U.S. Department of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration
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Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology
Coordinating, Developing, and Delivering Highway Transportation Innovations
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| This report is an archived publication and may contain dated technical, contact, and link information |
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Publication Number: FHWA-HRT-04-044 Date: February 2004 |
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As described in chapter 2, two surveys were produced and distributed under this project, one targeted to SHAs (to solicit relative performance data) and one for PCC paving contractors (to solicit relative cost data). Although these were separate surveys, the pavement design variables presented in each questionnaire are identical; results from each data collection effort thus can be paired directly for analysis.
Both surveys were structured so that only one design feature (from the standard design) was changed at a time, and the survey participants were then asked to assess what effect that change might have in terms of the costs (contractor questionnaire) or relative performance (agency questionnaire). In this way, the relative effects of the change in that one design feature could be determined. As described in chapter 2, all cost and performance changes were collected in terms of ratios that were relative to the expected cost and performance of the standard design section (i.e., cost and performance ratios associated with the design features defining the standard pavement section were 1.00). For example, if a contractor participant estimated that a particular design feature change was expected to cost 5 percent more than the original expected cost of the standard pavement section, then the participant defined the associated cost ratio as 1.05. Likewise, if an agency participant estimated that a particular design feature change would result in 3 percent decrease in performance (in comparison to the expected performance of the standard pavement section) then the participant defined the associated performance ratio as 0.97 (i.e., 1.00 –0.03 = 0.97). Survey respondents were asked to not enter a rating if they had no experience with a particular design feature.
Table 18 presents the raw data collected from the agency (performance) surveys, and also provides a statistical summary (mean, standard deviation, median, and range) of the overall results. Table 19 presents similar information for the contractor (cost) surveys. A blank cell in either of these tables indicates a “no response” from the participant.
| Feature Category | Description | Performance Survery Responses | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | ||
| Subgrade | Lime treated subgrade |
0.95 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 0.90 | 1.05 | 1.09 | ||
| Base | No base |
0.90 | 0.85 | 0.70 | 0.80 | 0.90 | 0.70 | 0.93 | |
Asphalt-treated base (ATB) |
1.02 | 0.80 | 1.05 | 1.10 | 1.27 | ||||
Cement-treated base (CTB) |
1.03 | 0.75 | 0.80 | 1.00 | 1.05 | 1.27 | |||
| Drainage | Open-graded, non-stabilized base (with underdrains) |
1.08 | 1.30 | 1.20 | 1.50 | 1.15 | 1.25 | 1.87 | |
Asphalt-treated permeable base (with underdrains |
1.09 | 1.40 | 1.75 | 1.15 | 1.40 | 2.36 | |||
Asphalt-treated permeable base (without underdrains |
1.05 | 1.30 | 1.20 | 1.10 | 1.76 | ||||
Cement-treated permeable base (with underdrains) |
1.10 | 1.35 | 1.60 | 1.15 | 1.35 | 0.80 | 2.36 | ||
Cement-treated permeable base (without underdrains) |
1.06 | 130 | 1.20 | 1.10 | 1.76 | ||||
| Thickness/ Slab Size |
200-m (8-in) JCP with 3.7-m (12-ft) joint spacing |
0.85 | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.95 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.25 | |
300-m (12-in) JCP with 5.5-m (18-ft) joint spacing |
1.15 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 1.00 | 1.50 | 1.20 | 3.30 | ||
250-m (10-in) JCP with 9.1-m (30-ft) joint spacing |
0.98 | 0.80 | 0.75 | 1.00 | |||||
240-m (9.5-in) CRCP with epoxy-coated deformed bars |
1.05 | 1.00 | 1.10 | ||||||
240-m (9.5-in) CRCP with non-coated deformed bars |
1.03 | 0.80 | 1.05 | ||||||
| Cross Section | Trapezoidal cross section, 275 to 200 mm (11 to 8in) |
0.95 | 1.05 | ||||||
Thickened edge cross section, 275 mm (11 in) at edges |
0.95 | 1.05 | |||||||
| Joints/Load Transfer |
Non-coated dowels |
0.96 | 1.05 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 1.00 | |||
Skewed joints |
1.00 | 0.80 | 0.95 | 1.00 | |||||
No dowels |
0.87 | 0.60 | 0.75 | 0.80 | 0.43 | ||||
Reduced number of dowels |
0.90 | 0.98 | 0.90 | 0.74 | 0.75 | ||||
| Joint Sealing | Hot-poured sealant with widening cut |
1.00 | 0.80 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 1.00 | |||
Silicone sealant with widening cut |
0.97 | 1.30 | 1.10 | 1.05 | 1.00 | ||||
Silicone sealant without widening cut |
0.99 | 0.90 | 1.05 | 0.95 | 1.00 | ||||
Preformed compression sealant |
1.03 | 1.00 | 1.15 | 1.25 | 1.00 | 0.90 | |||
No sealant |
0.90 | 0.70 | 0.95 | 0.90 | 1.00 | 0.60 | |||
| Shoulders | 400-mm (16-in) gravel shoulder |
0.90 | 0.95 | 1.00 | |||||
150-mm (6-in) tied PCC shoulder |
1.08 | 1.20 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.25 | ||||
250-mm (10-in) tied PCC shoulder |
1.10 | 1.15 | 1.30 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.05 | 1.58 | ||
0.6-m (2-ft) widened PCC slab |
1.10 | 1.35 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.58 | |||
| Strength/ Materials |
5.2 Mpa (750 lb/yd2 flexural strength |
1.00 | 1.00 | 0.90 | 1.05 | 1.63 | |||
High-early strength |
1.00 | 1.00 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 1.05 | 1.00 | |||
Well-graded mix |
1.00 | 1.20 | n/a | 1.05 | 1.05 | 2.00 | |||
| Initial Smoothness |
79 to 110 mm/km (5 to 7 in/mi) |
1.00 | 1.10 | 1.01 | |||||
47 to 79 mm/km (3 to 5 in/mi) |
1.02 | 1.20 | 1.02 | ||||||
16 to 47 mm/km (1 to 3 in/mi) |
1.03 | 1.30 | 1.03 | ||||||
< 16 mm/km (1 in/mi) |
1.03 | 1.05 | |||||||
| Feature Category | Description | Performance Survery Responses | Mean | Standard Deviation | Median | High | Low | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | |||||||
| Subgrade | Lime treated subgrade |
0.50 | 0.86 | 0.25 | 0.95 | 1.09 | 0.50 | |||
| Base | No base |
0.30 | 0.76 | 0.21 | 0.83 | 0.93 | 0.30 | |||
Asphalt-treated base (ATB) |
1.20 | 1.30 | 1.11 | 0.17 | 1.10 | 1.30 | 0.80 | |||
Cement-treated base (CTB) |
0.75 | 0.40 | 0.88 | 0.26 | 0.90 | 1.27 | 0.40 | |||
| Drainage | Open-graded, non-stabilized base (with underdrains) |
1.35 | 1.20 | 1.32 | 0.24 | 1.25 | 1.87 | 1.08 | ||
Asphalt-treated permeable base (with underdrains |
1.80 | 1.20 | 1.52 | 0.43 | 1.40 | 2.36 | 1.09 | |||
Asphalt-treated permeable base (without underdrains |
1.20 | 1.27 | 0.26 | 1.20 | 1.76 | 1.05 | ||||
Cement-treated permeable base (with underdrains) |
0.50 | 1.28 | 0.56 | 1.25 | 2.36 | 0.50 | ||||
Cement-treated permeable base (without underdrains) |
1.28 | 0.28 | 1.20 | 1.76 | 1.06 | |||||
| Thickness/ Slab Size |
200-m (8-in) JCP with 3.7-m (12-ft) joint spacing |
0.80 | 0.57 | 0.30 | 0.75 | 0.95 | 0.25 | |||
300-m (12-in) JCP with 5.5-m (18-ft) joint spacing |
1.00 | 2.05 | 1.06 | 1.50 | 3.30 | 1.00 | ||||
250-m (10-in) JCP with 9.1-m (30-ft) joint spacing |
1.00 | 0.91 | 0.12 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.75 | ||||
240-m (9.5-in) CRCP with epoxy-coated deformed bars |
1.05 | 0.05 | 1.05 | 1.10 | 1.00 | |||||
240-m (9.5-in) CRCP with non-coated deformed bars |
2.03 | 0.70 | 1.12 | 0.53 | 1.03 | 2.03 | 0.70 | |||
| Cross Section | Trapezoidal cross section, 275 to 200 mm (11 to 8in) |
1.00 | 0.07 | 1.00 | 1.05 | 0.95 | ||||
Thickened edge cross section, 275 mm (11 in) at edges |
1.00 | 0.07 | 1.00 | 1.05 | 0.95 | |||||
| Joints/Load Transfer |
Non-coated dowels |
1.00 | 1.00 | 0.80 | 0.97 | 0.07 | 0.98 | 1.05 | 0.80 | |
Skewed joints |
1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.07 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.80 | ||
No dowels |
0.43 | 0.40 | 0.55 | 0.50 | 0.59 | 0.18 | 0.55 | 0.87 | 0.40 | |
Reduced number of dowels |
0.80 | 0.85 | 0.10 | 0.85 | 0.98 | 0.74 | ||||
| Joint Sealing | Hot-poured sealant with widening cut |
1.20 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.12 | 1.00 | 1.20 | 0.80 | ||
Silicone sealant with widening cut |
1.00 | 1.05 | 1.00 | 1.06 | 0.11 | 1.03 | 1.30 | 0.97 | ||
Silicone sealant without widening cut |
1.00 | 0.98 | 0.05 | 1.00 | 1.05 | 0.90 | ||||
Preformed compression sealant |
1.00 | 1.05 | 0.12 | 1.00 | 1.25 | 0.90 | ||||
No sealant |
1.00 | 0.86 | 0.15 | 0.90 | 1.00 | 0.60 | ||||
| Shoulders | 400-mm (16-in) gravel shoulder |
1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.04 | 1.00 | 1.25 | 0.90 | |
150-mm (6-in) tied PCC shoulder |
1.20 | 1.14 | 0.09 | 1.14 | 1.75 | 1.05 | ||||
250-mm (10-in) tied PCC shoulder |
1.57 | 1.40 | 1.75 | 1.20 | 1.30 | 0.24 | 1.20 | 1.75 | 1.05 | |
0.6-m (2-ft) widened PCC slab |
1.57 | 1.30 | 1.75 | 1.40 | 1.34 | 0.24 | 1.33 | 1.75 | 1.10 | |
| Strength/ Materials |
5.2 Mpa (750 lb/yd2 flexural strength |
1.63 | 1.00 | 1.17 | 0.32 | 1.00 | 1.63 | 0.90 | ||
High-early strength |
1.00 | 0.90 | 0.97 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 1.05 | 0.90 | |||
Well-graded mix |
1.26 | 0.42 | 1.05 | 2.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Initial Smoothness |
79 to 110 mm/km (5 to 7 in/mi) |
1.00 | 1.05 | 1.00 | 1.03 | 0.04 | 1.01 | 1.10 | 1.00 | |
47 to 79 mm/km (3 to 5 in/mi) |
1.05 | 1.20 | 1.00 | 1.08 | 0.09 | 1.04 | 1.20 | 1.00 | ||
16 to 47 mm/km (1 to 3 in/mi) |
1.10 | 1.25 | 1.00 | 1.12 | 0.13 | 1.07 | 1.30 | 1.00 | ||
< 16 mm/km (1 in/mi) |
1.15 | 1.25 | 1.00 | 1.10 | 0.10 | 1.05 | 1.25 | 1.00 | ||
| Feature Category | Description | Performance Survery Responses | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | ||
| Subgrade | Lime treated subgrade |
0.95 | 0.92 | 0.95 | 1.05 | 0.92 | 1.08 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 1.12 | 1.02 |
| Base | No base |
0.70 | 0.78 | 0.88 | 0.85 | 0.87 | 0.96 | 0.83 | 0.70 | 0.94 | 0.80 | 0.88 |
Asphalt-treated base (ATB) |
1.05 | 1.15 | 1.25 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.17 | 1.28 | 1.10 | 1.07 | 1.27 | 1.24 | |
Cement-treated base (CTB) |
0.87 | 1.11 | 0.94 | 1.00 | 1.06 | 1.08 | 1.25 | 1.00 | 1.05 | 1.19 | 1.21 | |
| Drainage | Open-graded, non-stabilized base (with underdrains) |
1.31 | 1.19 | 1.18 | 1.10 | 1.14 | 1.19 | 1.34 | 1.22 | 1.16 | 1.23 | 1.37 |
Asphalt-treated permeable base (with underdrains |
1.38 | 1.20 | 1.27 | 1.20 | 1.23 | 1.47 | 1.44 | 1.28 | 1.22 | 1.35 | 1.56 | |
Asphalt-treated permeable base (without underdrains |
1.32 | 1.21 | 1.20 | 1.15 | 1.24 | 1.38 | 1.34 | 1.20 | 1.15 | 1.36 | 1.46 | |
Cement-treated permeable base (with underdrains) |
1.29 | 1.23 | 1.21 | 1.20 | 1.15 | 1.28 | 1.39 | 1.30 | 1.19 | 1.40 | 1.46 | |
Cement-treated permeable base (without underdrains) |
1.33 | 1.27 | 1.13 | 1.15 | 1.22 | 1.27 | 1.44 | 1.07 | 1.18 | 1.43 | 1.58 | |
| Thickness/ Slab Size |
200-m (8-in) JCP with 3.7-m (12-ft) joint spacing |
0.94 | 0.92 | 0.94 | 0.80 | 0.88 | 0.90 | 0.92 | 0.95 | 0.97 | 0.92 | 0.86 |
300-m (12-in) JCP with 5.5-m (18-ft) joint spacing |
1.06 | 1.08 | 1.06 | 1.20 | 1.10 | 1.11 | 1.09 | 1.08 | 1.04 | 1.09 | 1.17 | |
250-m (10-in) JCP with 9.1-m (30-ft) joint spacing |
1.10 | 1.11 | 1.03 | 1.25 | 1.01 | 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.17 | 1.02 | 1.18 | 1.14 | |
240-m (9.5-in) CRCP with epoxy-coated deformed bars |
1.15 | 1.13 | 1.32 | 1.30 | 1.11 | 1.13 | 1.17 | 1.20 | 1.28 | 1.29 | 1.30 | |
240-m (9.5-in) CRCP with non-coated deformed bars |
1.11 | 1.09 | 1.13 | 1.25 | 1.05 | 1.10 | 1.13 | 1.17 | 1.24 | 1.25 | 1.23 | |
| Cross Section | Trapezoidal cross section, 275 to 200 mm (11 to 8in) |
0.98 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 1.00 | 1.10 | 0.99 | 0.95 | 1.00 |
Thickened edge cross section, 275 mm (11 in) at edges |
0.98 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 1.00 | 1.15 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Joints/Load Transfer |
Non-coated dowels |
0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
Skewed joints |
1.01 | 1.03 | 1.00 | 1.10 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.05 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.01 | |
No dowels |
0.94 | 0.97 | 0.94 | 0.90 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.95 | 0.91 | 0.94 | 0.92 | |
Reduced number of dowels |
0.98 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.97 | |
| Joint Sealing | Hot-poured sealant with widening cut |
1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.10 | 1.00 | 0.96 | 1.00 |
Silicone sealant with widening cut |
1.01 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.05 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.05 | 1.01 | |
Silicone sealant without widening cut |
1.03 | 1.00 | n/a | 1.02 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.01 | n/a | |
Preformed compression sealant |
1.02 | 1.05 | 1.01 | 1.15 | 1.01 | 1.07 | 1.02 | 1.05 | 1.01 | 1.08 | 1.02 | |
No sealant |
0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.90 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.90 | 1.00 | 0.93 | 0.99 | |
| Shoulders | 400-mm (16-in) gravel shoulder |
0.84 | 0.97 | 0.91 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.86 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.87 | 0.91 | 0.92 |
150-mm (6-in) tied PCC shoulder |
1.04 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.05 | 1.03 | 1.07 | 1.04 | 1.30 | 1.14 | 1.08 | 1.37 | |
250-mm (10-in) tied PCC shoulder |
1.13 | 1.14 | 1.10 | 1.20 | 1.06 | 1.15 | 1.06 | 1.35 | 1.22 | 1.17 | 1.28 | |
0.6-m (2-ft) widened PCC slab |
1.04 | 1.03 | 1.06 | 1.10 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.05 | 1.22 | |
| Strength/ Materials |
5.2 Mpa (750 lb/yd2 flexural strength |
1.03 | 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.10 | 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.10 | 1.02 | 1.06 | 1.11 |
High-early strength |
1.05 | 1.09 | 1.07 | 1.40 | 1.05 | 1.10 | 1.23 | 1.03 | 1.10 | 1.28 | ||
Well-graded mix |
1.00 | 1.02 | 1.00 | 1.05 | 1.03 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 | n/a | |
| Initial Smoothness |
Aggregate Base |
|||||||||||
79 to 110 mm/km (5 to 7 in/mi) |
1.00 | n/a | 1.02 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
47 to 79 mm/km (3 to 5 in/mi) |
1.01 | n/a | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
16 to 47 mm/km (1 to 3 in/mi) |
1.02 | n/a | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.04 | |||||
< 16 mm/km (1 in/mi) |
1.04 | n/a | 1.10 | 1.04 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.07 | |||||
Asphalt-treated base (ATB) |
||||||||||||
79 to 110 mm/km (5 to 7 in/mi) |
1.00 | n/a | 1.07 | 1.00 | 1.00 | n/a | 1.00 | |||||
47 to 79 mm/km (3 to 5 in/mi) |
1.01 | n/a | 1.07 | 1.01 | 1.00 | n/a | 1.00 | |||||
16 to 47 mm/km (1 to 3 in/mi) |
1.02 | n/a | 1.07 | 1.02 | 1.00 | n/a | 1.04 | |||||
< 16 mm/km (1 in/mi) |
1.03 | n/a | 1.07 | 1.02 | 1.01 | n/a | 1.07 | |||||
Cement-treated base (CTB) |
||||||||||||
79 to 110 mm/km (5 to 7 in/mi) |
1.00 | n/a | 1.07 | 1.00 | 1.00 | n/a | 1.00 | |||||
47 to 79 mm/km (3 to 5 in/mi) |
1.01 | n/a | 1.07 | 1.01 | 1.00 | n/a | 1.00 | |||||
16 to 47 mm/km (1 to 3 in/mi) |
1.02 | n/a | 1.07 | 1.02 | 1.00 | n/a | 1.04 | |||||
< 16 mm/km (1 in/mi) |
1.03 | n/a | 1.07 | 1.03 | 1.01 | n/a | 1.07 | |||||
Open-graded stabilized drainage layers |
||||||||||||
79 to 110 mm/km (5 to 7 in/mi) |
1.00 | n/a | 1.12 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.00 | |||||
47 to 79 mm/km (3 to 5 in/mi) |
1.01 | n/a | 1.12 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.00 | |||||
16 to 47 mm/km (1 to 3 in/mi) |
1.02 | n/a | 1.12 | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.04 | |||||
< 16 mm/km (1 in/mi) |
1.03 | n/a | 1.12 | 1.03 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.07 | |||||
| Feature Category | Description | Performance Survery Responses | Mean | Standard Deviation | Median | High | Low | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | |||||||
| Subgrade | Lime treated subgrade |
1.00 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.06 | 0.95 | 1.12 | 0.92 |
| Base | No base |
0.92 | 0.91 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.84 | 0.85 | 0.08 | 0.88 | 0.96 | 0.70 |
Asphalt-treated base (ATB) |
1.17 | 1.25 | 1.18 | 1.14 | 1.09 | 1.16 | 0.08 | 1.16 | 1.28 | 1.05 | |
Cement-treated base (CTB) |
1.00 | 1.04 | 0.97 | 1.11 | 1.11 | 1.06 | 0.10 | 1.06 | 1.25 | 0.87 | |
| Drainage | Open-graded, non-stabilized base (with underdrains) |
1.30 | 1.15 | 1.10 | 1.24 | 1.28 | 1.22 | 0.08 | 1.21 | 1.37 | 1.10 |
Asphalt-treated permeable base (with underdrains |
1.40 | 1.24 | 1.26 | 1.43 | 1.34 | 1.33 | 0.11 | 1.31 | 1.56 | 1.20 | |
Asphalt-treated permeable base (without underdrains |
1.40 | 1.21 | 1.19 | 1.48 | 1.26 | 1.28 | 0.11 | 1.25 | 1.48 | 1.15 | |
Cement-treated permeable base (with underdrains) |
1.40 | 1.13 | 1.17 | 1.34 | 1.30 | 1.28 | 0.10 | 1.29 | 1.46 | 1.13 | |
Cement-treated permeable base (without underdrains) |
1.42 | 1.14 | 1.15 | 1.22 | 1.28 | 1.27 | 0.14 | 1.24 | 1.58 | 1.07 | |
| Thickness/ Slab Size |
200-m (8-in) JCP with 3.7-m (12-ft) joint spacing |
0.95 | 0.93 | 0.09 | 0.96 | 0.94 | 0.87 | 0.21 | 0.93 | 0.97 | 0.09 |
300-m (12-in) JCP with 5.5-m (18-ft) joint spacing |
1.10 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.06 | 1.07 | 1.09 | 0.04 | 1.08 | 1.20 | 1.04 | |
250-m (10-in) JCP with 9.1-m (30-ft) joint spacing |
1.10 | 1.06 | 1.02 | 1.05 | 1.02 | 1.08 | 0.07 | 1.06 | 1.25 | 1.01 | |
240-m (9.5-in) CRCP with epoxy-coated deformed bars |
1.25 | 1.16 | 1.24 | 1.02 | 1.11 | 1.20 | 0.09 | 1.19 | 1.32 | 1.02 | |
240-m (9.5-in) CRCP with non-coated deformed bars |
1.20 | 1.11 | 1.20 | 1.00 | 1.07 | 1.15 | 0.08 | 1.13 | 1.25 | 1.00 | |
| Cross Section | Trapezoidal cross section, 275 to 200 mm (11 to 8in) |
1.00 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.03 | 0.99 | 0.03 | 0.99 | 1.10 | 0.95 |
Thickened edge cross section, 275 mm (11 in) at edges |
1.00 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.04 | 1.00 | 0.04 | 1.00 | 1.15 | 0.97 | |
| Joints/Load Transfer |
Non-coated dowels |
1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.01 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.97 |
Skewed joints |
1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.03 | 1.01 | 1.10 | 1.00 | |
No dowels |
0.96 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.91 | 0.94 | 0.02 | 0.94 | 0.97 | 0.90 | |
Reduced number of dowels |
0.98 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.01 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.95 | |
| Joint Sealing | Hot-poured sealant with widening cut |
1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.79 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 1.10 | 0.79 |
Silicone sealant with widening cut |
1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.32 | 1.01 | 1.03 | 0.08 | 1.01 | 1.32 | 1.00 | |
Silicone sealant without widening cut |
1.01 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.17 | 1.00 | 1.02 | 0.05 | 1.00 | 1.17 | 0.99 | |
Preformed compression sealant |
1.02 | 1.01 | 1.02 | 1.58 | 1.02 | 1.07 | 0.14 | 1.02 | 1.58 | 1.01 | |
No sealant |
1.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.57 | 0.98 | 0.95 | 0.11 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.57 | |
| Shoulders | 400-mm (16-in) gravel shoulder |
0.90 | 0.85 | 0.94 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.04 | 0.90 | 0.97 | 0.84 |
150-mm (6-in) tied PCC shoulder |
1.30 | 1.06 | 1.07 | 1.19 | 1.11 | 1.13 | 0.11 | 1.08 | 1.37 | 1.03 | |
250-mm (10-in) tied PCC shoulder |
1.24 | 1.08 | 1.12 | 1.24 | 1.16 | 1.17 | 0.08 | 1.15 | 1.35 | 1.06 | |
0.6-m (2-ft) widened PCC slab |
1.20 | 1.03 | 1.05 | 1.03 | 1.06 | 1.07 | 0.06 | 1.05 | 1.22 | 1.01 | |
| Strength/ Materials |
5.2 Mpa (750 lb/yd2 flexural strength |
1.10 | 1.04 | 1.02 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.05 | 0.03 | 1.03 | 1.11 | 1.01 |
High-early strength |
1.25 | 1.07 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.06 | 1.12 | 0.11 | 1.07 | 1.40 | 1.03 | |
Well-graded mix |
n/a | 1.01 | n/a | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 0.01 | 1.01 | 1.05 | 1.00 | |
| Initial Smoothness |
Aggregate Base |
||||||||||
79 to 110 mm/km (5 to 7 in/mi) |
1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 1.02 | 1.00 | ||
47 to 79 mm/km (3 to 5 in/mi) |
1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 1.02 | 1.00 | ||
16 to 47 mm/km (1 to 3 in/mi) |
1.01 | 1.05 | 1.00 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 0.02 | 1.02 | 1.05 | 1.00 | ||
< 16 mm/km (1 in/mi) |
1.01 | 1.10 | 1.00 | 1.05 | 1.04 | 0.04 | 1.04 | 1.10 | 1.00 | ||
Asphalt-treated base (ATB) |
1.00 | ||||||||||
79 to 110 mm/km (5 to 7 in/mi) |
1.25 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.04 | 0.08 | 1.00 | 1.25 | 1.00 | ||
47 to 79 mm/km (3 to 5 in/mi) |
1.26 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.04 | 0.09 | 1.01 | 1.26 | 1.00 | ||
16 to 47 mm/km (1 to 3 in/mi) |
1.26 | 1.05 | 1.00 | 1.03 | 1.05 | 0.08 | 1.03 | 1.26 | 1.00 | ||
< 16 mm/km (1 in/mi) |
1.27 | 1.10 | 1.00 | 1.06 | 1.07 | 0.08 | 1.06 | 1.27 | 1.00 | ||
Cement-treated base (CTB) |
1.00 | ||||||||||
79 to 110 mm/km (5 to 7 in/mi) |
1.04 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.03 | 1.00 | 1.07 | 1.00 | ||
47 to 79 mm/km (3 to 5 in/mi) |
1.04 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 1.07 | 1.00 | ||
16 to 47 mm/km (1 to 3 in/mi) |
1.04 | 1.05 | 1.00 | 1.02 | 1.03 | 0.02 | 1.02 | 1.07 | 1.00 | ||
< 16 mm/km (1 in/mi) |
1.04 | 1.10 | 1.00 | 1.05 | 1.04 | 0.03 | 1.04 | 1.10 | 1.00 | ||
Open-graded stabilized drainage layers |
1.00 | ||||||||||
79 to 110 mm/km (5 to 7 in/mi) |
1.15 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.03 | 0.06 | 1.01 | 1.5 | 1.00 | ||
47 to 79 mm/km (3 to 5 in/mi) |
1.16 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.03 | 0.06 | 1.01 | 1.16 | 1.00 | ||
16 to 47 mm/km (1 to 3 in/mi) |
1.16 | 1.05 | 1.00 | 1.03 | 1.05 | 0.05 | 1.03 | 1.16 | 1.00 | ||
< 16 mm/km (1 in/mi) |
1.17 | 1.10 | 1.00 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 0.05 | 1.05 | 1.17 | 1.00 | ||
