughness of concrete materials were investigated. Two levels of latex content and two different fiber volume fractions were considered. Latex modification was particularly effective in increasing the impact resistance of plain concrete. Flexural strength was also increased in the presence of latex, but the flexural toughness of plain concrete did not receive major benefits from latex modification. Steel fibers were effective in increasing the impact resistance and flexural strength and toughness of concrete. The advantages associated with the joint use of steel fibers and latex polymers in concrete materials are assessed. Specifically, the effects of steel fiber reinforcement and latex modification on the impact resistance, flexural strength, and toughness characteristics of concrete materials are addressed. The hypothesis is that the improved adhesion capacity and ductility of concrete matrices incorporating latex polymers make them more compatible with steel fibers. The combined action of steel fibers and latex polymers produces the best performance characteristics. In the case of impact resistance and flexural toughness, the joint effects of latex and steel fibers are more than additive, indicating a positive interaction between the two. Latex modification seems to make concrete matrices more compatible with steel fibers. The increase in fiber-to-matrix bond in the presence of latex also seems to enhance the reinforcement properties of steel fibers in concrete.

4059
Sustersic, J., Mali, E., and Urbancic, S.
"EROSION-ABRASION RESISTANCE OF STEEL FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE,
in Durability of Concrete; Second International Conference, 1991, Montreal, Canada; Ed. by V. M. Malhotra; American Concrete Institute, Detroit, MI, 1991, Vol. 2, pp 729-743. (ACI SP-126)

The results of investigation into the erosion-abrasion resistance according to CRD-C 63-80 test method and abrasion resistance according to Bohme test method of steel fibre reinforced concrete specimens are discussed in the paper. Nine mix proportions were used. The w/c ratios were varied from 0.30 to 0.65. The volumetric percentage of hooked steel fibres were varied from 0.25 to 2.0 vol. percent at the w/c of 0.30 and at the others the quantity of fibres was constant. In addition, mixes without fibres were made at each w/c. Results show that adding steel fibres into the concrete improves the resistances as measured by both test methods. The erosion-abrasion resistance is improved by an increase of compressive strength and by an increase in fibre content. It can be correlated to improvements of abrasion resistance from the Bohme test method but only at constant w/c and different content of fibres.