Safety Evaluation of Multiple Strategies at Stop-Controlled Intersections

Acknowledgements

This report was prepared for the FHWA Office of Safety Research and Development under Contract DTFH61-13-D-00001. The FHWA Program and Task Manager for this project was Roya Amjadi.

The research team gratefully acknowledges the participation of SCDOT for their assistance in this study.

References

1. Neuman, T., Pfefer, R., Slack, K., Hardy, K., Harwood, D., Potts, I., Torbic, D., and Rabbani, E. (2003). Guidance for the Implementation of AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan: Volume 5: A Guide for Addressing Unsignalized Intersection Collisions, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 500, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC.

6. Le, T., Gross, F., Persaud, B., Eccles, K., and Soika, J. (2017). Safety Evaluation of Multiple Strategies at Signalized Intersections, FHWA-HRT-17-062, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.
   
   
7. Institute of Transportation Engineers. (2004). Toolbox of Countermeasures and Their Potential Effectiveness to Make Intersections Safer, Briefing Sheet 8, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.
   
   
8. Polanis, S.F. (1999). “Low-Cost Safety Improvements.” The Traffic Safety Toolbox: A Primer on Traffic Safety, pp. 265–272, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Washington, DC.
   
   
9. Federal Highway Administration. (2009). Stop Sign-Controlled Intersections: Enhanced Signs and Markings, Report No. FHWA-SA-09-010, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.
   
   
10. Eccles, K., and Hummer, J. (2000). Safety Effects of Fluorescent Yellow Warning Signs at Hazardous Sites in Daylight, TRB Paper No. 01-2236, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
    
    
11. Jenssen, G., Moen, J., Brekke, B., Augdal, A., and Sjohaug, K. (1996). Visual Performance of Fluorescent Retroreflective Traffic Control Devices, Part 1: Human Factors Visibility Study, Report No. STF22 A96606, Sintef Transport Engineering, Trondheim, Norway.
    
    
12. Burns, D., and Johnson, N. (1997). “The Correlation of Measured Spectral Radiance of Fluorescent and Non-Fluorescent Materials to Perceived Conspicuity Under Natural Lighting,” Die Farbe, 43(4–6), pp. 185–203.
    
    
13. Virginia Department of Transportation. (2008). Evaluation of Retroreflective Material on Stop Sign Posts in Virginia, Virginia Department of Transportation, Richmond, VA. Available online: http://www.virginiadot.org/projects/resources/4_09_Retroreflective_Material_Final_Report.pdf, last accessed July 9, 2011.
    
    
14. Golembiewski, G., and Chandler, B. (2008). Intersection Safety: A Manual for Local Rural Road Owners, FHWA-SA-11-08, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.
    
    
15. Hauer, E. (1997). Observational Before-After Studies in Road Safety – Estimating the Effect of Highway and Traffic Engineering Measures on Road Safety, Elsevier Science, Incorporated, Tarrytown, NY.
    
    
16. Google®, Inc. (2016). Example 1 check and verify treatment site in Google® Earth™. Available online: https://goo.gl/maps/k8jtV7G3vJM2, last accessed March 29, 2016.
    
    
17. Google®, Inc. (2016). Example 2 check and verify treatment site in Google® Earth™. Available online: https://goo.gl/maps/hVwSA16Kqc32, last accessed March 29, 2016.
    
    
18. Google®, Inc. (2016). Example 3 check and verify treatment site in Google® Earth™. Available online: https://goo.gl/maps/KAaGappUcbx, last accessed March 29, 2016.
    
    
19. Google®, Inc. (2016). Example of collecting number of legs for reference site from Google® Maps/Earth™. Available online: https://goo.gl/maps/h4zhPpLGjGv, last accessed March 29, 2016.20.
    
    
20. Office of Management and Budget. (2003). Circular A-4: Regulatory Analysis, Office of Management and Budget, Washington, DC.
    
    
21. Zaloshnja, E., Miller, T., Council, F., and Persaud, B. (2006). “Crash costs in the United States by crash geometry,” Accident Analysis and Prevention, 38(4), pp. 644–651, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
    
    
22. U.S. Department of Transportation. (2015). Guidance on Treatment of the Value of a Statistical Life (VSL) in U.S. Department of Transportation Analyses—2015 Adjustment, Memorandum, June 17, 2015. Available online: https://cms.dot.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/VSL2015_0.pdf, last accessed August 17, 2017.
    
    
23. SCDOT (2011). SCDOT Low Cost Intersection Improvement Project Details, Project notes, pp. 1–18, South Carolina Department of Transportation, Columbia, SC.
    
    
24. SCDOT (2011). General Notes Regarding Signalized and Unsignalized Intersections, Project notes, pp. 1–5, South Carolina Department of Transportation, Columbia, SC.