References

Previous | Table of Contents

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (2000). AASHTO Guide Specification For Highway Construction, Section 56X, Portland Cement Concrete Resistant to Excessive Expansion Caused by Alkali-Silica Reaction, http://leadstates.tamu.edu/ASR/library/gspec.stm.

Baxter, S.Z., Stokes, D.B., and Manissero, C.E. (2000). "A lithium-based pozzolans for ASR control," Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction (ICAAR), Quebec, Canada, June 11-16, 573-582.

Bérubé, M-A. and Duchesne, J. (1992). "Evaluation of testing methods used for assessing the effectiveness of mineral admixtures in suppressing expansion due to alkali-aggregate reaction." Proceedings of the 4^th International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, (Ed, V.M. Malhotra), ACI SP132, Vol. 1, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, MI, pp. 549-575.

Bérubé, M-A. and Fournier, B. (1992). "Accelerated test methods for alkali-aggregate reactivity." Advances in Concrete Technology (Ed. V. M. Malhotra), CANMET/EMR, Ottawa, Canada, pp. 583-627.

Building Research Establishment (2002). Minimizing the risk of alkali-silica reaction:  aAlternative methods, Information Paper, Building Research Establishment, United Kingdom.

Qinghan, B., Nishibayashi, S., Xuequan. W., Yoshino, A, Hong, Z., Tiecheng, W., and Mingshu, T. (1995).  "Preliminary study of the effects of LiNO ₃ on expansion of mortars subjected to alkali-silica reaction," Cement   and Concrete Research, 25:1647-1654.

Bleszynski, R., Thomas, M.D.A, and Hooton, D., (2000). "The efficiency of ternary cementitious systems for controlling expansion due to alkali-silica reaction in concrete," Proceedings of the 11^th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction (ICAAR), Quebec, Canada, June 11-16, 583-592.

Canadian Standards Association (CSA), (2000a). Standard Practice to Identify Degree of Alkali-Aggregate Reactivity of Aggregates and to Identify Measures to Avoid Deleterious Expansion in Cocnrete, CSA A23.2-27A.

Canadian Standards Association (CSA), (2000b). Guide to the Evaluation and Management of Concrete Structures Affected by Alkali-Aggregate Reactions, CSA A864-00.

Chatterji, S., Thalow, N., and Jensen, A.D. (1987). "Studies of the Alkali-Silica Reaction Part 4: Effect of Different Alkali Salt Solutions on Expansion," Cement and Concrete Research, 17:777-83.

Collins, C.L. (2002). Examination of the Mechanism by which Lithium Additives Inhibit Alkali-Silica Reaction Gel Expansion, M.S.EnvE. Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA.

Dent Glasser, L.S. and Kataoka, N. (1981). "The chemistry of alkali-aggregate reactions." Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction, Cape Town, South Africa, S252/23.

Diamond, S. (1981). "Effects of two Danish fly ashes on alkali contents of pore solutions of cement-fly ash pastes." Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 383-394.

Diamond, S. (1999). "Unique response of LiNO₃ as an alkali-silica reaction-prevention admixture," Cement and Concrete Research, 29:1271-5.

Diamond, S. (1989). "ASR- - Another look at mechanisms." Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction, (Ed. K.Okada, S. Nishibayashi, and M. Kawamura), Kyoto, Japan, pp. 83-94.

Diamond, S. and Ong, S. (1992). Proceedings of the 9^th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction, London, United Kingdom, July 1992.

Durand, B. (2000). "More results about the use of lithium salts and mineral admixtures to inhibit ASR in concrete," Proceedings of the 11^th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction (ICAAR), Quebec, Canada, June 11-16, 623-632.

Glasser, F.P. (1992). " "Chemistry of the alkali-aggregate reaction." " The Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete (Ed. R.N. Swamy), Blackie, London, United Kingdom, 1992, pp 96-121.

Hansen, W.C. (1944). "Studies relating to the mechanism by which the alkali-aggregate reaction proceeds in concrete." Journal of the American Concrete Institute, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 213-27.

Iler, R.K. (1956). The Chemistry of Silica, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.

Johnston, D.P. (2001). "Mitigation of potential alkali-silica reactivity using lithium." SHRP Strategic Highway Research Program Concrete and Structures ASR Showcase Test and Evaluation Project 34.

Johnston, D.P., Surdahl, R. and Stokes, D.B. (2000). "A case study of a lithium-based treatment of an ASR-affected pavement." Proceedings of the 11^th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reactions, (Ed. Bérubé et al.), CRIB, Quebec, Canada, pp. 1149-1158.

Kawamura, M. and Fuwa, D. (2001). "Effects of lithium salts on ASR gel composition and expansion of mortars," Proceedings of the International Conference on Cement Microscopy, 89-103.

Kurtis (1998). Transmission Soft X-ray Mmicroscopy of the aAlkali-Ssilica Rreaction, Doctoral Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, CA.

Kurtis, K.E., Monteiro, P.J.M., and Meyer-Ilse, W. (2000). "Examination of the eEffect of LiCl on ASR gGel eExpansion,", Proceedings of the 11^th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction (ICAAR), Quebec, Canada, June 11-16,51-60.

Kurtis, K.E. and Monteiro, P.J.M. (in press). "Chemical Additives to Control Expansion of Alkali-Silica Reaction Gel: Proposed Mechanisms of Control," Journal of Materials Science, accepted for publication.

Lawrence, M. and Vivian, H.F. (1961). "The reactions of various alkalies with silica" Australian Journal of Applied Science, 12, N.1, 96-103.

Lumley, J.S. (1997)., "ASR suppression by lithium compounds," Cement and Concrete Research, 27, n.2: 235-44.

McCoy, W.J. and Caldwell, A.G. (1951). "A new approach to inhibiting alkali-aggregate expansion," Journal of the American Concrete Institute, 47, 693-706.

McGowan, J.K. and Vivian, H.E. (1952). "Studies in cement-aggregate reaction:  Correlation between crack development and expansion of mortars," Australian Journal of Applied Science, Vol. 3, pp. 228-232.

McKeen, R.G., Lenke, L.R., Pallachulla, K.K., and Barringer, W.L. (2000). "Mitigation of alkali-silica reaction in New Mexico," Transportation Research Record 1698.

Nixon, P.J. and Sims, I. (1992). "RILEM TC106 alkali aggregate reaction- - accelerated tests interim report and summary of national specifications,." Proceedings of the 9^th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete, Vol. 2, p Published by The Concrete Society, Slough, pp. 731-738.

Ober, J.A. (2000). United States Geological Survey (USGS) Minerals Yearbook, Lithium- 2000, Reston, VA.

Ober, J.A. (2002). United States Geological Survey (USGS) Mineral Commodity Summaries, Reston, VA.

Oberholster, R. E. and Davies, G. (1986). "An accelerated method for testing the potential reactivity of siliceous aggregates," Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 16, pp 181-189.

Ohama, Y., Demura, K. and Kakegawa, M. (1989). "Inhibiting alkali-aggregate reaction with chemical admixtures,"  Proceedings of the 8^th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction, (Ed. K.Okada, S. Nishibayashi, and M. Kawamura), Kyoto, Japan, pp. 253-258.

Pedneault, A. (1996). "Development of testing and analytical procedures for the evaluation of the residual potential of reaction, expansion and deterioration of concrete affected by ASR," M.Sc. Memoir, Laval University, Québec City, Canada, 133p.

Powers, T.C. and Steinour, H.H. (1955). "An investigation of some published researches on alkali-aggregate reaction. I. The chemical reactions and mechanism of expansion," Journal of the American Concrete Institute, Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 497-516.

Prezzi, M., Monteiro, P.J.M., and Sposito, G. (1997). "The alkali-silica reaction-part I: U use  of the double-layer theory to explain the behavior of the reaction-product gels," ACI Materials Journal, America Concrete Institute, 94, n.1:10-17.

Prezzi, M.; Monteiro, P.J.M.; and Sposito, G. (1998). "Alkali-Silica Reaction- Part 2: The Effect of Chemical Additives," ACI Materials Journal, America Concrete Institute, 95, n.1, 3-10.

Qinghan, B., Nishibayashi, S., Xuequan, W., Yoshino, A., Hong, Z., Tiecheng, W., and Mingshu, T. (1995). "Preliminary study of the effects of LiNO₃ on expansion of mortars subjected to alkali-silica reaction," Cement and Concrete Research, 25:1647-1654.

Ramachandran, V.S. (1998). "Alkali-aggregate expansion inhibiting admixtures," Cement and Concrete Composites, 20, N 2-3, 149-161.

Rodrigues, F.A., Monteiro, P.J.M., and Sposito, G. (2001). "The alkali-silica reaction: The effect of monovalent and bivalent cations on surface charge density of opal,", Cement and Concrete Research, 31:1549-52.

Sakaguchi, Y., Takakura, M., Kitagawa, A., Takahiro, H., and Fuminori, T. (1989). "The inhibiting effect of lithium compounds on alkali-silica reaction," Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction, Kyoto, Japan, 229-234.

Shehata, M.H., Thomas, M.D.A., and Bleszynski, R.F. (1999). "The effect of fly composition on the chemistry of pore solution," Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 29, pp. 1915-1920.

Shehata, M.H.  and Thomas, M.D.A. (2000). "The effect of fly ash composition on the expansion of concrete due to alkali silica reaction," Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 30, 2000, pp. 1063-1072.

Shehata, M.H. and Thomas, M.D.A. (2002). "Use of ternary blends containing silica fume and fly ash to suppress expansion due to alkali-silica reaction in concrete," Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 32, pp. 341-349.

Stanton, T.E. (1940). "Expansion of concrete through reaction between cement and aggregate," Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 66, No. 10, pp. 1781-1811.

Stark, D., Morgan, B., Okamoto, P., and Diamond, S. (1993). "Eliminating or minimizing alkali-silica reactivity," SHRP-C-343, National Research Council, Washington, D .C.

Stark, D. (1992). "lithium Lithium salt admixtures - an alternative method to prevent expansive alkali-silica reactivity," Proceedings of the 9^th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete, London, United Kingdom, July.

Stark, D. and Bhatty, M.S.Y. (1986). "Alkali-silica reactivity: effect of alkali in aggregate on expansion," Alkalies in Concrete, ASTM STP 930, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, pp 16-30.

Stark, D. (1978). "Alkali-silica reactivity in the Rocky mountain region," Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Effects of Alkalies in Cement and Concrete, Publication No. CE-MAT-1-78, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, Indiana IN, pp. 235-243.

Stokes, D.B., Wang, H.H., and Diamond, S. (1997). "A lithium-based admixture for ASR control that does not increase the pore solution pH," Proceedings of the 5^th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixtures in Concrete, SP-173, pp. 855-867.

Stokes, D.B., Manissero, C.B., Roy, D.M., Malek, R.I., and Roumain, J.C. (2000). "Portland cement manufacture containing lithium for ASR control," Proceedings of the 11^th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction (ICAAR), Quebec, Canada, June 11-16, 773-782.

Stokes, D.B., Thomas, M.D.A., and Shashiprakash, S.G. (2000b). "Development of a lithium-based material for decreasing ASR-induced expansion in hardened concrete," Proceedings of the 11^th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete, (Ed. M.A. Bérubé et al.), CRIB, Quebec City, Canada, pp. 1079-1087.

Strategic Highway Research Program, (1993). SHRP C-315, Handbook for the Identification of Alkali-Silica Reactivity in Highway Structures.

Tang, M. (1981). "Some remarks about alkali-silica reactions," Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 11, pp. 477-478.

Thomas, M.D.A. and Bleszynski, R.F., (2000).  "The use of silica fume to control expansion due to alkali-aggregate reactivity in concrete-a review," Materials Science of Concrete (Edited by Skalny and Mindess), Vol. 6, American Ceramic Society.

Thomas, M. D. A. and Innis, F. A. (1999). "Use of the accelerated mortar bar test for evaluating the efficacy of mineral admixtures for controlling expansion due to alkali-silica reaction," Cement, concrete, and Aggregates, Vol. 21 (2), pp. 157-164.

Thomas, M. D. A., Nixon, P. J., and Pettifer, K. (1991). "The effect of pulverized fuel ash with a high total alkali content on alkali-silica reaction in concrete containing natural U.K. aggregate," Proceedings of the 2^nd CANMET/ACI International Conference on Durability of Concrete, (Ed. V.M. Malhotra), Vol. 2, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, pp. 919-940.

Thomas, M.D.A., Blackwell, B.Q. and Pettifer, K. (1992). "Suppression of damage from alkali silica r eeaction by fly ash in concrete dams," Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete, (held in London, United Kingdom, 1992), Vol. 2 pPublished by The Concrete Society, Slough, pp. 1059-1066.

Thomas, M.D.A., Hooper, R., and Stokes, D. (2000). "Use of lithium-containing compounds to control expansion in concrete due to alkali-silica reaction," Proceedings of the 11^th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction (ICAAR), Quebec, Canada, June 11-16, 783-810.

Thomas, M.D.A. and Stokes, D. (1999). "Use of a lithium-bearing admixture to suppress expansion in concrete due to alkali-silica reaction,." Transportation Research Record, No. 1668, pp. 54-59.

Thomas, M.D.A, Baxter, S., Stokes, D., and Hill, R., (2001). "The combined use of fly ash and lithium for controlling expansion due to alkali-silica reaction," presented at the International Center for Aggregate Research (ICAR) Symposium, Austin, TX.

Thomas, M.D.A (2002). Personal communications.

Thomas, M.D.A., Stokes, D., and T. Rodgers, (2002). "The effect of lithium-based admixtures on the properties of concrete," to be published in October 2003.

Thomson, M.C. (2000). "Field installation in Pennsylvania to assess SHRP recommendations for ASR control: Part 2 l Laboratory testing of job material.,", Proceedings of the 11^th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reactions (Ed. Bérubé et al.), Quebec City, Canada, pp. 1215-1224.

Thomson, M.C. and Stokes, D.B. (1999). "Field installation in Pennsylvania to assess SHRP recommendations for ASR control." TRB Catalogue of 1999 Practical Papers, Design and Construction of Transportation Facilities, Paper No. 991190, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., pp. 29-30.

Uchikawa, H., Uchida, S. and Hanehara, S. (1989). "Relationship between structure and penetrability of Na ion in hardened blended cement paste mortar and concrete," Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction, (Ed. K.Okada, S. Nishibayashi and M. Kawamura), Kyoto, Japan, pp. 121-128.

Wang, H., Tysl, S., and Gillot, J.E. (1994). "Practical implications of lithium-based chemicals and admixtures in controlling alkali-silica reaction," Fourth CANMET/ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and Chemical Admixtures, SP-148-20, pp 353-366.

Wang, H. and Stokes, D.B. (1996). "Compatibility of lithium-based admixtures with other concrete admixtures," Proceedings of the 10^th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction (ICAAR), Melbourne, Australia, August 18-23, 884-891.

Wijnen, P.W.J.G., Beelen, T.P.M., de Haan, J.W.,; Rummens, C.P.J., van de Ven, L.J.M., and van Santen, R.A. (1989). "Silica gel dissolution in aqueous alkali metal hydroxides studies by 29Si NMR," Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 109:85-94.