Development of Human Factors Guidelines for Advanced Traveler Information Systems and Commercial Vehicle Operations: Task Analysis of ATIS/CVO Functions
FOREWORD
This report is one of a series of nine reports produced as part of a contract designed to develop precise, detailed human factors design guidelines for Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) and Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO). Among the other topics discussed in the series are functional description of ATIS/CVO, comparable systems analysis, task analysis of ATIS/CVO functions, alternate systems analysis, identification and exploration of driver acceptance, and definition and prioritization of research studies.
This report documents ATIS and CVO system objectives and performance requirements. It provides basic information regarding the range of ATIS and CVO operational capabilities, a survey of ATIS and CVO systems, a preliminary set of ATIS and CVO scenarios, and a summary of system performance requirements.
Copies of this report can be obtained through the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia, 22161, telephone (703) 487–4650, fax (703) 321–8547.
George Ostensen, Director
Office of Safety and Traffic
Operations Research and Development
NOTICE
This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its content or use thereof. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation.
The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade and manufacturers' names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the object of the document.
TECHNICAL REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
1. Report No. FHWA–RD–95–176 |
2. Government Accession No. |
3. Recipient's Catalog No. |
4. Title and Subtitle
DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN FACTORS GUIDELINES FOR ADVANCED TRAVELER INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND COMMERCIAL VEHICLE OPERATIONS: TASK ANALYSIS OF ATIS/CVO FUNCTIONS
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5. Report Date November 1996 |
7. Author(s)
W. Wheeler, J. Lee, M. Raby, R. Kinghorn, A. Bittner, M. McCallum
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8. Performing Organization Report No. |
9. Performing Organization Name and Address
Battelle
4000 41st Street NE
Seattle, Washington 98105
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10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) 3B2C |
11. Contract or Grant No. DTFH61–92–C–00102 |
12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address
Office of Safety and Traffic Operations R&D
Federal Highway Administration
6300 Georgetown Pike
McLean, VA 22101–2296
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13. Type of Report and Period Covered
TECHNICAL REPORT
June - November, 1993
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14. Sponsoring Agency Code |
15. Supplementary Notes
Contracting Officer's Technical Representative (COTR): Joe Moyer, HSR–30
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16. Abstract
The document type of resource materials.
This working paper documents Task E of the present project, Task Analyses for Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) and Commercial Vehicle
Operations (CVO) systems. The goal of Task E is to conduct detailed analyses of the influence of using ATIS on driving tasks for both private and
commercial vehicle operators. The task analyses specifying the tasks to be performed by the users as well as the information displayed in the ATIS
(including IRANS, IMSIS, ISIS, and IVSAWS) are based on scenarios developed from previous project tasks. Information for the task analysis was obtained
from a review of the literature, observations, and interviews of drivers and dispatchers using prototype and first–generation operational systems.
The report organizes the tasks people and systems do while driving into three usable formats: (1) a graphical representation of the interactions that
take place between driving and ATIS/CVO functions; (2) a diagram (i.e., an Operational Sequence Diagram [OSD]) of the sequence of task actions, the types
of tasks involved, and the relationship between various human and non–human parts of the system; and (3) a description of each task in terms of its
purpose, initiating conditions, task type, and performance considerations. General characteristics and performance considerations are examined for four
types of tasks: setup, bridging, decision–making, and integrated. A summary of research issues and additional research needs are identified.
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17. Key Words
Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS); Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO); Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems (IVHS)
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18. Distribution Statement
No restrictions. This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, 22161.
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19. Security Classif. (of this report) Unclassified |
20. Security Classif. (of this page) Unclassified |
21. No. of Pages 432 |
22. Price |
Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) |
Reproduction of completed page authorized |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPENDICES
LIST OF FIGURES
Hierarchy of tasks involved in IRANS function "pre–drive route and destination selection"
Standard operation symbols
Interactions between the functional characteristic "immediate hazard warning" and other IVSAWS components
Example of nested driving functions
Example of functional links
Example of integrated ATIS–specific and driving–specific tasks
Example of interactions between ATIS–specific tasks
Example of integrating ATIS information and commands into driving behavior
Results of prior tasks
Example of setup task (system turn on)
Example of setup task (critical information)
Example of setup task using menu lists
Example of setup task for parameter information
Example of setup task (review of recommendation)
Bridging task between destination selection and route guidance
Bridging task coordinating destination requirements
Bridging task caused by change of plans
Bridging task across parts of the system (i.e., dispatch and drivers)
Decision task to determine if route meets requirements
Decision task to determine if recommendation is appropriate
Decision task to determine if warning requires action
Decision task for recognition of change in situation
Integration task for route following
Driving integration task response to CVO regulatory notice
Graphical representation of the first row and column of the matrix (table 24)
Example of a differential weight applied to a functional characteristic
Graphical depiction of the information flows linking a subset of ATIS/CVO functions
Examples of input and output centrality
Function interaction diagram for Scenario P6
Operational sequence diagram for Scenario P6
Function interaction diagram for Scenario P14
Operational sequence diagram for Scenario P14
Function interaction diagram for Scenario P22
Operational sequence diagram for Scenario P22
Function interaction diagram for Scenario P16
Operational sequence diagram for Scenario P16
Function interaction diagram for Scenario P1
Operational sequence diagram for Scenario P1
Function interaction diagram for Scenario P20
Operational sequence diagram for Scenario P20
Function interaction diagram for Scenario P2
Operational sequence diagram for Scenario P2
Function interaction diagram for Scenario P8
Operational sequence diagram for Scenario P8
Function interaction diagram for Scenario C12
Operational sequence diagram for Scenario C12
Function interaction diagram for Scenario C13
Operational sequence diagram for Scenario C13
Function interaction diagram for Scenario C4
Operational sequence diagram for Scenario C4
Function interaction diagram for Scenario C11
Operational sequence diagram for Scenario C11
Function interaction diagram for Scenario C15
Operational sequence diagram for Scenario C15
LIST OF TABLES
Contributions of previous tasks to the task analysis
Focus groups to gather information on ATIS functions and tasks
Scenario P1 as used in the Prospective Verbal Protocol Analysis
Scenario P8 as used in the Prospective Verbal Protocol Analysis
Scenario P12 as used in the Prospective Verbal Protocol Analysis
Scenario P16 as used in the Prospective Verbal Protocol Analysis
Scenario P22 as used in the Prospective Verbal Protocol Analysis
Functional characteristics used for the Prospective Verbal Protocol Analysis
Purpose categories used to characterize functions and tasks
Taxonomy of initiating conditions
Summary of decision–making elements that describes driver interaction with ATIS/CVO systems
Summary of decision-making elements and human task performance considerations
Driving functions and the associated ATIS functional characteristics for private drivers
Driving functions and the associated ATIS functional characteristics for commercial drivers
Summary of assumptions used in the task analysis
Function and description of setup tasks
Summary of the general characteristics and considerations associated with setup tasks
Function and description of bridging tasks
Summary of the general characteristics and considerations associated with bridging tasks
Function and description of decision–making tasks
Summary of the general characteristics and considerations of decision–making tasks associated with the use of ATIS
Summary of tasks integrated with critical driving functions
Summary of the general characteristics and considerations associated with integration tasks that involve both driving and
ATIS use
Information flows between functions for private vehicle operations
Rank ordering of the private functional characteristics
Matrix of input/output (centrality/links)
Calculating input and output centrality
Centrality measures for private driver functional characteristics
Cliques for private functions
Clusters for private functions
Private vehicle cluster analysis
Information flows between functions for commercial vehicle operations
Rank ordering of the commercial functional characteristics
Centrality measures for commercial driver functional characteristics
Cliques for commercial functions
Clusters for commercial functions
Commercial vehicle cluster analysis
Functional characteristics used in private vehicle scenarios as originally designed in Task B
Functional characteristics used in commercial vehicle scenarios as originally designed in Task B
Functional characteristics used in the expanded private vehicle scenarios
Functional characteristics used in the expanded commercial vehicle scenarios
Description of Scenario P6
Description of Scenario P14
Description of Scenario P22
Description of Scenario P16
Description of Scenario P1
Description of Scenario P20
Description of Scenario P2
Description of Scenario P8
Description of Scenario C12
Description of Scenario C13
Description of Scenario C4
Description of Scenario C11
Description of Scenario C15
Task characterization of Scenario P6
Task characterization of Scenario P14
Task characterization of Scenario P22
Task characterization of Scenario P16
Task characterization of Scenario P1
Task characterization of Scenario P20
Task characterization of Scenario P2
Task characterization of Scenario P8
Task characterization of Scenario C12
Task characterization of Scenario C13
Task characterization of Scenario C4
Task characterization of Scenario C11
Task characterization of Scenario C15
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ADIS Advanced Driver Information Systems
ARI Army Research Institute
ATIS Advanced Traveler Information Systems
ATMS Automatic Traffic Management Systems
AVCS Automatic Vehicle Control Systems
AVI Automatic Vehicle Identification
AVL Automatic Vehicle Location
CAD computer-aided dispatch
CB Citizens band
CDM Critical Decision Method
CM Concept Mapping
CRT Cathode Ray Tube
CTA Cognitive Task Analysis
CVO Commercial Vehicle Operations
DAWS Driver Alert Warning System
ERGS Electronic Route Guidance Systems
ETA Estimated Time of Arrival
FHWA Federal Highway Administration
GPS Global Positioning System
IDA Information Decision Action
IGOR Interactive Guidance on Routes
IMSIS In-Vehicle Motorist Services Information Systems
IRANS In-Vehicle Routing and Navigation Systems
ISIS In-Vehicle Signing Information Systems
IVHS Intelligent Vehicle Highway System
IVNS In-Vehicle Navigation Systems
IVSAWS In-Vehicle Safety Advisory and Warning Systems
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
MDS Multi-dimensional scaling
OSD Operational Sequence Diagram
PVPA Prospective Verbal Protocol Analysis
TA Task Analysis
UTM Universal Traverse Mercader
VPA Verbal Protocol Analysis
WIM Weigh in Motion
FHWA-RD-95-176
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