Federal Highway Administration Design Manual: Deep Mixing for Embankment and Foundation Support

PDF files can be viewed with the Acrobat® Reader®

FOREWORD

The deep mixing method (DMM) is an in situ soil treatment in which native soils or fills are blended with cementitious and/or other materials, typically referred to as binders. Compared to native soils or fills, the soil-binder composite material that is created has enhanced engineering properties such as increased strength, lower permeability, and reduced compressibility. The treated soil properties obtained by DMM reflect the characteristics of the native soil, binder characteristics, construction variables, operational parameters, curing time, and loading conditions.

The purpose of this report is to provide user-oriented DMM design and construction guidelines for the support of embankments and typical transportation-oriented foundations. The use of DMM for liquefaction mitigation and excavation support is also discussed in general terms, since these applications are often associated with DMM projects for embankments and foundations. The embankment and foundation applications addressed in this manual include embankment support (both new embankments and embankment widening), culvert support through an embankment founded on DMM, bridge abutment support, retaining wall foundations, and bridge pier support.

This manual includes guidelines required for U.S. transportation engineers to plan, design, construct, and monitor deep mixing projects for embankment and foundation support. Information includes background on the use of DMM for transportation projects in the United States; a glossary of commonly used terminology and nomenclature; a description of applications, feasibility, and flow of design and construction for DMM projects; site investigation and characterization considerations; ranges of treated soil properties and a procedure for determining treated soil strengths for design; recommended design procedures for embankment and foundation applications and a design example; a description of contract procurement vehicles and recommendations; guidance for developing plans and specifications for contract documents; guidance for developing bench-scale testing and full-scale field testing programs; a description of means, methods, and materials for DMM; an overview of available and recommended quality control/quality assurance procedures and monitoring techniques; and typical costs and methods for estimating costs of DMM projects for comparison with alternative technologies.

Jorge E. Pagán-Ortiz
Director, Office of Infrastructure
Research and Development

Technical Report Documentation Page

SI* (Modern Metric) Conversion Factors

TABLE OF CONTENTS

• CHAPTER 1. Introduction to the Deep mixing method in the
  United states
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Scope of Manual
  • 1.3 Study and USE OF DMM BY U.S. transportation agencies
• CHAPTER 2. Terminology
• CHAPTER 3. applications, feasibility, and flow of design and construction for DMM projects
  • 3.1 Typical DMM Transportation applications
  • 3.2 Feasibility of using DMM
    • 3.2.1 Advantages and Potential Limitations of DMM
    • 3.2.2 Feasibility Evaluation for Using Deep Mixing for Transportation Projects
  • 3.3 design and construction flow for DMM projects.
    • 3.3.1 Data Collection
    • 3.3.2 Analysis and Design
    • 3.3.3 Contractor Procurement
    • 3.3.4 Construction and QC/QA
• CHAPTER 4. Site EXPLORATION PROGRAM
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Phased Approach to Site EXPLORATION
    • 4.2.1 Phase 1—Office Studies and Site Reconnaissance
    • 4.2.2 Phase 2—Preliminary Field Investigations and Laboratory Testing
    • 4.2.3 Phase 3—Detailed Field Investigations and Laboratory Testing
  • 4.3 General Site EXPLORATION Planning for DMM Projects
  • 4.4 Important Site exploration Details for DMM Projects
• CHAPTER 5. Treated Soil property Values for Design
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Phase Relationships
  • 5.3 Engineering Property Values for DMM Designs
  • 5.4 Strength
    • 5.4.1 Factors that Influence the Strength of Deep Mixed Soil
    • 5.4.2 Effect of Total Water-to-Binder Ratio
    • 5.4.3 Effect of Curing Time
    • 5.4.4 Peak Unconfined Strength Versus Residual Confined Strength
    • 5.4.5 Unconfined Compressive Strength from Laboratory-Prepared Specimens
    • 5.4.6 Differences Between the Strength of Laboratory-Prepared Specimens and Field-Mixed Specimens
    • 5.4.7 Unconfined Compressive Strength Specified on Previous Projects
    • 5.4.8 Strength Variability
    • 5.4.9 Characteristics of the Strength Envelope for Design
    • 5.4.10 Establishing a Project-Specific Range of Unconfined Compressive Strengths
  • 5.5 Modulus
  • 5.6 Poisson’s Ratio
  • 5.7 Permeability (Hydraulic Conductivity)
  • 5.8 Unit Weight
• CHAPTER 6. Design recommendations
  • 6.1 DESIGN OF DEEP MIXING TO SUPPORT EMBANKMENTS.
    • 6.1.1 Step 1—Establish Project Requirements
    • 6.1.2 Step 2—Establish Representative Subsurface Conditions
    • 6.1.3 Step 3—Establish Trial Deep Mixed Ground Property Values
    • 6.1.4 Step 4—Establish Trial Deep Mixed Geometry.
    • 6.1.5 Step 5—Evaluate Settlement
    • 6.1.6 Step 6—Evaluate Stability
    • 6.1.7 Step 7—Prepare Plans and Specifications
    • 6.1.8 Basis for Design Procedure
  • 6.2 Design Considerations for DMM Supported Structures
  • 6.3 LIQUEFACTION MITIGATION
  • 6.4 Excavation support
• CHAPTER 7. Design Example
  • 7.1 introduction
    • 7.1.1 Step 1—Establish Project Requirements
    • 7.1.2 Step 2—Establish Representative Subsurface Conditions
    • 7.1.3 Step 3—Establish Trial Deep Mixed Ground Property Values
    • 7.1.4 Step 4—Establish Trial Deep Mixed Geometry.
    • 7.1.5 Step 5—Evaluate Settlement
    • 7.1.6 Step 6—Evaluate Stability
    • 7.1.7 Step 7—Prepare Plans and Specifications
• CHAPTER 8. contractor Procurement
  • 8.1 Recommended Contracting Approach
  • 8.2 Measurement and Payment
  • 8.3 Other procurement methods
  • 8.4 contractor QualificationS
• CHAPTER 9. Specifications, plans, and contractor submittals
  • 9.1 Specifications
  • 9.2 PLANS
  • 9.3 CONTRACTOR SUBMITTALS
    • 9.3.1 Contractor Experience Profile
    • 9.3.2 Bench-Scale Testing Results
    • 9.3.3 Field Validation Program Plan
    • 9.3.4 Deep Mixing Work Plan
    • 9.3.5 Material Certifications
    • 9.3.6 Production Records
    • 9.3.7 QC/QA Records
    • 9.3.8 As-Built Field Measurement Data
• CHAPTER 10. BENCH-SCALE TESTING AND FIELD VALIDATION PROGRAM
  • 10.1 Timing of PreConstruction Testing Activities.
  • 10.2 BENCH-SCALE TESTING
    • 10.2.1 Goals of Bench-Scale Testing Program
    • 10.2.2 Bench-Scale Testing Program
  • 10.3 FIELD VALIDATION PROGRAM (FULL-SCALE FIELD TESTING)
    • 10.3.1 Goals of Full-Scale Field Testing
    • 10.3.2 Full-Scale Field Testing Program
• CHAPTER 11. Construction
  • 11.1 Classification of Methods
  • 11.2 Wet Mixing Methods
    • 11.2.1 Slurry Batch Plant
    • 11.2.2 Wet Mixing Equipment and Processes
    • 11.2.3 WRS Methods
    • 11.2.4 WRE Methods
    • 11.2.5 WJE Methods
    • 11.2.6 WVP Methods
  • 11.3 Dry Mixing Methods
    • 11.3.1 Binder Injection Equipment
    • 11.3.2 Dry Mixing Equipment and Process
  • 11.4 Operational Considerations
    • 11.4.1 Injection Method
    • 11.4.2 Rotation and Penetration Speeds
    • 11.4.3 Tooling Geometry
• CHAPTER 12. QC/QA
  • 12.1 Introduction
  • 12.2 QC
    • 12.2.1 Role of QC Personnel
    • 12.2.2 Bench-Scale and Field Validation (Full-Scale Field Testing) Programs
    • 12.2.3 Deep Mixing Work Plan
    • 12.2.4 Materials and Production Monitoring
    • 12.2.5 QC Documentation
  • 12.3 QA
    • 12.3.1 Role of QA Personnel
    • 12.3.2 Engineering Properties to be Verified for QA Purposes
    • 12.3.3 Coring
    • 12.3.4 Wet Grab Sampling
    • 12.3.5 Other Verification Methods
    • 12.3.6 Acceptance Criteria
    • 12.3.7 Remedial Measures for Noncompliance
• CHAPTER 13. Cost estimating
  • 13.1 Factors that Affect DMM Costs
  • 13.2 Unit Costs for DMM
  • 13.3 Mobilization/Demobilization
  • 13.4 QC/QA Costs
  • 13.5 Engineering Costs
  • 13.6 measurement and payment
• APPENDIX A. LABORATORY PROCEDURE FOR MIXING, CURING,
  AND STRENGTH TESTING OF TREATED SOIL SPECIMENS APPLICABLE
  TO WET MIXING
  • Equipment and Materials
  • Material Preparation and Storage Prior to Use
  • Soil Mixing
  • Binder Slurry Mixing
  • Soil-Binder Mixing
  • Placing the Mixture in the Molds
  • Curing
  • Specimen Preparation and Testing
  • Data Reduction
• APPENDIX B. CALCULATIONS FOR LABORATORY PREPARATION OF
  SOIL-CEMENT MIXTURES FOR APPLICATION TO WET MIXING
• APPENDIX C. GUIDE CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION FOR DEEP MIXING
  • Deep Mixing Guide Construction Specification
  • PART 1—GENERAL
    • 1.1 Scope
    • 1.2 References
    • 1.3 Definitions
    • 1.4 Project Description and Performance Requirements
    • 1.5 Qualifications of Contractor
    • 1.6 Available Information
    • 1.7 Construction Site Survey
    • 1.8 Submittals
    • 1.9 Preconstruction Meeting
  • PART 2—Materials and Equipment
    • 2.1 Materials
    • 2.2 Equipment
    • 2.3 Products
  • PART 3—EXECUTION
    • 3.1 General
    • 3.2 Field Validation Program
    • 3.3 Binder Preparation (Wet Method)
    • 3.4 Locating Elements
    • 3.5 Mixing
    • 3.6 QC
  • Part 4—Measurement and Payment
• APPENDIX D. TABULATED DATA FOR DMM METHODS AND EQUIPMENT
  USED INTERNATIONALLY
• Acknowledgments
• References

LIST OF FIGURES

• Figure 1. Illustration. Embankment supported on DMM
• Figure 2. Illustration. Cut and cover culvert supported on DMM through embankment
• Figure 3. Illustration. Abutment supported on deep foundations and adjacent embankment supported on DMM
• Figure 4. Illustration. Abutment and embankment supported on DMM
• Figure 5. Illustration. Retaining wall supported on DMM without retained soil supported on DMM
• Figure 6. Illustration. Bridge pier supported on DMM
• Figure 7. Flowchart. Design and construction for DMM projects
• Figure 8. Illustration. Typical configuration of DMM columns for transportation applications
• Figure 9. Illustration. External stability mode of failure for overturning and sliding
• Figure 10. Illustration. External stability mode of failure for bearing capacity
• Figure 11. Illustration. Internal stability mode of failure for circular sliding surface
• Figure 12. Illustration. Internal stability mode of failure for vertical shearing
• Figure 13. Illustration. Phase diagrams for dry mixing
• Figure 14. Illustration. Phase diagrams for wet mixing
• Figure 15. Equation. Specific gravity of soil solids
• Figure 16. Equation. Specific gravity of the binder
• Figure 17. Equation. Binder factor in-place
• Figure 18. Equation. Binder content
• Figure 19. Equation. Total water-to-binder ratio
• Figure 20. Equation. Volume ratio expressed in terms of binder factor for any degree of saturation
• Figure 21. Equation. Volume ratio expressed in terms of binder factor in-place for S = 1
• Figure 22. Equation. Volume ratio expressed in terms of binder factor in-place for any S
• Figure 23. Equation. Volume ratio expressed in terms of binder content for any S
• Figure 24. Equation. Volume ratio expressed in terms of total-water-to-binder ratio
  for any S
• Figure 25. Equation. Binder factor expressed in terms of binder factor in-place for S = 1
• Figure 26. Equation. Binder factor expressed in terms of binder factor in-place for any S
• Figure 27. Equation. Binder factor expressed in terms of binder content for any S
• Figure 28. Equation. Binder factor expressed in terms of total-water-to-binder ratio
  for any S
• Figure 29. Graph. Unconfined compressive strength versus total water-to-cement ratio for laboratory-mixed and tested specimens
• Figure 30. Equation. Curing factor
• Figure 31. Equation. Total unit weight of a saturated mixture using dry mixing
• Figure 32. Equation. Total unit weight of a saturated mixture using wet mixing
• Figure 33. Equation. Shear strength of the deep mixed ground
• Figure 34. Equation. Young’s modulus of deep mixed ground for wet mixing
• Figure 35. Equation. Young’s modulus of deep mixed ground for dry mixing
• Figure 36. Illustration. Typical arrangement for deep-mixed zone beneath an embankment
• Figure 37. Equation. Area replacement ratio beneath the central portion of an embankment
• Figure 38. Illustration. Definition sketch for column overlap calculations
• Figure 39. Equation. Area replacement ratio under the side slopes of the embankment
• Figure 40. Equation. Chord angle expressed in radians
• Figure 41. Equation. Chord length
• Figure 42. Equation. Overlap area ratio
• Figure 43. Equation. Area replacement ratio of the shear walls
• Figure 44. Equation. Area replacement ratio beneath central portion of embankment
• Figure 45. Equation. Ratio of chord length to shear wall spacing
• Figure 46. Equation. Composite modulus
• Figure 47. Equation. Compression of the treated zone
• Figure 48. Illustration. Potential sliding surfaces and assignment of composite shear
  strength, sdm,center and sdm,wall
• Figure 49. Equation. Composite shear strength of the deep mixed zone beneath the
  shear walls
• Figure 50. Equation. Composite shear strength of the deep mixed zone beneath the
  central portion of the embankment
• Figure 51. Illustration. Definition sketch for combined overturning and bearing calculations
• Figure 52. Equation. Mobilized total stress cohesion intercept
• Figure 53. Equation. Mobilized total stress friction angle
• Figure 54. Equation. Mobilized effective stress cohesion intercept
• Figure 55. Equation. Mobilized effective stress friction angle
• Figure 56. Equation. Vertical force
• Figure 57. Equation. Effective vertical force
• Figure 58. Equation. Location of total resultant force
• Figure 59. Equation. Location of the resultant force acting on the base of the deep
  mixed zone
• Figure 60. Equation. Bearing pressure at the toe of the deep mixed shear walls using
  total normal stresses
• Figure 61. Equation. Bearing pressure at the toe of the deep mixed shear walls using
  effective normal stresses
• Figure 62. Equation. Allowable bearing pressure at the toe of the deep mixed shear walls
  using total normal stresses
• Figure 63. Equation. Allowable bearing pressure at the toe of the deep mixed shear walls
  using a total stress friction angle equal to zero
• Figure 64. Equation. Allowable bearing pressure at the toe of the deep mixed shear walls
  using effective normal stresses
• Figure 65. Equation. Allowable bearing capacity of the deep mixed ground against crushing
  of the deep mixed shear walls at the outside toe of the embankment
• Figure 66. Equation. Total lateral earth pressure
• Figure 67. Equation. Effective lateral earth pressure
• Figure 68. Illustration. Racking failure mode
• Figure 69. Equation. Average vertical shear stress
• Figure 70. Equation. Allowable vertical shear stress
• Figure 71. Equation. Maximum clear spacing between shear walls
• Figure 72. Equation. Allowable axial structural capacity of a deep mixed column
• Figure 73. Illustration. Plan view of soil-cement columns on BART project
• Figure 74. Illustration. DMM treatment plan
• Figure 75. Illustration. Typical configuration of DMM for liquefaction mitigation
• Figure 76. Illustration. Example problem—embankment cross section
• Figure 77. Equation. Example problem—curing factor
• Figure 78. Equation. Example problem—shear strength of the deep mixed ground
• Figure 79. Equation. Example problem—determine Edm according to figure 34
• Figure 80. Equation. Example problem—area replacement ratio beneath the central portion
  of the embankment
• Figure 81. Equation. Example problem—chord angle in radians
• Figure 82. Equation. Example problem—ratio of chord length to shear wall spacing
• Figure 83. Equation. Example problem—composite modulus
• Figure 84. Equation. Example problem—compression of the treated zone
• Figure 85. Equation. Example problem—composite shear strength of the deep mixed zone beneath the shear walls        
• Figure 86. Equation. Example problem—composite shear strength of the deep mixed zone beneath the central portion of the embankment
• Figure 87. Illustration. Slope stability results
• Figure 88. Equation. Example problem—shear strength of the soft clay using total normal stresses
• Figure 89. Equation. Example problem—mobilized total stress friction angle of the soft clay
• Figure 90. Equation. Example problem—composite shear strength of the center deep mixed
  zone using total normal stresses
• Figure 91. Equation. Example problem—composite shear strength of the embankment
  material using effective normal stresses
• Figure 92. Equation. Example problem—mobilized effective stress friction angle of the embankment material     
• Figure 93. Equation. Example problem—mobilized effective stress friction angle of the
  dense sand layer
• Figure 94. Equation. Example problem—effective stress active lateral earth pressure
  coefficient
• Figure 95. Equation. Example problem—active force component from embankment
• Figure 96. Equation. Example problem—vertical distance from overturning point to line of action of active force component from embankment
• Figure 97. Equation. Example problem—active force component from surcharge
• Figure 98. Equation. Example problem—vertical distance from overturning point to line of action of active force component from surcharge
• Figure 99. Equation. Example problem—active force component from clay rectangle
• Figure 100. Equation. Example problem—vertical distance from overturning point to line of action of active force component from clay rectangle
• Figure 101. Equation. Example problem—active force component from clay triangle
• Figure 102. Equation. Example problem—vertical distance from overturning point to line of action of active force component from clay triangle
• Figure 103. Equation. Example problem—total active force
• Figure 104. Equation. Example problem—vertical distance between overturning point and
  total active force
• Figure 105. Equation. Example problem—active side shear force from the soft clay
• Figure 106. Equation. Example problem—passive side shear force from the soft clay
• Figure 107. Equation. Example problem—passive lateral force component from the clay rectangle
• Figure 108. Equation. Example problem—vertical distance from overturning point to line
  of action of passive force component from the clay rectangle
• Figure 109. Equation. Example problem—passive lateral earth force component from the
  clay triangle
• Figure 110. Equation. Example problem—vertical distance from the overturning point to
  the line of action of passive force component from clay triangle
• Figure 111. Equation. Example problem—total passive lateral earth force
• Figure 112. Equation. Example problem—vertical distance between the overturning point
  and the total passive force
• Figure 113. Equation. Example problem—weight of the embankment
• Figure 114. Equation. Example problem—location of the resultant of the embankment
  weight
• Figure 115. Equation. Example problem—weight of the deep mixed zone
• Figure 116. Equation. Example problem—location of the resultant of the deep mixed zone
• Figure 117. Equation. Example problem—total weight
• Figure 118. Equation. Example problem—location of the resultant of the total weight
• Figure 119. Equation. Example problem—resultant total vertical force
• Figure 120. Equation. Example problem—water force acting on the base of the deep
  mixed zone
• Figure 121. Equation. Example problem—location of water force acting on the base of
  the deep mixed zone
• Figure 122. Equation. Example problem—resultant effective vertical force
• Figure 123. Equation. Example problem—location of total resultant force acting on the
  base of the deep mixed zone
• Figure 124. Equation. Example problem—location of the effective resultant force acting
  on the base of the deep mixed zone
• Figure 125. Equation. Example problem—Position of resultant within the base
• Figure 126. Equation. Example problem—bearing pressure at the toe of the deep mixed
  shear walls
• Figure 127. Equation. Example problem—allowable bearing pressure at the toe of the deep mixed shear walls  
• Figure 128. Equation. Example problem—at-rest lateral earth pressure coefficient
• Figure 129. Equation. Example problem—effective vertical stress
• Figure 130. Equation. Example problem—at-rest effective lateral earth pressure
• Figure 131. Equation. Example problem—allowable bearing capacity of deep mixed ground
• Figure 132. Equation. Example problem—location of the force resultant along the base
  of the deep mixed zone
• Figure 133. Equation. Example problem—average vertical shear stress on the critical
  vertical plane
• Figure 134. Equation. Example problem—allowable vertical shear stress in the deep mixed
  zone
• Figure 135. Equation. Example problem—maximum clear spacing between shear columns
• Figure 136. Graph. General allocation of responsibility between owner and GC or DMM contractor based on contracting approach
• Figure 137. Flowchart. Classification of vertical axis DMMs based on agent (W/D), penetration/mixing principle (R/J/V), and location of mixing action (S/E/P)
• Figure 138. Photo. Slurry batching plant for larger mixing project
• Figure 139. Photo. Typical WRS mixing machine
• Figure 140. Photo. Typical blade-based tooling for WRS mixing
• Figure 141. Photo. Second view of typical blade-based tooling for WRS mixing
• Figure 142. Photo. Typical auger-based tools for WRS methods
• Figure 143. Photo. WRE mixing equipment
• Figure 144. Photo. Typical tools used for WRE mixing
• Figure 145. Photo. Second view of typical tools used for WRE mixing
• Figure 146. Photo. CSM method cutter wheels
• Figure 147. Photo. Example of a WJE tool
• Figure 148. Photo. TRD tooling
• Figure 149. Photo. Second view of TRD tooling
• Figure 150. Photo. Typical binder delivery unit for dry mixing
• Figure 151. Photo. Typical mixing tool for DRE methods
• Figure 152. Photo. Typical mixing tool for DRE methods for peat mixing
• Figure 153. Photo. Horizontal mixing tool for mass soil stabilization
• Figure 154. Equation. BRN
• Figure 155. Equation. Dry unit weight expressed in terms of the total unit weight of the
  soil and the water content
• Figure 156. Equation. Dry unit weight expressed in terms of the specific gravity, water
  content, and degree of saturation
• Figure 157. Equation. Dry unit weight expressed in terms of the specific gravity and
  water content for saturation equal to 1
• Figure 158. Equation. Degree of saturation
• Figure 159. Equation. Dry unit weight of slurry
• Figure 160. Equation. Volume of soil-cement mixture
• Figure 161. Equation. Weight of soil
• Figure 162. Equation. Weight of binder used in the slurry
• Figure 163. Equation. Weight of water used in the slurry
• Figure 164. Equation. Water-to-binder ratio of slurry
• Figure 165. Equation. Volume ratio of mixed soil
• Figure 166. Equation. As-mixed binder factor in-place for any degree of saturation
• Figure 167. Equation. As-mixed binder factor in-place for saturation equal to 1
• Figure 168. Equation. As-mixed binder factor expressed in terms of VR and dry unit
  weight of slurry
• Figure 169. Equation. Binder content of mixed soil
• Figure 170. Equation. Total water-to-binder ratio of mixed soil
• Figure 171. Equation. Adjusted weight of slurry water

LIST OF TABLES

• Table 1. Use of DMM for embankment and foundation applications
• Table 2. Summary of DMM usage for U.S. transportation projects
• Table 3. Relative advantages and disadvantages of DMM for general transportation
  project applications  (adapted from FHWA)
• Table 4. Alternative technologies to DMM
• Table 5. Factors to consider in feasibility assessment for using DMM
• Table 6. Summary of evaluations, information, and testing considerations for highway applications of DMM       
• Table 7. Guidelines for minimum numbers and depths of investigation points for highway applications of DMM
• Table 8. Definitions of deep mixing parameters
• Table 9. Factors affecting strength of deep mixed soil
• Table 10. Specified strengths for selected DMM projects
• Table 11. Typical design values of safety factors for design of deep mixing to support embankments
• Table 12. Values of fv
• Table 13. Values of β, c/d, and ae for selected values of e/d
• Table 14. Values of as,shear for selected values of e/d and d/s
• Table 15. Values of c/sshear for selected values of e/d and d/s
• Table 16. Geometric parameters necessary for design
• Table 17. Example problem—geometric parameters
• Table 18. Typical allocation of responsibilities of owner and contractor for DMM work
• Table 19. Suggested pay items and units of measure for DMM contract items
• Table 20. Typical equipment and common applications for the four general classifications
  of wet mixing methods
• Table 21. Generalized factors affecting costs of DMM projects for embankment and
  foundation support
• Table 22. Unit costs and associated general project conditions
• Table 23. Strength correction factors
• Table 24. Batch mix proportions and trend-line strengths
• Table 25. Allowable geometric parameters for DMM construction
• Table 26. Measurement and payment items for DMM contracts
• Table 27. Equipment, tooling, and treated soil properties for DSM and SMW techniques
• Table 28. Equipment, tooling, and treated soil properties for TREVIMIX Wet and Colmix techniques
• Table 29. Equipment, tooling, and treated soil properties for Soil Removal Technique
  and CDM
• Table 30. Equipment, tooling, and treated soil properties for SSM and in situ stabilization
  (ISS) auger method techniques
• Table 31. Equipment, tooling, and treated soil properties for RAS column method and rectangular 1 (cutting wheels) techniques
• Table 32. Equipment, tooling, and treated soil properties for rectangular 2 (box columns)
  and single auger mixing (SAM) techniques
• Table 33. Equipment, tooling, and treated soil properties for cementation and single
  axis tooling techniques
• Table 34. Equipment, tooling, and treated soil properties for Rotomix and CSM method techniques
• Table 35. Equipment, tooling, and treated soil properties for spread wing (SWING)
  technique
• Table 36. Equipment, tooling, and treated soil properties for JACSMAN and LDis
  techniques
• Table 37. Equipment, tooling, and treated soil properties for GeoJet™ and Hydramech techniques
• Table 38. Equipment, tooling, and treated soil properties for RAS Jet and TURBOMIX techniques
• Table 39. Equipment, tooling, and treated soil properties for TRD and dry jet mixing
  techniques
• Table 40. Equipment, tooling, and treated soil properties for Nordic Method and
  TREVIMIX DRY techniques
• Table 41. Equipment, tooling, and treated soil properties for MDM and dry soil mixing
  mass techniques
• Table 42. Equipment, tooling, and treated soil properties for Schnabel DMW technique

LIST OF ACRONYMS