FHWA Research and Technology Evaluation Program

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The Federal Highway Administration’s (FHWA’s) Research and Technology (R&T) Evaluation Program seeks to assess and communicate the benefits of the FHWA Research and Technology program to ensure that we are expending public resources efficiently and effectively.

Goals and Priorities

FHWA conducts research and technology development to meet the transportation challenges of today and tomorrow. FHWA partners with State transportation departments, local agencies, industries, and academia both to conduct research on issues of national significance and to accelerate adoption and deployment of promising research products.

The FHWA R&T Agenda presents the mission and priorities of research and technology activities.¹ The R&T Agenda identifies six high-priority highway challenges: (1) advancing safety toward zero deaths, (2) improving the mobility of people and goods, (3) maintaining infrastructure integrity, (4) enhancing system performance, (5) promoting environmental sustainability, and (6) preparing for the future. The R&T Agenda is intended to catalyze collaboration and accelerate innovation.

FHWA initiated its R&T Evaluation Program to increase transparency, better communicate research benefits, and continually improve R&T efforts in the service of the public good.

Evaluation Activities

In Fiscal Year (FY) 2014, the FHWA R&T Evaluation Program worked with 9 FHWA offices to identify and scope 16 projects for evaluation across all program areas. Formal evaluation began in FY15. Five projects were complete by the end of FY16 and five additional projects were finished in FY17. Of the remaining six projects, three are scheduled to be complete in FY18 and three have an extended timeline due to the length of the research projects being evaluated. After completion, the evaluation reports are prepared for publication. The current status of the original 16 projects are shown in the sidebar. The R&T Evaluation Program is in the process of identifying candidates for a new set of evaluations.

FHWA developed the R&T Evaluation Program with encouragement from the Transportation Research Board’s Research and Technology Coordinating Committee (RTCC). In a September 2016 report, the RTCC communicated its belief that the evaluation program is making “commendable progress” and that the evaluation teams are drawing useful and appropriately cautious interpretations from imperfect data collected in complex situations.²

Summary of Findings

The 10 completed evaluations documented program successes and challenges. The three most recently completed evaluations are listed first.

Agent Based Modeling and Simulation (ABMS) research involves computationally simulating the actions of individual drivers or agencies to characterize behavior and observe transportation network impacts. The ABMS evaluation assessed the role the FHWA Exploratory Advanced Research (EAR) Program played in the process of developing and advancing this research. Findings include the following:

• The EAR Program played a significant role in developing interest and awareness of ABMS within transportation.
• EAR Program-funded researchers are currently working with Metropolitan Planning Organizations and other agencies to further develop and deploy ABMS tools and methods.
• ABMS has the potential to improve the efficiency and accuracy of transportation models and to advance new technologies, such as automated vehicles and real-time response capability.
• Currently, funding and technical development barriers have hindered the wide-scale development and deployment of ABMS.

Recommendations include the following:

• Establish clear guidelines for project publications, ownership, and accessibility.
• Establish a framework for considering post-research development and applications earlier in the research process.
• Refine the existing framework for outreach and to support post-research efforts.

The Public-Private Partnership Capacity Building Program (P3 Program) evaluation examined the reach and impact of the Public-Private Partnership (P3) Toolkit, an online education resource containing analytical tools and guidance documents, and a set of trainings and webinars designed to support the P3 Toolkit. Findings include the following:

• The P3 Program has delivered educational documents, evaluation tools, and technical resources to thousands of transportation practitioners in State and local transportation agencies, FHWA Division Offices, and P3 advisory firms.
• P3 Program resources have helped transportation agencies with little P3 experience work through complex project decisions; more experienced States tend to have their own resources.
• Knowledge gained through the P3 Program is impacting P3 legislation and policy indirectly, through transportation agencies and P3 consultants who advise State and local officials.

Source: Photo by Jeremy Brooks / CC BY-NC 2.0
Left: GRS-IBS. Source: FHWA. Right: Adaptive signal.

Recommendations include the following:

• The P3 Program should recognize current user groups as well as underserved groups (e.g., legislators), identify each group’s unmet information needs, and deliver content to meet them.
• Future P3 Program resources should include more real-world P3 information, examples, and experiences to help P3 teams find information applicable to their unique projects, e.g., P3 legislation, P3 agreements, peer exchanges, and a P3 project database.
• As P3s become more common, additional research should be conducted to measure the P3 Program’s impact on project procurement, project monitoring, and oversight.

Traffic Incident Management (TIM) trainings teach a coordinated multidisciplinary process to detect, respond to, and clear traffic incidents as safely and quickly as possible to restore traffic flow. The trainings are part of SHRP2. The TIM evaluation examines the scope and impact of these trainings. Findings include the following:

• From 2012 to 2015, over 125,000 emergency responders of various disciplines received the SHRP2 TIM trainings.
• The SHRP2 TIM trainings brought multiple responder disciplines into the same trainings, allowing responders to understand the TIM challenges faced by those outside their discipline.
• In the greater Phoenix area, the SHRP2 TIM trainings contributed to a reduction in secondary crashes that affected responders.
• The SHRP2 TIM trainings furthered reductions in roadway- and incident-clearance times in greater Phoenix and eastern Tennessee.

Recommendations are pending program office approval.

Adaptive Signal Control Technologies (ASCTs) adjust signal timing to alleviate congestion and delay. Findings include the following:

• Adaptive Control Software (ACS) Lite and other FHWA programs increased demand for additional systems and directly influenced 4 out of 16 ASCTs on the market today.
• The Every Day Counts (EDC) Program sped ASCT adoption by agencies at the tipping point. Of surveyed adopters, 48 percent used EDC resources. Only 18 percent of nonadopters used EDC resources.
• FHWA’s efforts supported the development of 25 percent of the 200 deployments now in use.
• Expense and complexity of ASCTs along with doubts about performance still pose barriers to adoption.

Recommendations include the following:

• From the beginning of a research program, plan for technology transfer to user products, market acceptance, ease of deployment, and evaluation of the program.
• Share the details of research programs and market products throughout FHWA to improve outreach.

Eco-Logical, developed as part of the second SHRP2, articulates a vision for an infrastructure development process that endorses ecosystem-based mitigation through integrating plans and data across agency and disciplinary boundaries. Findings include the following:

• FHWA funding allowed agencies to pursue previously planned activities sooner, more comprehensively, and with broader stakeholder buy-in.
• Agencies faced challenges working with partners because of differing missions, staff turnover, and varying levels of support for Eco-Logical activities from Federal staff at headquarters and regional offices.
• Eco-Logical led to improved integrated planning between environment, transportation, and land use, and many recipients incorporated Eco-Logical into their long-range transportation planning and project prioritization process.
• Projects typically spanned 2-3 years, and there was little reporting on impacts. Most comments related to impacts were positive.

Recommendations include the following:

• Recipient agencies would like FHWA to provide peer exchanges, webinars, and case studies on Eco-Logical.
• FHWA should ensure headquarters and regional staff are aware of program details so that consistent information is provided to stakeholders about the program.
• FHWA should adopt a set of questions to track the yearly progress of recipient agencies and to objectively evaluate progress on the Eco-Logical approach long-term.

Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil Integrated Bridge System (GRS-IBS) enables the construction of bridges made of closely spaced layers of geosynthetic textile and compacted granular fill material that blend the roadway into the superstructure. Findings include the following:

• FHWA efforts fostered positive attitudes toward GRS-IBS and more market share during 2010-2015 than in 2005-2009.
• Internal disagreements, including between geotechs and hydrologists, led users to receive conflicting information.
• Deployers reported saving money (up to 66 percent) and time. Presence of water and noncompetitive bidding drives costs.
• GRS-IBS possesses several attributes of a disruptive technology, including its value proposition, but growth potential is constrained by priorities and local geography.

Recommendations include the following:

• Make market research part of engineering research to improve pitching upcoming products to stakeholders.
• Improve protocol concerning internal disagreements about FHWA technologies to ensure the public receives a uniform message.

Gusset Plates join structural components in steel bridges and buildings. After part of the I-35W Bridge in Minneapolis collapsed in 2007, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigators sought expertise from FHWA, which launched projects on inspection, quality assurance, and training. Findings include the following:

• FHWA’s technical expertise in bridge infrastructure and its prior history of working with NTSB was critical during the bridge investigation.
• FHWA’s decision to jointly fund the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) effort accelerated the research, which started less than a year after initial scoping.
• Active engagement of transportation stakeholders by FHWA expedited delivery of new information on gusset plate design and load rating and closing of NTSB recommendations.

Recommendations include the following:

• FHWA should continue to make flexible research funding available for special cases and emergencies.
• FHWA should continue to explore ways to include external input on high-profile research such as the NCHRP panel used for this project.

The National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) provides the only data in the country linking individual personal travel behavior, household demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, vehicle ownership, and vehicle attributes.

Findings include the following:

• Half the publications using the 2014 NHTS are in transportation fields with the non-transportation share on the rise. Website data access is also increasing.
• Interviews suggest the survey informs policy and legislative decisions within transportation and other fields.
• NHTS reaches out to its user community through its website, direct contact, and formal events.

Recommendations include the following:

• Conduct the NHTS on a more regular and frequent cycle.
• Institutionalize adequate funding and staffing.
• Conduct more outreach, including with Congressional Policy Staff.

Roadside Revegetation involves establishing or reestablishing appropriate plant material in areas that road construction projects disturb. Revegetation’s benefits include soil and slope stabilization, water quality improvement, aesthetic development, carbon sequestration, weed suppression, and wildlife habitat enhancement. Findings include the following:

• End users have adopted the roadside revegetation practices, using the guide as a reference tool to reinforce practices that agency policies already mandated.³
• Survey respondents and interviewees report that roadside revegetation has improved erosion protection, sustainability, environmental stewardship, and visitor experience.

Recommendations include the following:

• Reach a wider audience (especially within FHWA Division Offices) and enhance the community of practice.
• Tailor future training courses to personnel without a natural resource background.

Roundabouts attracted international interest as a safety countermeasure in the 1970s. FHWA initiated domestic research of roundabout safety and design in the mid-1990s, later adding training and technical assistance. Findings include the following:

• Early and continued FHWA research increased the quality and availability of domestic roundabout-related safety and performance information.
• FHWA efforts increased awareness and changed attitudes toward the roundabout as a safety countermeasure, contributing to an increase in U.S. deployments.
• The 2,400 roundabouts built in the United States between 1990 and 2014 averted between 38,000 and 53,000 injury crashes with societal cost savings estimated over $9 billion.

Recommendations include the following:

• Invest in data collection on research diffusion and technology adoption during the early years of implementation.
• Learn from this example of internal coordination, which led to a unified message to stakeholders.
• Conduct additional research to understand roundabout costs and develop strategies for cost reduction.

Ongoing Evaluations

eNEPA is an online workspace and collaboration forum for projects requiring an environmental impact statement or an environmental assessment.

High Friction Surface Treatments involve the overlay of calcined bauxite on a base of epoxy along portions of roadways susceptible to vehicle slippage.

High Recycle Warm Mix Asphalt involves the use of recycled materials and asphalt that producers can place on the road at lower temperatures, which may reduce material going to landfills, energy consumption, and emissions.

Managing Risk on Rapid Renewal Projects produced a guide through SHRP2 that provides practical tools and techniques for States to minimize risk and exploit opportunities.

Precast Concrete Pavement is an innovative practice developed through SHRP2 that uses prefabricated concrete panels for roadway maintenance to save construction time.

Vehicle Operating Costs calculations are currently based on a 1982 study. More recent developments permit the model to be efficiently and effectively updated.

Cross-Cutting Recommendations

Several cross-cutting recommendations discuss marketing and communications actions that support research and technology development projects:

• Incorporate market research into projects involving the development of a new technology or process to better understand market conditions (e.g., acceptance, barriers to use, etc.) that may affect adoption.
• Incorporate outreach into research planning to ensure the process includes tech transfer, process training, and/or deployment support.
• Improve internal protocols for research dissemination, including reaching consensus on external messaging and marketing/outreach activities.

Other recommendations suggest further incorporation of program evaluation into the research process:

• Identify key performance measures during research planning process, identify or develop sources of data, and collect baseline measures as necessary.
• Regularly track dissemination activities (document postings, webinars, trainings) and related usage activities (views, downloads, attendance).
• Identify related research that may support the program down the road (e.g., strategies for cost reduction, project management and oversight, etc.).

1. Federal Highway Administration (2017), Research and Technology Agenda, Available online at https://highways.dot.gov/rt-agenda/federal-highway-administration-fhwa-research-and-technology-agenda. Last accessed on 4/17/2017.
2. Transportation Research Board (2016), Research and Technology Coordinating Committee Report, The National Academies Press. Available online at https://www.nap.edu/read/23588/chapter/1. Last accessed on 10/27/2016.
3. Federal Highway Administration (2007), Roadside Revegetation: An Integrated Approach to Establishing Native Plants. Vancouver, WA: Western Federal Lands Highway Division.

Publication Number: FHWA-HRT-18-034

HRTM-10/02-18(WEB)E

For more information about this initiative, please contact John Moulden, Manager, R&T National Partnership Program, john.moulden@dot.gov.

Completed evaluation reports are available on FHWA’s R&T website: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/research/fhwaresearch/ agenda/resources.cfm