U.S. Department of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration
1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE
Washington, DC 20590
202-366-4000
Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology
Coordinating, Developing, and Delivering Highway Transportation Innovations
This report is an archived publication and may contain dated technical, contact, and link information |
|
Publication Number: FHWA-RD-97-135
Date: January 1998 |
Older Driver Highway Design HandbookREFERENCESA | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Abdulsattar, H., Tarawneh, M., and McCoy, P. (1996). "Effect of 'Turning Traffic Must Yield to Pedestrians' Sign on Vehicle-Pedestrian Conflicts." Paper No. 960575, Submitted for Presentation at the 75th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. back to top
Ackerma.L. (198n, P7). "Individual Differences in Skill Learning: An Integration of Psychometric and Information Processing Perspectives." Psychological Bulletin, 102, pp. 3-27. back to top Adams, A., Wong, L., Wong, L., and Gould, B. (1988). "Visual Acuity Changes With Age: Some New Perspectives." American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 65, pp. 403-406. back to top Adrian, W.K. (1963). "Uber die Sichbarkeit von Stassenverkehrs - Signalen (On the Visibility of Traffic Signals)." Lichttechnik, 15(3). back to top Agent, K.R. (1979). Delineation of Stop-Sign Approaches. Kentucky Department of Transportation. Bureau of Highways, Division of Research, Report No. RR-527. back to top Agent, K.R. (1987). "Guidelines for the Use of Protected/Permissive Left-Turn Phasing." Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal July, pp. 37-42. back to top Agent, K.R. (1988). "Traffic Control Accidents at Rural High-Speed Intersections." Transportation Research Record, 1160. back to top Agent, K.R. and Deen, R.C. (1975). "Relationship Between Roadway Geometrics and Accidents." Transportation Research Record, 541. back to top Alexander, G.J. (1989). "Search and Perception-Reaction Time at Intersections and Railroad Grade Crossings." Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal, 59(11). back to top Alexander, G.J. and Lunenfeld, H. (1986). Driver Expectancy in Highway Design and Traffic Operations. Publication No. FHWA-TO-86-1, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Allen, R.W., O'Hanlon, J.F., and McRuer, D.T. (1977). Driver's Visibility Requirements for Roadway Delineation, Vol I: Effects of Contrast and Configuration on Driver Performance and Behavior. Publication No. FHWA-RD-77-165, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Allen, T.M. and Straub, A.L. (1955). "Sign Brightness and Legibility." Highway Research Board Bulletin,127, pp. 1-14 back to top American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. (1984). An Informational Guide for Roadway Lighting. Washington, DC. back to top American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. (1984). A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets. Washington, DC. back to top American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. (1990). A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets. Washington, DC. back to top American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. (1994). A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets. Washington, DC. back to top American Automobile Association Foundation for Traffic Safety. (1995). Safety Effects Resulting From Approval of The National Highway System. Bellomo-McGee, Inc., Vienna, VA. back to top Anders, T.R., Fozard, J.L., and Lillyquist, T.D. (1972). "The Effects of Age upon Retrieval from Short-Term Memory." Developmental Psychology, 6. back to top Avolio, B.J., Kroeck, K.G. and Panek, P.E. (1985). "Individual Differences in Information Processing Ability as a Predictor of Motor Vehicle Accidents." Human Factors, 27, pp. 577-587. back to top Bailey, I. and Sheedy, J. (1988). "Vision Screening for Driver Licensure." Transportation in an Aging Society, TRB Special Report 218, 2, pp. 294-324. back to top Bailey, S.S., Jones, S.A., Stout, R.J., Bailey, J.H., Kass, S., and Morgan, B.B. (1992). "Issues of Elderly Pedestrians." Transportation Research Record, 1375. back to top Bali, S., Potts, R., Fee, J.A., Taylor, J.I., and Glennon, J. (1978). Cost-Effectiveness and Safety of Alternative Roadway Delineation Treatments for Rural Two-Lane Highways. Final Report, Vol II. Publication No. FHWA-RD-78-51, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Ball, K., Owsley, C., Sloane, M., Roenker, D., and Bruni, J. (1994). "Visual Attention Problems as a Predictor of Vehicle Crashes among Older Drivers." Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 34. back to top Bates, L. (1974). The Effect of Arrowboard Trucks on Merging Traffic. Illinois Department of Transportation. back to top Bell, B., Wolfe, E., and Bernholtz, C.D. (1972). "Depth Perception as a Function of Age." Human Development, 3, pp. 77-88. back to top Benekohal, R.F., Resende, P., Shim, E., Michaels, R.M., and Weeks, B. (1992). Highway Operations Problems of Elderly Drivers in Illinois. Publication No. FHWA-IL-023, Illinois Department of Transportation, Springfield, IL. back to top Bergen, W.G. (1970). Criteria for the Design and Development of Advanced Graphic Guide Signs. Serendipity, Inc. back to top Bhise, V. and Rockwell, T. (1973). "Toward the Development of a Methodology for Evaluating Highway Signs Based on Driver Information Acquisition." Highway Research Record, 440. back to top Blaauw, G.J. (1985). "Vehicle Guidance by Delineation Systems at Night." Ergonomics, 28(12), pp. 1601-1615. back to top Blackwell, O.M. (1970). Visual Performance, Effects of Age. JERI Annual Report. back to top Blackwell, O.M. and Blackwell, H.R. (1971). "Visual Performance Data for 156 Normal Observers of Various Ages." Journal of Illuminating Engineering Society, October. back to top Blackwell, O.M. and Blackwell, H.R. (1980). "Individual Responses to Lighting Parameters for a Population of 235 Observers of Varying Ages." Journal of Illuminating Engineering Society, July. back to top Blackwell, H.R. and Taylor, J.H. (1969). Survey of Laboratory Studies of Visual Detection. NATO Seminar on Detection, Recognition, and Identification of Line-of-Sight Targets. The Hague, Netherlands. back to top Blomberg, R. and Edwards, J. (1990). Development of Safety Information Materials and Media Plans for Elderly Pedestrians. Task 2 Report. Publication No. DTNH22-89-C-07397, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Boisson, H. and Pages, R. (1964). Determination du Seuil de Perception des Signaux Routiers. (Determination of the Visual Perception of Roadway Signals). Commission Internationale De L'Éclairage Proceedings 15th Session, CIE Publication No. 11D. back to top Bonneson, J.A. and McCoy, P.T. (1994) "Driver Understanding of Protected and Permitted Left-Turn Signal Displays." Transportation Research Record, 1464. back to top Bonneson, J.A., McCoy, P.T., and Truby, J.E. (1993). "Safety Improvements at Intersections on Rural Expressways: A Survey of State Departments of Transportation." Transportation Research Record, 1385. back to top Botwinick, J. (1965). "Theories of Antecedent Conditions of Speed of Response". In: A.T. Welford and J.E. Birren (Eds.), Behavior, Aging, and the Nervous System. Springfield, IL. back to top Box, P.C. (1989). "Major Road Accident Reduction by Illumination." Transportation Research Record, 1247. back to top Boynton, R.M. (1967). Visibility Losses Caused by Sudden Luminance Changes. Comte Rendu, 16th Session of the Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage, A, pp. 171-182. back to top Boynton, R.M., Corwin, T.R., and Sternheim, C. (1970). "Visibility Losses Produced by Flash Adaptation." Illuminating Engineering, 65, pp. 259-266. back to top Boynton, R.M. and Miller, N.R. (1963). "Visual Performance Under Conditions of Transient Adaptation." Illumination Engineering, 58, pp. 541-550. back to top Boynton, R.M., Rinalducci, E.J., and Sternheim, C. (1969). "Visibility Losses Produced by Transient Adaptation Changes in the Range of 0.4 to 4,000 Foot-Lamberts." lluminating Engineering, 64, pp. 217-227. back to top Bracket, R., Stuart, M., Woods, D., and Ross, H. (1984). Delineation of Temporary Barriers in Work Zones. Texas Transportation Institute, Publication No. 4151-1. back to top Brackett, Q., Huchingson, R.D., Trout, N.D., and Womack, K. (1992). "Study of Urban Guide Sign Deficiencies." Transportation Research Record, 1368. back to top Brainin, P.A. (1980). Safety and Mobility Issues in Licensing and Education of Older Drivers. Publication No. DOT-HS-805-492, U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Brainin, P.A., Bloom, R., Breedlove, R., and Edwards, J. (1977). Older Driver Licensing and Improvement System (Final Report). Publication No. DOT-HS-7-01502, Dunlap and Associates, Inc., Prepared under contract to U.S. Department of Transportation back to top Brouwer, W.H., Ickenroth, J.G., Ponds, R.W., and van Wolffelaar, P.C. (1990). "Divided Attention in Old Age." In: Wiley and Sons (Eds.), European Perspectives in Psychology. Volume 2. New York, NY. back to top Brouwer, W.H., Waterink, W., van Wolffelaar, P.C., and Rothengatter, T. (1991). "Divided Attention in Experienced Young and Old Drivers: Lane Tracking and Visual Analysis in a Dynamic Driving Simulator." Human Factors, 33(5), pp. 573-582. back to top Bryden, J.E. (1979). Effectiveness of Flashing Arrow Boards During Moving Maintenance Operations. Publication No. FHWA-NY-RR-79-73, New York Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Bryden, J.E. (1990). "Crash Tests of Work Zone Traffic Control Devices." Transportation Research Record, 1254. back to top Burnham, A.C., Jr. (1992). "Chapter 8: Traffic Signs and Markings." In: Pline, J.L. (Eds). Traffic Engineering Handbook, Fourth Edition. Institute of Transportation Engineers. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. back to top Bush, R.J. (1986). Statewide Pedestrian Study Phase 3 Report - Correlation and Evaluation of Pedestrian Accident Data. Publication No. FHWA-MD-86-01, Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore, MD. back to top Byrd, M. (1984). "Age Differences in the Retrieval Information from Semantic Memory." Experimental Aging Research, (10). back to top California Department of Public Works. (1967). Evaluation of Minor Improvements: Flashing Beacons, Safety Lighting, Left Turn Channelization. back to top Campbell, B.E. and Middlebrooks, P.B. (1988). Wrong-Way Movements on Partial Cloverleaf Ramps. Georgia Department of Transportation Research Project No. 8203 in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Campbell, K.L. (1993). "Recent Research in Developing Accident Typologies." Proceedings of Human Factors Research in Highway Safety, Transportation Research Record, Circular 414. back to top Campbell, K.L., Wolfe, A.C., Blower, D.F., Waller, P.F., Massie, D.L., and Ridella, S. (1990). Accident Data Analysis in Support of Collision Avoidance Technologies. Final Report. Publication No. UMTRI-90-31, HS-041-104, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. back to top Carstens, R.L. and Woo, R.Y. (1982). Warrants for Rumble Strips on Rural Highways. Iowa Highway Research Board, Publication No. HR-235. back to top Carvell, J., Turner, J., and Dudek, C. (1978). Human Factors Requirements for Real-time Motorist Information Displays, Vol 15: Freeway Incident Management Studies. Texas Transportation Institute, Publication No. FHWA-RD-78-19. back to top Case, H.W., Hulbert, S., and Beers, J. (1970). Driving Ability as Affected by Age. Final Report, 70-17, Institute of Transportation and Traffic Engineering, Los Angeles, CA. back to top Cerella, J., Poon, L., and Fozard, J. (1982). "Age and Iconic Read-Out." Journal of Gerontology, 36. back to top Choueiri, E. M. and Lamm, R. (1987). Rural Roads Speed Inconsistencies Design Methods: Part I, Operating Speeds and Accident Rates on Two-Lane Rural Highway Curved Sections. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, NY. back to top Christian, M., Barnack, J., and Karoly, A. (1981). Evaluation of Limited Sight Distance Warning Signs. Traffic and Safety Division, New York State Department of Transportation. back to top Chu, X. (1994). The Effects of Age on the Driving Habits of the Elderly: Evidence From the 1990 NPTS. National Urban Transit Institute, University of South Florida. Publication No. NUTI93USF3.2. Supported by a grant from the U.S. Department of Transportation, University Research Institute Program. back to top Cirillo, J.A. (1968). "Interstate System Accident Research Study II, Interim Report II." Public Roads, 35(3). back to top Cirillo, J.A. (1970). "The Relationship of Accidents to Length of Speed-Change Lanes and Weaving Area on Interstate Highway." Highway Research Record, 312. back to top Cirillo, J.A. and Council, F.M. (1986). "Highway Safety: Twenty Years Later." Transportation Research Circular, 1068, pp. 90-95. back to top Clark, R.D., Lord, S.R., and Webster, I.W. (1993). "Clinical Parameters Associated with Falls in an Elderly Population." Gerontology, Mar-Apr 39(2), pp. 117-123. back to top Cole, B.L. (1966). "Distribution of Intensity for Road Traffic Signal Lights." Journal of the Australian Road Research Board, 2(10). back to top Cole, B.L. and Brown, B. (1966). "Optimum Intensity of Red Road-Traffic Signal Lighting for Normal and Protanopic Observers." Journal of the Optical Society of America, 56(4). back to top Cole, B.L. and Brown, B. (1968). "Specification of Road Traffic Signal Light Intensity." Human Factors, 10(3), pp. 245-254. back to top Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage. (1980). Light Signals for Road Traffic Control. Publication No. 48. back to top Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage. (1988). A Guide for the Design of Road Traffic Lights. Publication No. 79, 1st Edition. back to top Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage. (1990). Road Lighting as an Accident Countermeasure. CIE Technical Committee TC 4-02 of Division 4: Lighting and Signalling for Transport. back to top Compton, R.P. and Milton, E.V. (1994). Safety Impact of Permitting Right-Turn-On-Red. A Report to Congress by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Report No. DOT- HS-808. back to top Cooper, P.J. (1990). "Elderly Drivers' Views of Self and Driving in Relation to the Evidence of Accident Data." Journal of Safety Research, 21. back to top Copelan, J.E. (1989). Prevention of Wrong-Way Accidents on Freeways. Publication No. FHWA-CA-TE-89-2, California Department of Transportation, Division of Traffic Operations. back to top Cornwell, M. (1987). "The Assessment of People with Arthritis Who Wish To Drive A Car." Institute for Disability Studies, 9, pp. 174-177. back to top Cottrell, B.H., Jr. (1981). "Use of Chevron Patterns on Traffic Control Devices in Work Zones." Transportation Research Record, 833. back to top Cottrell, B.H., Jr. (1985). Guidelines for Protected/Permissive Left-Turn Signal Phasing. Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council, Virginia Department of Transportation, Charlottesville, VA. back to top Cottrell, B.H., Jr. and Allen, G.R. (1982). Guidelines for Exclusive/Permissive Left-Turn Signal Phasing. VHTRC with U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Charlottesville, VA. back to top Council, F.M. and Zegeer, C.V. (1992). Accident Analysis of Older Drivers and Pedestrians at Intersections-Task B Working Paper. Publication No. DTFH61-91-C-00033, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Cribbins, P.D. and Walton, C.M. (1970). "Traffic Signals and Overhead Flashers at Rural Intersections, Their Effectiveness in Reducing Accidents." Highway Research Record, 325. back to top Crowley, K.W. and Seguin, E.L. (1986). Wrong Way Traffic Control at Intersections. Publication No. FHWA-RD-86-116, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Curtis, O., Opiela, K., and Guell, D. (1988). Signal Displays for Left-Turn Control. Publication No. DTFH61-85-C-00164, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Dahlstedt, S. (undated). Walking Speeds and Walking Habits of Elderly People. National Swedish Road and Traffic Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. back to top Darzentas, J., McDowell, M.R., and Cooper, D.F. (1980). "Minimum Acceptable Gaps and Conflict Involvement in a Simple Crossing Maneuver." Traffic Engineering and Control, 21(2), pp. 58-61. back to top David, N.A. and Norman, J.R. (1979). Motor Vehicle Accidents in Relation to Geometric and Traffic Features of Highway Intersections: Volume II-Research Report. Publication No. FHWA-RD-76-129, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Davis, T.D. (1983). Construction Zone Safety and Delineation Study. Publication No. FHWA-NJ-83-005, New Jersey Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Deacon, J.A. (1988). "Potential Improvements in Roadway Delineation for Older Drivers." TRB Special Report 218, In: Transportation in an Aging Society. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. back to top Decina, L.E. and Staplin, L. (1993). "Retrospective Evaluation of Alternative Vision Screening Criteria For Older and Younger Drivers." Accident Analysis and Prevention, 25(3), pp.267-275. back to top Dewar, R. (1992). "Driver and Pedestrian Characteristics." In: James L. Pline (Ed.), Traffic Engineering Handbook. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. back to top Dewar, R., Ells, J., and Cooper, P. (1977). "Evaluation of Roadway Guide Signs at a Large Airport." Transportation Engineering, 47(6). back to top Donaldson, G.A. (1986). "Safety of Large Trucks and the Geometric Design of Two-Lane, Two-Way Roads." Transportation Research Record, 1052. back to top Dudek, C.L. (1991). Guidelines on the Use of Changeable Message Signs. Publication No.FHWA-TS90-043, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Dudek, C.L. and Huchingson, R.D. (1986). Manual on Real Time Motorist Information Displays. Publication No. FHWA-IP-86-16, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Dudek, C.L., Huchingson, R.D., Creasey, F., and Pendleton, O. (1988). "Field Studies of Temporary Pavement Markings at Overlay Project Zones on Two-Lane, Two-Way Rural Highways." Transportation Research Record, 1160. back to top Dudek, C.L., Huchingson, R.D., Williams, R.D., and Koppa, R.J. (1981). Human Factors Design of Dynamic Visual and Auditory Displays for Metropolitan Traffic Management, Vol 2: Dynamic Displays. Publication No. FHWA-RD-81-040, Texas Transportation Institute. back to top Dudek, C.L., Huchingson, R.D., and Woods, D. (1986). "Evaluation of Temporary Marking Patterns for Work Zones." Transportation Research Record, 1086, pp. 12-20. back to top Dudek, C.L., Richards, S.H., and Faulkner, M.J.S. (1981). Feasibility of Changeable Message Signs and Highway Advisory Radio for Freeway Maintenance. Research Report 228-9-263-2, Research performed by Texas Transportation Institute, Research sponsored by Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration. back to top Earnhart, G. and Simon, L. (1987). Accessibility for Elderly and Handicapped Pedestrians—A Manual for Cities. Publication No. 88-113170/AS. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Eckhardt, P.K. and Flanagan, J.C. (1956). "Role of Roadway Elements in Pennsylvania Turnpike Accidents." Highway Research Board Bulletin. back to top Eisdorfer, C. (1975). "Verbal Learning and Response Time in the Aged." Journal of Genetic Psychology, 109, pp. 15-22. back to top Eldritch, M. (1989). "Bad Turns." Traffic Safety, 89(6), pp. 8-11. back to top Eriksen, C.W., Hamlin, R.M., and Daye, C. (1973). "Aging Adults and Rate of Memory Scan." Bulletin of the Psychonomics Society, (1). back to top Fambro, D.B. and Woods, D.L. (1981). "Safety Benefits of Left-Turn Signal Phasing Alternatives." Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal. back to top Fancher, P.S. (1986). "Sight Distance Problems Related to Large Trucks." Transportation Research Record, 1052. back to top Farber, E. (1982). "Driver Eye-Height Trends and Sight Distance on Vertical Curves." Transportation Research Record, 855. back to top Faulkner, M.J. and Dudek, C.L. (1981). Field Evaluation of Flashing Arrowboards at Freeway Work Zones. Report No. 288-5, Texas Transportation Institute. back to top Federal Highway Administration. (1979). Standard Highway Signs as Specified in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. Washington, DC. back to top Federal Highway Administration. (1983). Roadway Lighting Handbook. Washington, DC. back to top Federal Highway Administration. (1988). Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways. Washington, DC. back to top Federal Highway Administration. (1993). Part VI of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways: Standards and Guides for Traffic Controls for Street and Highway Construction, Maintenance, Utility, and Incident Management Operations. Washington, DC. back to top Firestine, M., Hughes, W., and Natelson, N. (1989). Operating Larger Trucks on Roads with Restrictive Geometry: Summary Report. Publication No. FHWA-IP-89-025, NCP 3A9d-0063, Washington, DC. back to top Fisher, A. (1969). A Photometric Specification for Vehicular Traffic Signal Lanterns, Part 1: Luminous Intensity Necessary for the Detection of Signals on the Line of Sight. Research Project 207, New South Wales, Department of Motor Transport. back to top Fisher, A. (1969). A Photometric Specification for Vehicular Traffic Signal Lanterns, Part 2: Luminous Intensity Necessary for the Detection of Signals Eccentric to the Line of Sight. Research Project 207, New South Wales, Department of Motor Transport. back to top Fisher, A. and Christie, A. (1965). "A Note On Disability Glare." Vision Research, 5, pp. 565-571. back to top Fisher, A. and Cole, B. (1974). "The Photometric Requirements of Vehicular Traffic Signal Lanterns." Paper No. A46, Australian Road Research Board Proceedings, 7(5), pp. 246-265. back to top Fisher, R.L. (1961). "Accident and Operation Experience at Interchanges." Highway Research Board Bulletin, 291. back to top Fisk, A.D., McGee, N.D., and Giambra, L.M. (1988). "The Influences of Age on Consistent and Varied Semantic-Category Search Performance." Psychology and Aging, 3, pp. 323-333. back to top Flener, B.R. (1972). "A Study of Traffic Operations and Safety At Exit Gore Areas: Findings and Applications." American Association of State Highway Officials Proceedings. back to top Florida Section of Institute of Transportation Engineers. (1982). "Left-Turn Phase Design in Florida." Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal, 52(9), pp. 28-35. back to top Forbes, T.W. and Holmes, R.S. (1939). "Legibility Distances of Highway Destination Signs in Relation to Letter Height, Width, and Reflectorization." Highway Research Board, 19, pp. 321-326. back to top Forbes, T.W., Moskowitz, K., and Morgan, G. (1950). "A Comparison of Lower Case and Capital Letters for Highway Signs." Highway Research Board Proceedings, 30, pp. 355-373. back to top Foxen, G. (1986). "The Signing and Marking of Trap Lanes." Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal, 56(6), pp. 48-49. back to top Fredericksen, E. and Rotne, N. (1978). Calculation of Visibility in Road Lighting. Report 17 of the Danish Illuminating Engineering Laboratory. back to top Freedman, M., Davit, P.S., Staplin, L., and Breton, M. (1985). Traffic Signal Brightness: An Examination of Nighttime Dimming. Publication No. FHWA-RD-85-005, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Freedman, M., Janoff, M.S., Koth, B.W., and McCunney, W. (1975). Fixed Illumination for Pedestrian Protection. Publication No. FHWA-RD-76-8, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Freedman, M., Staplin, L., Decina, L., and Farber, E. (1984). Limited Sight Distance Warning for Vertical Curves- Volume II, Final Technical Report. Publication No. DTFH61-82-C-00062, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Freedman, M.L., Staplin, L., Gilfillan, D., and Brynes, A.M. (1988). Noticeability Requirements for Delineation on Non-Illuminated Highways. Publication No. FHWA-RD-88-028, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Friebele, J.D., Messer, C.J., and Dudek, C.L. (1971). State-of-the-Art of Wrong-Way Driving on Freeways and Expressways. Report No. 139-7, Texas Transportation Institute, U.S. Department of Transportation. back to top Fukutome, I. and Moskowitz, K. (1963). "Traffic Behavior and Off-Ramp Design." Highway Research Record, 21. back to top Gabriel, J.D. (1974). "Wrong-Way Driving on California Freeways." Traffic Quarterly. pp. 227-240. back to top Garber, N.J. and Srinivasan, R. (1991) "Characteristics of Accidents Involving Elderly Drivers at Intersections." Transportation Research Record, 1325. back to top Garber, N.J. and Srinivasan, R. (1991). "Risk Assessment of Elderly Drivers at Intersections: Statistical Modeling." Transportation Research Record, 1325. back to top Garber, N.J. and Woo, T.H. (1990). Accident Characteristics at Construction and Maintenance Zones in Urban Areas. Report No. VTRC90-R12, Virginia Transportation Research Council, Charlottesville, VA. back to top Gattis, J.L. (1996). Cross Traffic Signing for Stop Signs. Paper No. 960073, Transportation Research Board 75th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC. back to top George, L.E. (1987). "Oregon's Sign Refinishing Project." Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal, pp. 45-46. back to top Gish, K. (1995). Condition-Responsive Work Zone Traffic Control System: CMS and HAR Human Factors Guidelines. Paper presented to the User Information Systems Committee at the 74th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board. back to top Glennon, J.C., Neuman, T.R., and Leisch, J.E. (1985). Safety and Operational Considerations for Design of Rural Highway Curves. Publication No. FHWA-RD-86-035, Washington, DC. back to top Glennon, J.C. and Weaver, G.D. (1971). The Relationship of Vehicle Paths To Highway Curve Design. Texas Highway Department, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. back to top Goggin, N.L. and Stelmach, G.E. (1990). "Age-Related Differences in the Kinematic Analysis of Precued Movements." Canadian Journal of Psychology, 9, pp. 371-385. back to top Goggin, N.L., Stelmach, G.E., and Amrhein, P.C. (1989). "Effects of Age on Motor Preparation and Restructuring." Bulletin of the Psychonomics Society, 27, pp. 199-202. back to top Goldblatt, R.B. (1977). "Effect of Flashing Beacons on Intersection Performance." Transportation Research Record, 644. back to top Good, M.C. (1978). "A Review of Empirical Studies of Driver-Vehicle Behavior on Road Curves." Road Curve Geometry and Driver Behavior, Special Report, 15, pp. 75-92. back to top Good, M.C. and Baxter, G.H. (1986). "Evaluation of Short Range Roadway Delineation." Human Factors, 28(6). back to top Goodwin, D.N. (1975). "Operational Effects of Geometric Design at Freeway Lane Drops." Transportation Research Record, 541. back to top Gordon, D.A. (1972). "Evaluation of Diagrammatic Guide Signs." Highway Research Record, 414, pp. 30-41. back to top Gordon, D.A. (1981). Informational Load of Highway Guide Signs. Publication No. FHWA-RD-80-161, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Gordon, D.A., McGee, H.W., and Hooper, K.G. (1984). "Driver Characteristics Impacting on Highway Design and Operations." Public Roads, June, pp. 12-16. back to top Graham, J.L. (1977). Accident and Speed Studies in Construction Zones. Publication No. FHWA-RD-77-80, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Graham, J.L., Migletz, D.J., and Glennon, J.C. (1978). Guidelines for the Application of Arrow Boards in Work Zones. Publication No. FHWA-RD-79-58, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Graham, J.L., Paulsen, R.J., and Glennon, J.C. (1977). Accidents and Speed Studies in Construction Zones. Publication No. FHWA-RD-77-80, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Gramza, K., Hall, J.A., and Sampson, W. (1980). Effectiveness of Freeway Lighting. Publication No. FHWA-RD-79-77, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Gutman, G., Milstein, S. (1988). Focus Group Study of Older Drivers. Gerontology Research Center, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C., Canada. back to top Habib, P.A. (1980). "Pedestrian Safety: The Hazards of Left-Turning Vehicles." ITE Journal, 50 (4), pp. 33-37. back to top Hagenauer, G.F., Upchurch, J., Warren, D., and Rosenbaum, M.J. (1982). "Intersections." In: Synthesis of Safety Research Related to Traffic Control and Roadway Elements, Chap. 5. Publication No. FHWA-TS-82-232. back to top Hall, J.W., Burton, C.J., Coppage, D.G., and Dickinson, L.V. (1976). "Roadside Hazards on Nonfreeway Facilities." Transportation Research Record, 601. back to top Hanna, J.T., Flynn, T.E. and Tyler, W.K. (1976). "Characteristics of Intersection Accidents in Rural Municipalities." Transportation Research Record, 601. back to top Hans, M. (1993). "High-Mast Lights Beckon Traffic Planners." Traffic Safety, July, pp. 12-14. back to top Hanscomb, F. (1976). "Evaluation of Signing to Warn of Wet Weather Skidding Hazard." Transportation Research Record, 600. back to top Hargroves, B. and Martin, M. (1980). Vehicle Accidents in Highway Work Zones. Publication No. FHWA-RD-80-063, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Harkey, D.L., Huang, H., and Zegeer, C.V. (1996). Examination of Older Driver Problems on Freeways Using the Highway Safety Information System. Submitted to Transportation Research Board for Presentation and Publication, August, 1995. back to top Harkey, D., Mera, R., and Byington, S. (1992). Non-Permanent Pavement Markings in Work Zones. Publication No. FHWA-RD-92-007, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Harrell, A. (1990). "Perception of Risk and Curb Standing at Street Corners by Older Pedestrians."Perceptual and Motor Skills, 70 (3, pt 2), pp. 1363-1366. back to top Harwood, D.W. (1993). Synthesis of Highway Practice 191: Use of Rumble Strips to Enhance Safety. National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board. back to top Harwood, D.W., Mason, J.W., Jr., Brydia, R.E., Pietrucha, M.T., and Gittings, G.L. (1996). Intersection Sight Distance. National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Project No. 15-14(1), Final Report, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. back to top Harwood, D.W., Mason, J.W., Jr., Pietrucha, M.T., Brydia, R.E., Hostetter, R.S., and Gittings, G.L. (1993). Intersection Sight Distance. National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Project No. 15-14(1), Interim Report, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. back to top Harwood, D.W., Pietrucha, M.T., Wooldridge, M.D., Brydia, R.E., and Fitzpatrick, K. (1995). Median Intersection Design. National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Project No. 15 14(2), Report No 375, Transportation Research Board. back to top Harwood, D.W. and Glennon, J.C. (1976). "Framework for Design and Operation of Passing Zones on Two-Lane Highways." Transportation Research Record, 601. back to top Harwood, D.W., Hoban, C.J., and Warren, D.L. (1988). "Effective Use of Passing Lanes on Two-Lane Highways." Transportation Research Record, 1195, pp. 79-91. back to top Hasher, L. and Zacks, R.T. (1988). "Working Memory, Comprehension, and Aging: a Review and a New View." In G.H. Bower (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation. Academic, San Diego, CA. back to top Hauer, E. (1988). "The Safety of Older Persons at Intersections." In: Transportation in An Aging Society, Special Report 218, Volumes 1 and 2. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. back to top Hawkins, H.G., Kacir, K.C., and Ogden, M.A. (1992). Traffic Control Guidelines for Urban Arterial Work Zones-Volume 2. Publication No. FHWA-TX-91-1161-5, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Hawkins, H.G., Womak, K.N., and Mounce, J.M. (1993). "Driver Comprehension of Regulatory Signs, Warning Signs, and Pavement Markings." Transportation Research Record,1403. back to top Haywood, J.C. (1980). "Highway Alignment and Superelevation: Some Design-Speed Misconceptions." Transportation Research Record, 757. back to top Henderson, B.L. and Burg, A. (1973). The Role of Vision and Audition in Truck and Bus Driving (Final Report). Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Systems Development Corporation, Santa Monica, CA. back to top Henderson, B.L. and Burg, A. (1974). Vision and Audition in Driving. Publication No. DOT-HS-801-265, Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Hills, B.L. (1975). Some Studies of Movement Perception, Age, and Accidents. Publication No. SR137, Department of the Environment, Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, Berkshire, England. back to top Hills, B.L. (1980). "Vision, Visibility and Perception in Driving." Perception, 9, pp. 183-216. back to top Hills, B.L. and Johnson, L. (1980). Speed and Minimum Gap Acceptance Judgements at Two Rural Junctions. Publication No. SR515, Department of the Environment, Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, Berkshire, England. back to top Hoffman, M.R. (1969). Evaluation of Traffic Lane-Use Control Signs. Publication No. TSD-SS-112-69, Michigan Department of State Highways. back to top Holahan, C.J. (1977). Relationship Between Roadside Signs and Traffic Accidents: A Field Investigation. Texas Department of Transportation Report No. 54, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration HS-025 863. back to top Holzmann, F.D. and Marek, M.A. (1993). "Interchange Study and Selection Process." Transportation Research Record, 1385. back to top Hopkins, J. and Holmstrom, F. (1976). "Toward More Effective Grade-Crossing Flashing Lights." Transportation Research Record, 562. back to top Hopkins, J. and White, E. (1977). Improvement of the Effectiveness of Motorist Warnings at Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings. Publication No. FRA-ORD-77-07, Federal Railroad Administration. back to top Hostetter, R.S., McGee, H.W., Crowley, K.W., Seguin, E.L., and Dauber, G.W. (1986). Improved Perception-Reaction Time Information for Intersection Sight Distance. Final Report. Publication No. FHWA-RD-87-015, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Hostetter, R.S., Crowley, K.W., Dauber, G.W., and Seguin, E.L. (1989). Trade-Off Between Delineation and Lighting on Freeway Interchanges. Final Report Publication No. FHWA-RD 88-223, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Hoxie, R.E. and Rubenstein, L.Z. (1994). "Are Older Pedestrians Allowed Enough Time to Cross Intersections Safely?" Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 42(3), pp. 241-244. back to top Hoyer, W.J. and Familant, M.E. (1987). "Adult Age Differences in the Rate of Processing Expectancy Information." Cognitive Development, 2, pp. 59-70. back to top Huchingson, R., Koppa, R., and Dudek, C. (1978). Human Factors Requirements for Real-Time Motorist Displays, Vol 13: Human Factors Evaluation of Audio and Mixed Modal Variables. Publication No. FHWA-RD-78-17, Texas Transportation Institute. back to top Hughes, W.E., Joshua, S., and McGee, H.W. (1992). Study Designs for Passing Sight Distance Requirements. Final Report. Publication No. FHWA-RD-91-078, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Hulbert, S., Beers, J., and Fowler, P. (1979). Motorists' Understanding of Traffic Control Devices, Test I. American Automobile Association, Foundation for Traffic Safety, Falls Church, VA. back to top Hulbert, S. and Fowler, P. (1980). Motorists Understanding of Traffic Control Devices-Test II. American Automobile Association, Foundation for Traffic Safety, Falls Church, VA. back to top Hulscher, F.R. (1974). "Practical Implementation of Performance Objectives for Traffic Light Signals." Australian Road Research Board Proceedings, 7(5). back to top Hulscher, F.R. (1975). "Photometric Requirements for Long-Range Road Traffic Light Signals." Journal of the Australian Road Research Board, 5(7). back to top Hummer, J.E. (1989). "Supplemental Interchange Signing and Driver Control Behavior." Transportation Research Record, 1213. back to top Hummer, J.E., Montgomery, R.E., and Sinha, K.C. (1990). "Motorist Understanding of and Preferences for Left-Turn Signals." Transportation Research Record, 1281. back to top Hummer, J.E., Montgomery, R.E., and Sinha, K.C. (1991). "Guidelines for Use of Leading and Lagging Left-Turn Signal Phasing." Transportation Research Record, 1324. back to top Humphreys, J., Maulden, H., and Sullivan, T. (1979). Identification of Traffic Management Problems In Work Zones. Publication No. FHWA-RD-79-4, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Hunter-Zaworski, K. (1990). "T-Intersection Simulator Performance of Drivers With Physical Limitations." Transportation Research Record, 1281. back to top Illinois Division of Highways. (1970). Rumble Strips Used as a Traffic Control Device: An Engineering Analysis. Accident Study Report No. 102. back to top Institute of Transportation Engineers. (undated). Traffic Control Devices for Elderly and Handicapped Pedestrians. Institute of Transportation Engineers Committee 4A-6, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Washington, DC. back to top Institute of Transportation Engineers. (1980). Lane-Use Traffic Control Signal Heads. back to top Institute of Transportation Engineers. (1982). Transportation and Traffic Engineering Handbook. Institute of Transportation Engineers, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. back to top Institute of Transportation Engineers. (1984). Recommended Guidelines for Subdivision Streets-A Recommended Practice. back to top Institute of Transportation Engineers. (1985a). Pedestrian Traffic Control Signal Indications. Standard Number ST-011B. back to top Institute of Transportation Engineers. (1985b). Vehicle Control Signal Heads. Standard Number ST-008B. back to top Institute of Transportation Engineers. (1986). Traffic Signal Lamps. Standard Number ST-010. back to top Institute of Transportation Engineers. (1992). "Driver Behavior at Right-Turn-On-Red Locations." Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal, 62(4), pp. 18-20. back to top Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. (1991). Elderly. Arlington, VA. back to top Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. (1993). "Elderly." In: IIHS Facts. July, Washington, DC. back to top Iowa Department of Transportation. (1991). Iowa Running Stop Signs as a Contributing Circumstance in Fatal Accidents 1986-1990. Iowa Department of Transportation, Driver Safety and Improvement, Des Moines, IA. back to top Jainski, P. and Schmidt-Clausen, J. (1967). "Uber den Einfluss der Schwellenleuchtdicten auf das Erkennen Farbiger Signallichter (The Effect of Intensity on the Perception of Colored Signal Lights)." Lichttechnik, 19(1). back to top Janoff, M.S. (1990). Review of Traffic Signal Intensity Standards. Final Report. National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council. back to top Janoff, M., Freedman, M., and Decina, L. (1982). Partial Lighting of Interchanges. National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Report 256, Washington, DC. back to top Jenkins, S.E. (1991). "Optical and Photometric Standards for Variable Message Signs." Australian Road Research Board, 216. back to top Jennings, B.E. (1984). Evaluation of Rural Highway Curve Delineation Signs. (Unpublished M.S. Thesis). School of Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville. back to top Johansson, G. and Rumar, K. (1971). "Drivers' Brake Reaction Times." Human Factors, 13(1). back to top Johnson, I.R. (1984). "The Effects of Roadway Delineation on Curve Delineation by Both Sober and Drinking Drivers." Australian Road Research Board, 128. back to top Johnston, I.R. (1982). Modifying Driver Behaviour on Rural Road Curves—A Review of Recent Research. Proceedings of the Eleventh Australian Road Research Board Conference, University of Melbourne, Australia. back to top Jonah, B.A. and Engel, G.R. (1983). "Measuring the Relative Risk of Pedestrian Accidents." Accident Analysis and Prevention, 15, pp. 193-206. back to top Jordan, T.C. and Rabbitt, P.M.A. (1977). "Response Times to Stimuli of Increasing Complexity as a Function of Aging." British Journal of Psychology, 68, pp. 189-201. back to top Joshua, S.C. and Saka, A.A. (1992). "Mitigation of Sight-Distance Problem for Unprotected Left-Turning Traffic at Intersections." Transportation Research Record, 1356. back to top Juergens, W.R. (1972). Construction Zone, Detour, and Temporary Connection Accidents. California Division of Highways, Federal Highway Administration. back to top Kahn, H.A., Leibowitz, H.M., Ganley, J.P., Kini, M.M., Colton, T., Nickerson, R.S., and Dawber, T.R. (1977). "The Framingham Eye Study, 1." Outline and Major Prevalence Findings, American Journal of Epidemiology, 106. back to top Kahn, M. (1985). Evaluation of Delineation System for Temporary Traffic Barriers in Work Zones. Ohio Department of Transportation, Columbus, OH. back to top Kaub, A.R. (1990). "Passing Operations on a Recreational Two-Lane, Two-Way Highway." Transportation Research Record, 1280. back to top Keller, J.A. (1993). "Interchange Ramp Geometrics—Alignment and Superelevation Design." Transportation Research Record, 1385. back to top Kelly, P.D. and Bryden, J.E. (1983). Evaluation of Louvre Type Glare Screen. Publication No. HS-036 310, New York State Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. back to top Kermit, M.L. (1968). "Rumble Strips Revisited." Traffic Engineering, February. back to top Ketvirtis, A., Moonah, S. (1995). An Effective Use of Composite Photometry in High Mast Lighting Applications. 74th Annual Meeting, Transportation Research Board, Paper No. 950051. back to top Khasnabis, S. (1986). "Operational and Safety Problems of Trucks in No-Passing Zones on Two-Lane Highways." Transportation Research Record, 1052. back to top Khasnabis, S. and Tad, R.R. (1983). "A Reevaluation of Crest Vertical Curve Length Requirements." Transportation Quarterly, 37(4), pp. 567-582. back to top Kihlberg, K.K. and Tharp, K.J. (1968). Accident Rates as Related to Design Elements of Rural Highways. National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Report No. 47, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. back to top King, G.G., Abramson, P., Cohen, J.W., and Wilkinson, M.R. (1978). Seven Experimental Designs Addressing Problems of Safety and Capacity on Two-Lane Rural Highways: Vol. VIII-Experimental Design and Evaluate Remedial Aids for Intersections with Inadequate Sight Distance. Publication No. DOT-TSC-FHWA-78-2, U.S. Department of Transportation. back to top KLD Associates (1992). Steady-Burn Warning Lights. Final Report. No. KLD TR-266A. Prepared for American Traffic Safety Services Association. back to top Kline, D.W., Kline, T., Fozard, J.L., Kosnik, W., Schieber, F. and Sekuler, R. (1992). "Vision, Aging, and Driving: the Problems of Older Drivers." Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 47(1), pp. 27-34. back to top Kline, D. and Fuchs, P. (1993). "The Visibility of Symbolic Highway Signs Can Be Increased among Drivers of All Ages." Human Factors, 35(1), pp. 25-34. back to top Knoblauch, R., Nitzburg, M., Dewar, R., Templer, A. and Pietrucha, M. (1995). Older Pedestrian Characteristics for Use in Highway Design. Publication No. FHWA-RD-93-177, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Knoblauch, R., Nitzburg, M., Reinfurt, D., Council, F., Zegeer, C., and Popkin, C. (1995). Traffic Operations Control for Older Drivers. Publication No. FHWA-RD-94-119. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Koepke, F.J. (1993). "Ramp Exit/Entrance Design-Taper Versus Parallel and Critical Dimensions." Transportation Research Record, 1385. back to top Kostyniuk, L.P. and Cleveland, D.E. (1986). "Sight Distance, Signing, and Safety on Vertical Curves." Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal, 56(5), pp. 25-28. back to top Krebs, H.G. and Kloeckner, J.H. (1977). "Investigation of the Effects of Highway and Traffic Conditions Outside Built-Up Areas on Accident Rates." Forschung Strassenbau und Strassenverkehrstechnik, 223. back to top Kuemmel, D. (1992). "Maximizing Legibility of Traffic Signs in Construction Work Zones." Transportation Research Record, 1352. back to top Kyte, M. (1995). Capacity Analysis of Unsignalized Intersections. Draft Final Report of National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Project 3-46. back to top Lanman, M., Lum, H., and Lyles, R. (1979). "Evaluation of Techniques for Warning of Slow Moving Vehicles Ahead." Transportation Research Record, 739. back to top Lee, D.N. (1976). "A Theory of Visual Control of Braking Based on Information About Time-to-Collision." Perception, 5, pp. 437-459. back to top Lerner, N.D., Huey, R.W., McGee, H.W., and Sullivan, A. (1995). Older Driver Perception-Reaction Time for Intersection Sight Distance and Object Detection. Volume I, Final Report. Publication No. FHWA-RD-93-168, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Lerner, N.D. and Ratté, D.J. (1991). "Problems in Freeway Use as Seen by Older Drivers. Transportation Research Record, 1325. back to top Lerner, N.D. and Sedney, C.A. (1988). Some Observations on Older Driver Behavior. Paper presented at the January 1988 Annual Meeting, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. back to top Lew, A. (1971). Wrong Way Driving, Phase III. Driver Characteristics, Effectiveness of Remedial Measures, and Effect of Ramp Type. State of California Division of Highways, Traffic Department, Sacramento, CA. back to top Lewis, R. (1985). Safer Work Zone Devices: The Next Generation. American Transportation Builder, 62(4), pp. 10. back to top Ligon, C.M., Carter, E.C., and McGee, H.W. (1985). "Multiway Stop Sign Removal Procedures." Transportation Research Record, 1010. back to top Lisle, F.N. (1978). "Evaluation of Timber Barricades and Precast Concrete Traffic Barriers for Use in Highway Construction Areas." Transportation Research Record, 693. back to top Livneh, M., Polus, A., and Factor, J. (1988). "Vehicle Behavior on Deceleration Lanes." Journal of Transportation Engineering, 114, pp. 706-717. back to top Lundy, R.A. (1967). "The Effect of Ramp Type and Geometry on Accidents." Highway Research Record, 163. back to top Lunenfeld, H. (1977). "A Human Factors Assessment of Decreased Traffic Signal Brightness." Public Roads, 41(3), pp. 119-125. back to top Lunenfeld, H. (1993). "Human Factors Associated with Interchange Design Features." Transportation Research Record, 1385. back to top Lyles, R. (1980). "Evaluation of Signs for Hazardous Rural Intersections." Transportation Research Record, 783. back to top Lyles, R.W. (1981). "Alternative Sign Sequences for Work Zones on Rural Highways." Transportation Research Record 833. back to top Lyles, R.W. (1993). "Improved Traffic Control Design and Placement to Aid the Older Driver." National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Interim Report, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI. back to top Mace, D.J. (1988). "Sign Legibility and Conspicuity." In: Transportation in an Aging Society. Transportation Research Board, Special Report 218, pp. 270-290. back to top Mace, D.J., Garvey, P.M., and Heckard, R.F. (1994). Relative Visibility of Increased Legend Size Vs. Brighter Materials for Traffic Signs. Publication No. FHWA-RD-94-035, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Mace, D.J., Hostetter, R.S., and Seguin, E.L. (1967). Information Requirements for Exiting at Interchanges. HRB-Singer, Inc., Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania Department of Highways, Bureau of Public Roads. back to top Mace, D.J. and Pollack, L. (1983). "Visual Complexity and Sign Brightness in Detection and Recognition of Traffic Signs." Transportation Research Record, 904. back to top Malfetti, J.L. and Winter, D.J. (1987). Safe and Unsafe Performance of Older Drivers: A Descriptive Study. American Automobile Association, Foundation for Traffic Safety, Falls Church, VA. back to top Massie, D., and Campbell, K. (1993). Analysis of Accident Rates by Age, Gender, and Time of Day Based on the 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey. Report No. UMTRI-93-7, The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. back to top Mast, T.H. and Ballas, J. (1976). "Diversionary Content and Behavior." Transportation Research Record, 600. back to top Mast, T.H., Chernisky, J.B., and Hooper, F.A. (1972). Diagrammatic Guide Signs for Use on Controlled Access Highways: Vol II: Laboratory, Instrumented Vehicle, and State Traffic Studies of Diagrammatic Guide Signs. Publication No. FHWA-RD-73-22, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Mathey, F.J. (1983). "Attitudes and Behavior of Elderly Pedestrians." International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 17, pp. 25-28. back to top Matle, C. and Bhise, V. (1984). User's Manual for the Visibility Distance and Glare Prediction Model (DETECT). Ford Motor Company, Automotive Safety Office. back to top Matthais, J.S. and Upchurch, J.E. (1985). Left-Turn Warrants for Arizona. Prepared for Arizona Department of Transportation. back to top Maurer, D.A. (1984). Paddle-Type Glare Screen: Final Evaluation Report. Publication No. FHWA-PA-84-006, Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top May, J. (1992). "Guidelines for the Design and Placement of Street Signs in the Denver Region." In: 1992 Compendium of Technical Papers. Institute of Traffic Engineers Annual Meeting August 9, 1992 - August 12, 1992. back to top McCoy, P.T., Navarro, U.R., and Witt, W.E. (1992). "Guidelines for Offsetting Opposing Left-Turn Lanes on Four-Lane Divided Roadways." Transportation Research Record, 1356. back to top McDonald, L.B. and Ellis, N.C. (1975). "Driver Work Load for Various Turn Radii and Speeds." Transportation Research Record, 530. back to top McFarland, R.A., Domey, R.C., Warren, A.B., and Ward, D.C. (1960). "Dark Adaptation as a Function of Age. I.A. Statistical Analysis." Journals of Gerontology, 15. back to top McFarland, W.F., Griffin, L.I., Rollins, J.B., Stockton, W.R., Phillips, D.T., and Dudek, C.L., (1979). Assessment of Techniques for Cost-Effectiveness of Highway Accident Countermeasures. Publication No. FHWA-RD-79-53, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top McGee, H.W. (1991). Freeway Guide Sign Replacement: Policies and Criteria. National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Synthesis of Highway Practice, Report No. 155, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC. back to top McGee, H.W. (1995). The Effect of Highway Standards on Safety. National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Report No. 374, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council. back to top McGee, H.W. and Blankenship, M.R. (1989). Guidelines for Converting Stop to Yield Control at Intersections. National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Report No. 320, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council. back to top McGee, H.W. and Hooper, K.G. (1983). Highway Design and Operations Affected by Driver Characteristics. Final Report. Publication No. FHWA-RD-83-015, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top McGee, H.W. and Knapp, B.G. (1979). "Visibility Requirements for Traffic Control Devices in Work Zones". Transportation Research Record, 703. back to top McKnight, A.J. and Adams, B.B. (1970a). Driver Education Task Analysis, Volume 1: Task Descriptions. Human Resources Research Organization, Alexandria, VA. back to top McKnight, A.J. and Adams, B.B. (1970b). Driver Education Task Analysis, Volume 2: Task Analysis Methods. Human Resources Research Organization, Alexandria, VA. back to top McKnight, A.J., Simone, G.A., and Weidman, J.R. (1982). Elderly Driver Retraining. Publication No. DOT HS-806 336, U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. back to top McKnight, A.J. and Stewart, M.A. (1990). Development of a Competency Based Driver License Testing System. Prepared by National Public Services Research Institute, California Department of Motor Vehicles. back to top McKnight, A.J. and Urquijo, J.I. (1993). "Sign of Deficiency Among Elderly Drivers." Transportation Research Record, 1405. back to top McNees, R. and Messer, C. (1977). Evaluating Urban Freeway Guide Signing—Laboratory Studies. Report No. TTI-2-18-77-220-3, Texas Transportation Institute. back to top Messer, C.J., Mounce, J.M., and Brackett, R.Q. (1981). Highway Geometric Design Consistency Related To Driver Expectancy. Publication No. FHWA-RD-81-035, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Messer, C., Stockton, W., and Mounce, J. (1978). Human Factors Requirements for Real-Time Motorist Information Displays, Vol 9: A Study of Physical Design Requirements for Motorist Information Matrix Signs. Report No. FHWA-RD-78-13, Texas Transportation Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Michaels, R.M. and Fazio, J. (1989). "Driver Behavior Model of Merging." Transportation Research Record, 1213. back to top Micsky, R.J. (1993). Intersection Sight Distance Requirements for Vehicles Turning Left Off Major Highways. M.S. Thesis, Pennsylvania State University. back to top Mihal, W.L. and Barrett, G.V. (1976). "Individual Differences in Perceptual Information Processing and Their Relation to Automobile Accident Involvement." Journal of Applied Psychology, 61, pp. 229-233. back to top Minnesota Department of Transportation. (1982). Elderly, Pedestrian Walking Speeds— Preliminary Report. Minnesota Department of Transportation, Office of Traffic Engineering. back to top Mitchell, M. (1972). "Identifying and Improving High Accident Locations." Public Works. back to top Morrall, J.F. and Hoban, C.J. (1985). "Design Guidelines for Overtaking Lanes." Traffic Engineering and Control, 26(10), pp. 476-484. back to top Mullins, B. and Keese, C. (1961). "Freeway Traffic Accident Analysis and Safety Study." Highway Research Board Bulletin, 291. back to top Mullowney, W. (1978). Center Barrier Visibility Study. Publication No. FHWA-NJ-80-002, New Jersey Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. back to top National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (1987). Fatal Accident Reporting System,1985. Publication No. DOT-HS-807-071, U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. back to top National Transportation Safety Board. (1992). Safety Study: Highway Work Zone Safety. Publication No. NTSA-SS-92-02, Notation 5734. back to top Nemeth, Z.A. and Migletz, D. (1978). "Accident Characteristics Before, During, and After Safety Upgrading Projects on Ohio's Rural Interstate System." Transportation Research Record, 672. back to top Nemeth, Z.A. and Rathi, A. (1983). "Freeway Work Zone Accident Characteristics." Transportation Quarterly, 37(1), pp. 145-159. back to top Neuman, T.R. (1985). Intersection Channelization Design Guide. Transportation Research Board, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Report No. 279, Washington, DC. back to top Neuman, T.R. (1989). New Approach to Design for Stopping Sight Distance. Transportation Research Record, 1208. back to top Neuman, T.R. (1992). "Chapter 6: Roadway Geometric Design." In: Pline, J.L. (Ed.), Traffic Engineering Handbook, Fourth Edition. Institute of Transportation Engineers, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. back to top Niessner, C.W. (1978). Construction Zone Delineation (Raised Pavement Markers). Publication No. FHWA-TS-78-222, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Niessner, C.W. (1984). Raised Pavement Markers at Hazardous Locations. Publication No. FHWA-TS-84-215, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Noel, E.C., Gerbig, J. and Lakew, M. (1982). Evaluation of the Left Turn Red Arrow. Publication No. FHWA-RD-82-51, FHWA, Washington, DC. back to top Normann, O.K. (1953). Braking Distances of Vehicles from High Speeds. Proceedings of the Highway Research Board, Washington, DC. back to top Ogwoaba, D. (1986). "An Evaluation of Portable Concrete Barrier Delineators." In: 1986 Compendium of Technical Papers, Institute of Transportation Engineers, pp. 274-278. back to top Ohene, F.A. and Ardekani, S.A. (1988). "Minimum Passing Sight Distance for Completing or Aborting the Passing Maneuver." Institue of Traffic Engineers Journal, 58(7). back to top Older, S.J., and Grayson, G.B. (1972). Perception and Decision in the Pedestrian Task. Transportation and Road Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, England. back to top Olson, P.L. (1988). "Problems of Nighttime Visibility and Glare for Older Drivers." In: Effects of Aging on Driver Performance. Society of Automotive Engineers, SP-76, pp. 53-60. back to top Olson, P.L. and Bernstein, A. (1979). "The Nighttime Legibility of Highway Signs as a Function of Their Luminance Characteristics." Human Factors, 21, pp. 145-160. back to top Olson, P.L., Sivak, M., and Egan, J.C. (1983). Variables Influencing the Nighttime Legibility of Highway Signs. Publication No. UMTRI-83-36, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, pp. 1-149. back to top Opiela, K.S. and Knoblauch, R.L. (1990). Work Zone Traffic Control Delineation for Channelization. Publication No. FHWA-RD-90-089, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Oppenlander, J.C. and Dawson, R.F. (1970). "Interchange." In: Traffic Control and Roadway Elements—Their Relationship to Highway Safety—Revised. Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility, Washington, DC. back to top Ostrow, A.C., Shaffron, P., and McPherson, K. (1992). "The Effects of a Joint Range-Of-Motion Physical Fitness Training Program on the Automobile Driving Skills of Older Adults." Journal of Safety Research, 23, pp. 207-219. back to top Owens, R.D. (1967). "Effect of Rumble Strips at Rural Stop Locations on Traffic Operation." Highway Research Record, 170. back to top Owolabi, B. and Noel, E.C. (1985). "The Right Turn Red Arrow." Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal, 55(2), pp. 45-48. back to top Owsley, C. (1987) Aging and Night Vision. Night Vision: Current Research and Future Directions. Technical Report, Office of Naval Research, Arlington, VA. back to top Owsley, C., Ball, K., Sloane, M., Roenker, D., and Bruni, J.R. (1991). "Visual/Cognitive Correlates of Vehicle Accidents in Older Drivers." Psychology and Aging, 6(3), pp. 403-415. back to top Owsley, C., Sekuler, R., and Siemsen, D. (1983). "Contrast Sensitivity Throughout Adulthood." Vision Research, 23(7), pp. 689-694. back to top Pain, R.F., McGee, H.W., and Knapp, B.G. (1981). Evaluation of Traffic Controls for Highway Work Zones. National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Publication No. 236. back to top Pang, L.M. (1979). Evaluation of Centerline Treatment Used for Two-Way, Two-Lane, No-Passing Operations on Normally Divided Rural Freeways. M.S. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln. back to top Pang, L.M., and Yu, J.C. (1981). "Concrete Barriers at Transition Zones Adjacent to Two-Way Traffic Operation on Normally Divided Highways." Transportation Research Record, 833. back to top Pant, P.D., Huang, X.H., and Krishnamurthy, S.A. (1992). "Steady Burn Lights in Highway Work Zones: Further Results of Study in Ohio." Transportation Research Record, 1352. back to top Parsonson, P.S. (1992). Signal Timing Improvement Practices. National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Synthesis of Highway Practice 172. back to top Parsonson, P.S. and Marks, J.R. (1979). Wrong-Way Traffic Movements on Freeway Ramps. Publication No. FHWA-GA-79-001, Research Project No. 7703, Georgia Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Paulsen, R.J., Harwood, D.W., and Glennon, J.C. (1978). "Status of Traffic Safety in Highway Construction Zones." Transportation Research Record, 693. back to top Pegrum, B.V. (1972). The Application of Certain Traffic Management Techniques and Their Effect on Road Safety. National Road Safety Symposium. back to top Pietrucha, M., Hostetter, R., Staplin, L., and Obermeyer, M. (1994). Pavement Markings and Delineation for Older Drivers. Publication No. FHWA-RD-94-145, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Pigman, J.G. and Agent, K.R. (1990). "Highway Accidents in Construction and Maintenance Zones". Transportation Research Record, 1270. back to top Pitts, D.G. (1982). "The Effects of Aging on Selected Visual Functions: Dark Adaptation, Visual Acuity, Stereopsis, and Brightness Contrast." In: Sekuler, R., Kline, D., and Dismukes, K. (Eds.), Aging and Human Visual Function. Liss, New York. back to top Planek, T.W. and Fowler, R.C. (1971). "Traffic Accident Problems and Exposure Characteristics of the Aging Driver." Journal of Gerontology, 26(2), pp. 224-230. back to top Planek, T.W. and Overend, R.B. (1973). "Profile of the Aging Driver." Traffic Safety, 3(1), pp. 9. back to top Pline, J.L. (1996). Personal Communication to L. Staplin, August 19, 1996. back to top Plude, D.J. and Hoyer, W.J. (1985). "Attention and Performance: Identifying and Localizing Age Deficits." In: N. Charness (Ed.), Aging and Human Performance. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Chichester, England, pp. 47-99. back to top Polus, A. and Katz, A. (1978). "An Analysis of Nighttime Pedestrian Accidents at Specially Illuminated Crosswalks." Accident Analysis and Prevention, 10(3). back to top Ponds, R.W., Brouwer, W.H., and Van Wolffelaar, P.C. (1988). "Age Differences in Divided Attention in a Simulated Driving Task." Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Science, 43, pp. 151-156. back to top Preusser, D.F., Leaf, W.A., DeBartolo, K.B., and Levy, M.M. (1982). "The Effect of Right-Turn-On-Red On Pedestrian and Bicyclist Accidents." Journal of Safety Research, 13(2), pp. 45-55. back to top Pulling, N.H., Wolf, E.S., Sturgis, S.P., Vaillancourt, D.R., and Dolliver, J.J. (1980). "Headlight Glare Resistance and Driver Age." Human Factors, 22(1), pp. 103-112. back to top Rabbitt, P.M.A. (1968). "Age and the Use of Structure in Transmitted Information." In: G.A. Talland (Ed.), Human Aging and Behavior. New York, Academic. back to top Rabbitt, P.M.A. (1979). "How Old and Young Subjects Monitor and Control Responses for Accuracy and Speed." British Journal of Psychology, 70, pp. 305-311. back to top Rackoff, N.J. and Mourant, R.R. (1979). "Driving Performance of the Elderly." Accident Analysis and Prevention, 11(4), pp. 247-253. back to top Reilly, W.R., Pfefer, R.C., Michaels, R.M., Polus, A., and Schoen, J.M. (1989). Speed Change Lanes - Final Publication. National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Project No. 3-35. back to top Reinfurt, D., Council, F., Zegeer, C. and Popkin, C. (1992). Summary of Literature Review, Accident Analysis, and Focus Group Study with Identification of Possible Countermeasures—Task D Working Paper. UNC Highway Safety Research Center, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Richards, O.W. (1972). "Some Seeing Problems: Spectacles, Color Driving and Decline From Age and Poor Lighting." American Journal of Optometry, Archives of the American Academy of Optometry, 49. back to top Riedel, C.E. (1986). "Safer Work Zone Channelization with Plastic Drums." Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal, 56(9), pp. 35-38. back to top Rinalducci, E., and Beare, A. (1974). Visibility Losses Caused by Transient Adaptation at Low Luminance Levels. Transportation Research Board, Special Report No. 156, pp. 11-22. back to top Rinde, E.A. (1978). Off-Ramp Surveillance: Wrong Way Driving. California Department of Transportation, Office of Traffic, Sacramento, CA. back to top Roberts, A.W. (1972). Diagrammatic Sign Study. Highway Research Record, 414. back to top Roberts, A.W., Reilly, E.F., and Jagannath, M.V. (1974). Freeway Style Diagrammatic Signs in New Jersey. Publication No. FHWA-HPR-T-0133, New Jersey Department of Transportation, Bureau of Operations Research, Trenton, NJ. back to top Roberts, W.N. and Roberts, P.C. (1993). "Evaluation of the Elderly Driver with Arthritis." Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 9(2), pp. 311-322. back to top Robertson, H.D., Berger, W.G., and Pain, R.F. (1977). Urban Intersection Improvements for Pedestrian Safety-Volume 2-Identification of Safety and Operational Problems at Intersections. Publication No. FHWA-RD-77-143, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Rockwell, T.H., Hungerford, J.C., and Balasubramanian, K.N. (1976). "Evaluation of Illumination Designs for Accident Reduction at High Nighttime Accident Sites." Proceedings of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, 20. back to top Rockwell, T.H. and Smith, G.L. (1985). Recommended Delineation Treatments at Selected Situations on Rural State Highways, Part 2: Effects of Delineation Treatment on Curve Detection Distances Under Simulated Rural Nighttime Driving Conditions. Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. back to top Rowan, N.J. (1963). Marking the Approach Ends of Channelization. Bulletin No. 25, Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University. back to top Ruddock, K. (1965). "The Effect of Age Upon Color Vision - II. Changes with Age in Light Transmission of the Ocular Media." Vision Research, 5, pp. 47-58. back to top Rutley, K.S., Christie, A.W., and Fisher, A. (1965). Photometric Requirements for Traffic Signals: Vol 1, Peak Intensities. Road Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, England. back to top Saito, M. (1984). "Evaluation of the Adequacy of the MUTCD Minimum Passing Sight Distance Requirement for Aborting the Passing Maneuver." Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal, January. back to top Salthouse, T.A. (1979). "Adult Age and the Speed-Accuracy Trade-Off." Ergonomics, 22, pp. 811-821. back to top Salthouse, T.A. (1991). "Mediation of Adult Age Differences In Cognition by Reductions in Working Memory and Speed Of Processing." Psychological Science, 2, pp. 179-183. back to top Salthouse, T.A. and Babcock, R.L. (1991). "Decomposing Adult Age Differences in Working Memory." Developmental Psychology, 27, pp. 763-776. back to top Salthouse, T.A. and Somberg, B.L. (1982). "Isolating the Age Deficit in Speeded Performance." Journal of Gerontology, 37, pp. 59-63. back to top Schwab, R.N. and Capelle, D.G. (1979). "Is Delineation Needed?" Public Roads, 43(3). Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Scialfa, C.T., Guzy, L.T., Leibowitz, H.W., Garvey, P.M., and Tyrrell, R.A. (1991). "Age Differences in Estimating Vehicle Velocity." Psychology and Aging, 6(1), pp. 60-66. back to top Scifres, P.N. and Loutzenheiser, R.C. (1975). Wrong-Way Movements on Divided Highways. Purdue and Indiana State Highway Commission JHRP, Publication No. JHRP-13-75, HS-017 293, Civil Engineering Building, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. back to top Sekuler, R., Kline, D., and Dismukes, K. (1982). Aging and Human Visual Function. New York, Liss. back to top Shah, S. and Ray, G. (1976). Advance Traffic Control Warning Systems for Maintenance Operations. Publication No. 105, Louisiana Department of Highways Research and Development Section. back to top Shepard, F. (1989). Improving Work-Zone Delineation on Limited Access Highways. Publication No. VTRC-89-R16, FHWA-VA-89-16, Federal Highway Administration, Virginia Department of Transportation. back to top Sheppard, D. and Pattinson, M. (1986). Interviews with Elderly Pedestrians Involved in Road Accidents. Transportation and Road Research Laboratory, Publication No. 98, Crowthorne, United Kingdom. back to top Shinar, D. and Eberhard, J.W. (1976). Driver Visual Requirements: Increasing Safety Through Revised Visual Screening Tests. American Association for Auto Medicine Conference Proceedings 20. back to top Simon, J.R. and Pouraghabagher, A.R. (1978). "The Effect of Aging on the Stages of Processing in a Choice Reaction Time Task." Journal of Gerontology, 33, pp. 553-561. back to top Sivak, M., Olson, P.L., and Pastalan, L. (1981). "Effect of Driver's Age on Nighttime Legibility of Highway Signs." Human Factors, 23(1). back to top Sjostedt, L. (1967). "Fotgangare vid Overgangsstallen." Special Report 57, Cited In: T.W. Forbes (Ed.), Human Factors in Highway Traffic Safety Research. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1972. back to top Sleight, R.B. (1972). "The Pedestrian." In: T.W. Forbes, (Ed.), Human Factors in Highway Traffic Safety Research. Wiley, New York, pp. 224-253, back to top Sloane, M.E., Owsley, C., and Alvarez, S. (1988). "Aging, Senile Miosis and Spatial Contrast Sensitivity at Low Luminance." Vision Research, 28, pp. 1235-1246. back to top Sloane, M.E., Owsley, C., and Jackson, C. (1988). "Aging and Luminance Adaptation Effects in Spatial Contrast Sensitivity." Journal of the Optical Society of America. back to top Sloane, M.E., Owsley, C., Nash, R., and Helms, H. (1987). "Acuity and Contour Interaction in Older Adults."The Gerontologist, 27, pp. 132A. back to top Smith, B.H. and Sethi, P.K. (1975). "Aging and the Nervous System." Geriatrics, 30, pp. 109-115. back to top Spencer, L.J. (1978). Construction Zone Delineation (Raised Pavement Markers).Publication No. DOT-FH-11-8899, Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Stamatiadis, N., Taylor, W.C., and McKelvey, F.X. (1991). "Elderly Drivers and Intersection Accidents." Transportation Quarterly, 45(3), pp. 377-390. back to top Staplin, L. and Fisk, A. (1991). "A Cognitive Engineering Approach to Improving Signalized Left Turn Intersections." Human Factors, 33(5), pp. 559-571. back to top Staplin, L., Harkey, D., Lococo, K., and Tarawneh, M. (1997). Intersection Geometric Design and Operational Guidelines for Older Drivers and Pedestrians. Volume I: Final Report. Publication No. FHWA-RD-96-132, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Staplin, L., Lococo, K., McKnight, A.J., McKnight, A.S., and Odenheimer, G. (1994). Task 2 Letter Report: Intersection Negotiation Problems of Older Drivers. Publication No. DTNH22-93-C-05237, U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Staplin, L., Lococo, K., and Sim, J. (1990). Traffic Control Design Elements for Accommodating Drivers with Diminished Capacity. Publication No. FHWA-RD-90-055, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Staplin, L., Lococo, K., and Sim, J. (1993). Traffic Maneuver Problems of Older Drivers. Publication No. FHWA-RD-92-092, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Staplin, L., Lococo, K., Sim, J., and Gish, K. (1996). Visibility from Vehicles Research Volume II: Indirect Visibility Study of Alternate Mirror Systems for Passenger Vehicles. Publication No. DTNH22-91-C-07000, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Staplin, L. and Lyles, R.W. (1991). "Age Differences in Motion Perception and Specific Traffic Maneuver Problems." Transportation Research Record, 1325. back to top Stelmach, G.E., Goggin, N.L. and Amrhein, P.C. (1988). "Aging and Reprogramming: The Restructuring of Planned Movements." Psychology and Aging, 3, pp. 151-157. back to top Stelmach, G.E., Goggin, N.L. and Garcia-Colera, A. (1987). "Movement Specification Time with Age." Experimental Aging Research, 13, pp. 39-46. back to top Strate, H.H. (1980). "Making Highways Safe: A Realistic Approach." Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal. back to top Summala, H., and Mikkola, T. (1994). "Fatal Accidents Among Car and Truck Drivers: Effects of Fatigue, Age, and Alcohol Consumption." Human Factors, 36(2), pp. 315-326. back to top Szlyk, J.P., Severing, K., and Fishman, G.A. (1991). Peripheral Visual Field Loss and Driving Performance. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, Washington, DC. back to top Tamburri, T.N. (1969). "Wrong-Way Driving Accidents are Reduced." Highway Research Record, 292. back to top Tamburri, T.N. and Theobald, D.J. (1965). Wrong-Way Driving (Phase II). California Division of Highways, Department of Public Works, Traffic Department. back to top Taoka, G.T. (1991). "Distribution of Driver Spare Glance Durations." Transportation Research Record, 1318. back to top Tarawneh, M.S. (1991). Elderly Driver's Perception-Reaction Time In Response to Traffic Signals. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE. back to top Taylor, J.I. and McGee, H.W. (1973). Improving Traffic Operations and Safety at Exit Gore Areas. National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Publication No. 145. back to top Tobey, H.N., Shungman, E.M., and Knoblauch, R.L. (1983). Pedestrian Trip Making Characteristics and Exposure Measures. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top TranSafety. (1987). "ATSSA Opposes Metal Drums in Work Zones." TranSafety Reporter, 5(12), pp. 6. back to top Transportation Research Board. (1981). Effectiveness of Changeable Message Displays in Advance of High-Speed Freeway Lane Closures. National Cooperative Highway Research Program. back to top Transportation Research Board. (1988). Transportation in An Aging Society, Special Report 218, Volumes 1 and 2, Washington, DC. back to top Transportation Research Board. (1994). Highway Capacity Manual. National Research Council, Special Report, 209, Washington, DC. back to top Transportation Research Board. (1991). "Research Problem Statements Impact of Aging Driver Population on Geometric Design." Transportation Research Circular, 382. back to top Treat, J.R., Tumbas, N.S., McDonald, S.T., Shinar, D., Hume, R.D., Mayer, R.E., Stansifer, R.L., and Castellan, N.J. (1977). Tri-Level Study of the Causes of Traffic Accidents. Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. back to top Tutt, P.R. and Nixon, J.F. (1969). Driver Communication Through Roadway Delineation. Research Report No. SS 12.1, Texas Highway Department, Austin, TX. back to top Ullman, G.L., and Dudek, C.L. (1988). "Delineation of Concrete Safety Shaped Barriers." Transportation Research Record, 1160. back to top Upchurch, J. (1991). "Comparison of Left-Turn Accident Rates for Different Types of Left-Turn Phasing." Transportation Research Record, 1324. back to top Upchurch, J., Baaj, H., Armstrong, J., Thomas, G. (1991). Evaluation of Variable Message Signs. Prepared for Kimley-Horn and Associates and the Arizona Department of Transportation. back to top Van Mauren, P.A. (1977). Correlation of Design and Control Characteristics with Accidents at Rural Multi-Lane Highway Intersections in Indiana. Publication No. FHWA-IN-77-20, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Van Nes, F., Koenderink, J., Nas, H., and Bouman, M. (1967). "Spatiotemporal Modulation Transfer Function of the Human Eye." Journal of the Optical Society of America, 57(9), pp.1082-1088. back to top Van Wolffelaar, P.C., Brouwer, W., and Rothengatter, T. (1990). Divided Attention in RTI-Tasks for Elderly Drivers. Traffic Research Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. back to top Vaswani, N.K. (1974). "Case Studies of Wrong-Way Entries at Highway Interchanges in Virginia." Transportation Research Record, 514. back to top Vaswani, N.K. (1977). "Virginia's Crash Program to Reduce Wrong-Way Driving." Transportation Research Record, 644. back to top Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation. (1981a). An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Rumble Strips. Traffic and Safety Division Evaluation No. 81-5. back to top Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation (1981b). Typical Regulatory Signing for Exit Ramp Terminals. Traffic and Safety Division Memorandum No. T&S 166, Superseding T&S No. 165. back to top Waller, P.F., House, E.G., and Stewart, J.R. (1977). An Analysis of Accidents by Age. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. back to top Walsh, D., Till, R., and Williams, M. (1978). "Age Differences in Peripheral Perceptual Processing: A Monoptic Backward Masking Investigation." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 4. back to top Ward, A. (1988). "Discussant: Field Studies of Temporary Pavement Markings at Overlay Project Zones on Two-Lane, Two-Way Rural Highways." Transportation Research Record, 1160. back to top Warren, D.L. (1985). "Accident Analysis of Left-Turn Phasing." Public Roads, 48(4), pp. 121-127. back to top Waugh, N.C., Thomas, J.C., and Fozard, J.L. (1978). "Retrieval Time from Different Memory Stores." Journal of Gerontology, 33. back to top Weaver, G.D. and Glennon, J.C. (1972). "Design and Striping For Safe Passing Operations." Highway Research Record, 390, pp. 36-39. back to top Weaver, G., Richards, S., Hatcher, D., and Dudek, C. (1978). Human Factors Requirements for Real-Time Motorist Information Displays, Vol 14: Point Diversion for Special Events Field Studies. Publication No. FHWA-RD-78-18, Texas Transportation Institute, Federal Highway Administration. back to top Weiner, E.L. (1968). "The Elderly Pedestrian: Response to an Enforcement Campaign." Traffic Safety Research Review, 12(4). back to top Weymouth, F.W. (1960). "Effects of Age on Visual Acuity." In: Hirsch, MI and Wick, R.E. (Eds.), Vision of the Aging Patient. Chilton, Philadelphia. back to top Williams, C., Ardekani, S., and Asante, S. (1992). "Motorist Understanding of Left-Turn Signal Indications and Auxiliary Signs." Transportation Research Record, 1376. back to top Wilshire, R.L. (1992). "Chapter 9: Traffic Signals." In: Pline, J.L (Ed.) Traffic Engineering Handbook, Fourth Edition. Institute of Transportation Engineers. Prentice Hall: New Jersey. back to top Wilson, D.G., Grayson, G.B. (1980). Age-Related Differences in the Road Crossing Behavior of Adult Pedestrians. Publication No. TRRL-L-933, Transport and Road Research Laboratory: Crowthorne, England. back to top Winter, D. (1985). "Learning and Motivational Characteristics of Older People Pertaining to Traffic Safety." In: Proceedings of the Older Driver Colloquium. Washington, DC, pp. 77-86. back to top Wolf, E. (1960). "Glare and Age." Archives of Ophthalmology, 64, pp. 502-514. back to top Wood, J.A. and Troutbeck, R.J. (1994). "Effect of Age and Visual Impairment on Driving and Vision Performance." Transportation Research Record, 1438. back to top Woods, D.L., Rowan, N.J., and Johnson, J.H. (1970). Significant Points from the Diagnostic Field Studies—Summary Report. Research Publication No. 606-4, Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University. back to top Wooten, B., and Geri, G. (1987). "Psychophysical Determination of Intraocular Light Scatter as a Function of Wavelength." Vision Research, 27(8), pp. 1291-1298. back to top Wright, P.H. and Robertson, L.S. (1979). "Amelioration of Roadside Obstacle Crashes." Journal of Transportation Engineering, 105(6), pp. 609-622. back to top Yee, D. (1985). A Survey of the Traffic Safety Needs and Problems of Drivers Age 55 and Over. Needs and Problems of Older Drivers: Survey Results and Recommendations. American Automobile Association, Foundation for Traffic Safety; Falls Church, VA. back to top Zador, P.L. (1984). "Right-Turn-On-Red Laws and Motor Vehicle Crashes: A Review of the Literature." Accident Analysis and Prevention, 16(4), pp. 241-245. back to top Zador, P., Stein, H., Wright, P. and Hall, J. (1986). Effects of Chevrons, Post-Mounted Delineators, and Raised Pavement Markers on Driver Behavior at Roadway Curves. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Washington, DC. back to top Zajkowski, M.M. and Nees, M. (1976). "Diagrammatic Highway Signs: The Laboratory Revisited." Transportation Research Record, 600. back to top Zegeer, C.V. (1975). The Effectiveness of School Signs With Flashing Beacons in Reducing Vehicle Speeds. Publication No. 429., Division of Research, Kentucky Bureau of Highways. back to top Zegeer, C.V. (1991). Synthesis of Safety Research: Pedestrians. Publication No. FHWA-SA-91-034, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Zegeer, C.V. and Cynecki, M.J. (1986). "Evaluation of Countermeasures Related to RTOR Accidents that Involve Pedestrians." Transportation Research Record, 1059. back to top Zegeer, C.V., Opiela, K.S., and Cynecki, M.J. (1982). "Effect of Pedestrian Signals and Signal Timing on Pedestrian Accidents." Transportation Research Record, 847. back to top Zegeer, C.V., Opiela, K.S., and Cynecki, M.J. (1983). Pedestrian Signalization Alternatives, Publication No. FHWA-RD-83-102, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Zegeer, C.V., Stewart, R., Reinfurt, D., Council, F.M., Neuman, T., Hamilton, E., Miller, T., and Hunter, W. (1990). Cost Effective Geometric Improvements for Safety Upgrading of Horizontal Curves. Publication No. FHWA-RD-90-021, University of North Carolina, Highway Safety Research Center; Chapel Hill, NC. back to top Zegeer, C.V. and Zegeer, S. (1988). Pedestrians and Traffic Control Measures, Synthesis of Highway Practices. Publication No. 139, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. back to top Ziskind, D., Mace, D., Staplin, L., Sim, J., and Lococo, K. (1991). Minimum Visibility Requirements for Traffic Control Devices. Publication No. FHWA-RD-91-074. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. back to top Zwahlen, H.T. (1978). "Driver Lateral Control Performance as a Function of Delineation." Transportation Research Record, 1149, pp. 56-65. back to top Zwahlen, H.T. (1989). "Conspicuity of Suprathreshold Reflective Targets in a Driver's Peripheral Visual Field at Night." Transportation Research Record, 1213. back to top |