U.S. Department of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration
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Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology
Coordinating, Developing, and Delivering Highway Transportation Innovations
This report is an archived publication and may contain dated technical, contact, and link information |
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Publication Number: FHWA-HRT-09-052 Date: N/A |
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This report summarizes the current status of the Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program and its major activities—data collection, data storage, data analysis, and product development. It describes the work that will be needed beyond 2009 to realize the full potential of the world's most comprehensive pavement performance database and the benefits that will be accrued by capitalizing on the investment that has been made. The work that remains is as follows:
Addressing these needs is included in the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA) planning for future infrastructure research and development as documented in Highways of the Future—A Strategic Plan for Highway Infrastructure Research and Development (FHWA-HRT-08-068).
The LTPP program is an ongoing and active program. To obtain more information, LTPP data users should visit the LTPP Web site at https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/ltpp/. LTPP data requests, technical questions, and data user feedback can be submitted to LTPP customer service via e-mail at ltppinfo@dot.gov.
The United States reaps a substantial return from investing approximately $40 billion a year in its pavements. As large as that figure seems, a recent article in Roads & Bridges puts the annual savings from the interstate system at $737 billion when considering "safety benefits, saved time, reduced fuel, and lower consumer costs."(1) The LTPP program, the most comprehensive pavement research program ever undertaken, addresses the issue of how to optimize this recurring investment.
The need for the LTPP program was first identified in the Transportation Research Board's (TRB) America's Highways: Accelerating the Search for Innovation.(2) This report, prepared by a panel of senior leaders in the transportation community, noted that highway pavements do not always live up to design expectations and recommended a "long-term field test that systematically covered a wide range of climate, soil, construction, maintenance, and loading conditions…."(2) In 1986, based on this recommendation, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) developed the plan for such a program to be included in the 5-year Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP). The mission of the program, known now as the LTPP program, was to promote increased pavement life through the following:
Congress funded SHRP which was managed by the National Academy of Sciences as part of Federal-aid highway authorizing legislation in 1987. LTPP field data collection began in 1989. It was always understood that the achievement of the program's objectives required that the program be continued over the long term. The long term, as originally envisioned, was a period of 20 years—the minimum duration necessary to establish a path to better roads. Therefore, as SHRP began to diminish, continuation of LTPP under the FHWA was formally authorized by Congress in the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991. In 1992, the FHWA assumed management and administrative responsibilities to continue LTPP and complete the planned pavement performance monitoring.
In 2009, the LTPP program is reaching its 20-year monitoring milestone—a critical milestone in this national pavement research initiative similar to the end of the first 5-year SHRP program.
A dataset reflecting two decades of data collection is available. Analysis results derived from the application of the data are also available to support advances in pavement engineering science, to provide valuable insights and innovations, and to form the basis for the products needed by State transportation departments and local and municipal agencies.
The LTPP database is the program's most important product; however, LTPP has produced or contributed to many other products that have benefited pavement engineering and pavement management practices. Other LTPP products that have been developed range from standardized data collection methods, to new engineering tools, to new pavement design methods. These advances are only the beginning as many significant activities, real benefits, and innovative products remain to be performed and developed after 2009.
This report briefly summarizes the current status of LTPP and describes the work needed after 2009 to capitalize on the investment made in developing the world's most comprehensive pavement research database. The purpose of this report is to provide LTPP's stakeholders with a look ahead to the critical activities and products that need to be pursued beyond 2009 in order to reap the high return rewards of this unique and critical program that has and will continue to influence the way pavements are designed, built, and maintained.
LTPP requires activities in four main areas: data collection, data storage, data analysis, and product development. These activities are conducted in accordance with a well-defined plan developed in collaboration with LTPP's primary stakeholders, the States, Canadian Provinces, academia, and industry. Accomplishments in each area derived from the substantial investment to date are discussed below.
The performance data collection effort is the largest and most comprehensive ever undertaken on in-service highway pavements. The LTPP experiment plan was developed in a collaborative manner to address the data analysis needs for various pavement types and was extensively peer reviewed by experts and highway agency practitioners.
Data collection guides developed by SHRP and kept current by the FHWA explicitly define the data elements to be collected for each experiment and test section, the sampling and testing protocols to be employed, and the processes used to assess data quality and store records in the LTPP database. Data collection categories include climate, traffic volumes and loads, pavement layer types and thicknesses, material properties, and pavement condition (distress, longitudinal and transverse profile, and structural response). Some data are collected centrally, while others are the responsibility of the participating States or Provinces. Regardless of the collecting agency, a high priority is placed on the accuracy and completeness of the measurements.
Of the 2,512 LTPP test sections located throughout the United States and Canada, 950 test sections are currently active. Figure 1 shows the geographic distribution of the test sections, while figure 2 shows the number of active test sections over time.
Figure 1. Map. Geographic distribution of LTPP test sections.
Figure 2. Graph. Variation in number of active test sections over time.
Prior to 2005, most data collection activities occurred on a yearly cycle for each test section. However, data collection on in-service test sections was reduced from annual surveys to one round of testing between 2006 and 2008 due to budget constraints of the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU). This reduction in testing frequency, while a setback to the program, can be partially overcome with a return to more frequent data collection in the future. The remaining sections are those that are of most interest to pavement engineers, including many sections in the rehabilitation and structural factor experiments of the program.
The LTPP database is the central facility for assembly, storage, maintenance, and dissemination of the collected data. The pavement performance database is LTPP's principal operational tool, its most strategic product, and its legacy to its stakeholders and future generations of highway researchers and practitioners. The LTPP pavement performance database is supported by a traffic database and a large amount of ancillary information including test section photographs, videos, reports, raw data files, construction plans, data collection protocols, data processing guides, and other program documentation.
The LTPP database is the largest and most comprehensive pavement performance research database ever created. At present, the database includes approximately 150 million records of data comprising 11,000 individual data elements stored in 460 tables. By virtue of its size and the evolutionary nature of its development, the database can be characterized as a complex data warehouse.
Plans to simplify the database structure, add more commonly used computed parameters, improve access, and create a ready-for-analysis data structure have been deferred due to budget constraints. Therefore, in 2009, LTPP is delivering a data warehouse that is somewhat cumbersome to use properly and efficiently without extensive training and experience. Providing technical support to data users has been and will continue to be an important activity.
The ancillary data and information are even more voluminous than the pavement performance database. The traffic database presently contains more than 1.5 billion raw traffic classification and weight measurement records. The central electronic ancillary information consisting of data and images not in the pavement performance or traffic databases currently includes 10,000 files. Over 12,000 35-mm black and white, high-quality film-strips of LTPP test sections are stored in the MRL. In addition, FHWA has created a central LTPP library at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC) to store the more than 600 physical documents associated with the program, many of which have yet to be converted into a searchable electronic format. Plans to create an indexed electronic library containing all of this information were canceled due to program budget constraints.
Analysis of LTPP data, the key to producing benefits and products, began in earnest in 1992 with the evaluation of the then-current version of the AASHTO Guide for the Design of Pavement Structures.(3) That analysis confirmed the need for a new guide because it showed large discrepancies between predicted and actual performance. Since that initial analysis, a total of
90 LTPP data analysis reports have been published by SHRP, FHWA, and the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). Highlights of these reports can be found in the 2000 and 2004 Key Findings from LTPP Analysis,and many are available on the LTPP
Web site https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/ltpp/index.cfm.(4,5) In addition, States, Provinces, and universities have published countless reports, theses, and dissertations based on analysis of
LTPP data.
Data analysis serves several important functions. First, it provides the technical basis for identifying and developing tools and products that engineers and managers can use to design more cost-effective and better-performing pavements. It ensures that the data being collected are of the quality and completeness needed to find answers about how and why pavements perform as they do. It is also used to fill in data gaps, for example estimating cumulative traffic loads from short-term traffic monitoring measurements. Another major function of data analysis is to have experts centrally compute common parameters from the raw measurements so that future researchers do not have to expend limited research resources performing these same computations.
The FHWA worked with the Data Analysis Expert Task Group (ETG) of the TRB to develop a strategic plan for LTPP data analysis. This plan was subsequently expanded and maintained with support of all of the TRB LTPP committees supporting the ETG. The plan lays out a long-term strategy for data analysis that recognizes both internal and external analytical needs, the current or anticipated data availability, and the building block process through which the major products of LTPP will be developed. The plan is a coordinated set of interrelated analyses, with some outcomes being inputs to others. FHWA maintains the plan by tracking analytical efforts completed, currently underway, and yet to be undertaken. 2 To date, 66 of 116 identified projects have been completed through FHWA, NCHRP, or pooled fund projects.
Due to funding limitations under SAFETEA-LU, only two formal data analysis projects have been supported with LTPP program funds for fiscal years 2005 to 2009. Over 40 LTPP analysis projects identified in the plan remain to be funded.
Documented outcomes of the LTPP program include many positive and wide ranging impacts. Long lasting and quality pavements contribute to the following:
Products derived from LTPP have been flowing to State transportation departments and other segments of the highway community since the early years of the program. Initially, these were methods, guidelines, and procedures for standardized testing and performance data collection. While these procedures were developed to meet LTPP data collection needs, their conversion into standard practices has been an AASHTO activity. Some products and benefits from LTPP already implemented in practice are based on best-practice construction specifications developed for the pavement experiments requiring new construction, while other products were developed from early analysis of LTPP data.
The products and benefits derived from the LTPP program include improved data collection techniques, better data quality and quality assurance tools, new materials, testing protocols, software for selecting the most suitable and cost-effective asphalt binder for a particular site, pavement maintenance and repair manuals, a more efficient method for asphalt pavement layer temperature measurements, rigid pavement design software, the implementation of wider Portland cement concrete (PCC) slabs and narrower joints, and discontinued use of skewed joints. Also, the developers of the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (M-E PDG), developed under the NCHRP 1-37A project and adopted by AASHTO in 2008, stated that it would have been impossible to develop the guide and nationally calibrate its prediction models without LTPP data.(5,6)
Throughout the life of the LTPP program, significant efforts have been made to improve data accessibility for all potential users. At least once a year for more than a decade, standard data releases containing data from the LTPP database have been made available on CDs and/or DVDs. Since March 2003, DataPave Online has also made available a significant portion of the data contained in the LTPP database via the Web at http://www.ltpp-products.com.
Another significant benefit of the LTPP program has been the introduction and use of LTPP data in university engineering curricula. Many engineering schools with pavement engineering classes have developed course curricula around the LTPP data and database. In addition to challenging students with computational problems based on real field data, this provides the benefit of introducing both professors and students to database manipulation tools, which is an emerging need for future engineers that is not presently provided in most engineering programs. Hundreds of undergraduate and graduate students have used the LTPP database as part of their pavement engineering coursework. More than 75 engineering graduates with advanced degrees based on analysis of LTPP data are now working in the profession.
The funding dedicated to LTPP in SAFETEA-LU has not been sufficient to support both the development of LTPP-based products and the completion of the needed data collection. For this reason, LTPP product development activities are funded as part of FHWA's broader Pavement Technology Program.
In economic terms the 2001 study An Investment Benefiting America's Highways: The Long Term Pavement Performance Program (FHWA-RD-01-094) estimated that the use of just one LTPP product, the LTPPBind software for selection of the SuperPave® binder grade, can save as much as $50 million per year. Estimates of the value of this and other products of the program to date give the program annual benefit-to-cost ratios ranging from 5 to 10. The overall rate of return could be much greater with an appropriate investment in data analysis and product development.
LTPP is a unique national research program whose operations model consists of providing research quality data for analysis. Data quality has been a prime concern in the development and operation of the LTPP program. LTPP is also unique in its magnitude and duration. Full documentation of the many lessons learned over the course of the last 20 years is beyond the scope of this report. However, within the context of planning for LTPP after 2009, the most important lessons learned to date are as follows:
The LTPP database that is delivered in 2009—the culmination of the originally-planned 20-year monitoring period for the LTPP test sections—has enormous potential as the foundation for improvement in pavement engineering and management procedures and practices. While some of that potential has already been realized, full realization will require work beyond 2009. The additional work currently identified as necessary to take full advantage of the investment already made in LTPP is as follows:
The LTPP data have been available to all potential users since the first public release of data in May 1999. The LTPP database is expected to remain an important resource for pavement performance research for decades to come. However, this expectation can only be realized if mechanisms are put into place to ensure that the database and supporting information remain accessible to all. Accomplishing this will require the following:
History offers an important lesson in this regard. The 1957 American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) Road Test data were used by researchers and engineers in the Federal Government, State transportation departments, and industry associations for many years after the completion of the test. However, a majority of its data were lost due to a fire at the public university that volunteered to house the data. Avoiding a similar loss of the LTPP data will require positive action to secure continued access to LTPP data and information after 2009.
Providing for security and maintenance of the LTPP database will assure that it remains accessible to any and all potential users. This is the minimum level of functionality needed to assure progress toward full achievement of the potential of LTPP. Without adequate investment in these activities, the potential of the LTPP database to contribute to advancements in pavement engineering will be gradually eroded and eventually lost.
The original MRL was established in the late 1980s in Austin, TX, as part of the original SHRP. The purpose of the MRL was to create a central storage/warehouse facility for asphalt cements and aggregates selected for use by the Asphalt Research Program of SHRP and pavement and subsurface materials from both the General Pavement Studies (GPS) and Specific Pavement Studies (SPS) experiments of the LTPP program. This has made it possible to link the results of past, present, and future research of national significance.
Over time, materials from other FHWA and national pavement research activities such as the FHWA Crumb Rubber Modifier Project, Accelerated Loading Facility (ALF), and the WesTrack Project were also stored in the MRL. Material from the National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) and the Western Research Institute (WRI) research work will be stored there in the near future.
From 2003 to 2006, materials from the MRL have been used to support 32 national highway research projects. Samples from the LTPP test sections added to the MRL enable the application of as-yet undeveloped test methods to LTPP materials, thereby enabling updates of the LTPP data to reflect new technologies. These samples have and will continue to make it possible to clearly understand the relationships among studies including LTPP through its use of common materials.
For the past decade, researchers throughout the world have successfully applied LTPP data to address a broad array of pavement engineering problems. Among the keys to their success has been the availability of technical support to answer their questions, point them to the documentation they need to understand the data applicable to their problem, and otherwise help them successfully navigate and manipulate the LTPP database to obtain the appropriate data. Over 5,000 requests for LTPP data or technical assistance have been processed by LTPP. Given the complexity of the LTPP database, continuing to provide technical support to data users is important to maximize the success and efficiency of those who apply the LTPP data to address pavement engineering problems.
User support may take several different forms and the level of support provided may depend on the intended use of the data as illustrated below through the following sample scenarios:
The above examples are just a few of many possible scenarios, but they illustrate that the actual form and level of user support will depend on the nature of the request and from where it originates. In addition to the above, keeping track of data requests and suggestions made by data users to improve either the customer support functions or the database itself is also a vital function associated with user support (i.e., the feedback mechanism).
While the LTPP database is already an unprecedented resource for deriving answers about how and why pavements perform, its value could be improved significantly through targeted investment in its further development. Two areas of investment warrant consideration:
(1) additional monitoring of selected LTPP test sections to improve its potential for answering the most critical performance questions facing pavement engineers and (2) refinement of the database to make it easier to use. More details concerning these opportunities are listed below.
A total of 950 LTPP test sections remain in active service in 2009 (see figure 2). Among these test sections, some were constructed or rehabilitated within the past decade in several of the SPS-2 projects, while some have been long-lived structures still in good condition, and others are monitored as LTPP test sections both before and after rehabilitation. Continued performance monitoring of these sections will be needed to fully answer the questions they were selected to address.
For example, many of the SPS-2 experimental sites have been in service for fewer than 15 years as of 2009. In addition, 172 of the original 207 (83 percent) SPS-2 test sections are still active in 2009. Similarly, 155 of the presently active GPS-6 and -7 (asphalt concrete (AC) overlay on AC and PCC pavements, respectively) experimental test sections have been in service for 10 years or less as of 2009.
An opportunity for continued monitoring that warrants consideration is the collection of permanent distress records for those test sections that remain in service. This activity was highly recommended by the TRB LTPP Committee for pursuit prior to 2009, but it was not completed due to budgetary constraints.
One area where continued LTPP test section monitoring is already provided for to some degree is the continued collection of traffic data for selected SPS test sections. This work is part of the LTPP SPS Traffic Data Collection Pooled Fund Study. Table 1 provides more specifics as to the benefits that may be derived through additional monitoring of several subsets of the LTPP test sections that remain in service as well as what will be lost if monitoring is not continued.
Monitoring of LTPP Test Sections |
Benefits of Additional Data Collection |
What is Lost if Monitoring is Not Continued |
SPS-1 and -2 |
Improved ability to derive definitive results concerning the impact of design features on pavement performance. |
Research conclusions that are drawn will be founded on incomplete performance histories, and the results may be misleading in relation to long-term performance. |
SPS-8 |
Assessment of the effects of loading and environment on pavement life. This work cannot begin until sufficient distress (serviceability loss) has accumulated on the SPS-8 test section pavements. |
The opportunity to quantitatively evaluate the performance impact of environmental factors absent of heavy loads, which is critical for pavement design and performance models. |
GPS-6 and -7 |
Improved design, construction, and maintenance procedures for AC overlays, which will result in longer and/or more economical renewed pavement life. |
Knowledge required for improving the design, construction, and maintenance |
GPS-1, -2, -3, |
Performance data required to develop, verify, and calibrate designs for long-life, high-performance pavements and to manage and maintain those new pavements. |
Knowledge required for designing, managing, and maintaining long-life, high-performance pavements. |
Permanent distress records for LTPP |
Future analysts will have the opportunity to revisit test section condition on the basis of objective records. Potential for interpretation/ reinterpretation of images based on improved distress definitions/criteria. |
No objective record of pavement distress condition will exist for dates after 2005. |
The LTPP database that is delivered in 2009 is best described as a large data warehouse. While the LTPP database is well documented, successful navigation requires in-depth knowledge that develops only after a substantial investment of time. In addition, the LTPP database contains many raw data elements that must be combined or processed to derive data sets suitable for analysis. Several activities have been identified as having the potential to make the LTPP database easier to use, which include the following:
Pursuit of these enhancements would significantly improve the accessibility of the LTPP database to those not intimately involved in its development and bring the LTPP database into better compliance with section 515 of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act for fiscal year 2001 (Public Law 106-554; H.R. 5658). Section 515 directs the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to issue governmentwide guidelines that "provide policy and procedural guidance to Federal agencies for ensuring and maximizing the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of information (including statistical information) disseminated by Federal agencies." Funding restrictions preclude pursuit of these enhancements prior to 2010.
The greatest way to derive benefit—the real payoff—from the LTPP database is to first apply the data and then develop products from what is learned through its application. While it is likely that individual researchers and organizations around the world will continue to apply the LTPP data on an ad hoc basis for as long as it remains accessible to them and applicable to questions of interest, the greatest and most immediate impact will be achieved if an integrated and programmatic approach to analysis (such as that defined in the Strategic Plan for LTPP Data Analysis) is pursued in an organized fashion and accompanied by a similarly coordinated and organized program of product development. More specifics concerning the work that is needed are provided next.
The Strategic Plan for LTPP Data Analysis provides the framework, organization, and classification matrix for LTPP-related research projects. The plan identifies the following seven strategic objective areas:
More than 60 analysis projects defined in the plan have been completed, and over 300 research papers have been submitted to the TRB using LTPP data. Numerous agencies have initiated follow-up research and/or implementation activities within their jurisdictions to take advantage of the LTPP efforts. However, 40 defined research projects remain to be performed, and some analysis outcomes are not ready for development of research problem statements since the underlying research will not have been performed. In addition, second looks at early findings from LTPP data are recommended to determine if the short-term trends were correct.
It is also important to recognize that while national needs drove the analysis program defined in the Strategic Plan for LTPP Data Analysis, the plan does not encompass all of the needs to which the data are applicable. LTPP data, for example, are also applicable to some of the needs identified in the Concrete Pavement (CP) Roadmap, the National Asphalt Roadmap, and, to a lesser degree, the Pavement Preservation Roadmap.(7–9) Many of the studies outlined in these strategic roadmaps will be difficult to perform without the use of LTPP data.
The LTPP program was established to enable the development of new pavement engineering and pavement management products. While LTPP has created many products during the course of its mission, the most significant products will be derived after the full performance history of the test sections has been documented and complete suites of quality data are available in the LTPP pavement performance database. As noted by the TRB LTPP Committee in its 2001 report Fulfilling the Promise of Better Roads:
The post-2009 activities described in the preceding paragraphs are critical activities to fully complete the LTPP program. Those activities can be expanded to further extend the usefulness of the LTPP program.
The value of the LTPP database could be enhanced through the addition of new materials test data and other inputs required by the M-E PDG, in particular the level 1 inputs. Dynamic modulus testing of asphalt mixes and asphalt binder characterization testing in accordance with the M-E PDG input requirements, for example, would facilitate the calibration of the existing performance models at the State and local level while at the same time providing the necessary data for future calibration and validation of the existing models or the development of improved performance models. Also, improved traffic loading and volume estimates from the LTPP test sections could contribute to M-E PDG implementation.
At a higher level, completion of LTPP does not fully address the need for long-term monitoring of pavement performance. America's Highways: Accelerating the Search for Innovation, Special Report 202, the 1978 Surface Transportation Act and the FHWA Long-Term Monitoring Study of the early 1980s clearly established the need for long-term or continuous pavement monitoring.(2) The fulfillment of that need began with the LTPP program. However, many new technologies have evolved over the past two decades, including SuperPave®, the new M-E PDG, new construction technologies, and new materials. As a result, further long-term monitoring of pavement performance is warranted. The LTPP processes, procedures, and database could certainly serve as the spring board for such long-term monitoring programs.
The first 20 years of data collection, data storage, data analysis, and product development have already provided LTPP stakeholders with a number of high priority outcomes from the program. However, the work is not yet complete.
Working with stakeholders, FHWA has identified the work that remains to be done and estimated the cost of completing that work. The required activities fall under the following four strategic work areas:
Some of the benefits to be reaped through these activities will include the following:
Stakeholders of the LTPP program can be assured that plans to continue the program are a prime consideration of FHWA's future research and technology strategy. The Long-Term Infrastructure Performance Strategy outlined in Highways of the Future—A Strategic Plan for Highway Infrastructure Research and Development (FHWA-HRT-08-068) is intended to build upon the foundation that has been established through the LTPP program.(11) LTPP, as well as the continuation of the recently initiated Long-Term Bridge Performance program authorized under SAFETEA-LU and pursuit of infrastructure performance data collection needs, are central to FHWA's strategies for fulfilling the mission of better roads for our Nation.
The LTPP program incorporates two major studies—SPS and GPS. The primary goal of SPS experiments is to conduct detailed analysis of specific performance factors of newly constructed pavements and overlays. In contrast, the primary goal of GPS experiments is to analyze performance factors of existing pavements and overlays.
SPS Test |
Experiment Analyses of Newly Constructed Pavements and Overlays |
SPS-1 |
Strategic Study of Structural Factors for Flexible Pavements |
SPS-2 |
Strategic Study of Structural Factors for Rigid Pavements |
SPS-3 |
Preventive Maintenance Effectiveness of Flexible Pavements |
SPS-4 |
Preventive Maintenance Effectiveness of Rigid Pavements |
SPS-5 |
Rehabilitation of AC Pavements |
SPS-6 |
Rehabilitation of Jointed Portland Cement Concrete (JPCC) Pavements |
SPS-7 |
Bonded PCC Overlays of Concrete Pavements |
SPS-8 |
Study of Environmental Effects in the Absence of Heavy Loads |
SPS-9P/ |
Validation and Refinements of SuperPave® Asphalt Specifications and Mix Design Process/SuperPave® Asphalt Binder Study |
Table 3. GPS experiment analyses of existing pavements and overlays.
GPS Test |
Experiment Analyses of Existing Pavements and Overlays |
GPS-1 |
AC Pavement on Granular Base |
GPS-2 |
AC Pavement on Bound Base |
GPS-3 |
Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP) |
GPS-4 |
Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavement (JRCP) |
GPS-5 |
Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP) |
GPS-6 |
AC Overlay on AC Pavement |
GPS-7 |
AC Overlay on PCC Pavement |
GPS-9 |
Unbonded PCC Overlay on PCC Pavement |
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