| Who Pays? | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VC Category | VC Tool/Technique | States with Case Examples Identified | Mandated, Negotiated or Market-Based | Taxpayers (Existing Tax Base, No New Taxes) | Property/ Business Owners/Tenants | Developers | Private Investors/ Corporate Sponsors |
| I. Property and Other Ad Valorem Taxes (e.g., Land Value Taxes) | Tax Increment Financing (TIF) (VC Enabler, No New Taxes) | CA, FL, GA, IL, IN, NJ, OR, PA, WA | Mandated | ✔ | |||
| TIF Districts (e.g., Tax Allocation Districts, Transportation Reinvestment Zones, Urban Renewal Areas (TAD/TRZ/ URA)) (VC Enabler, No New Taxes) | GA, OR, TX | ✔ | |||||
| II. Special Assessments, Taxes and Fees (Non Ad Valorem) | Special or Benefits Assessment Districts | DC, FL, MI, NV, TX, VA | Mandated | ✔ | |||
| Business/Community/Local Improvement or Community Facility Districts (BID/CID/ LID/CFD) | CA, GA, ID, MO, OR, WA | ✔ | |||||
| Transportation Improvement or Development Districts (TID/TDD) | CO, FL, KS, OH, VA | ✔ | |||||
| Special Service Areas (SSA) | IL | ✔ | |||||
| Sales Tax Districts | AZ, CA, CO, DC, IL, LA, MN, MO, NC,NV, NY, OR, TX, WA |
✔ | |||||
| Local Option Transportation Taxes (LOTT) | ✔ | ||||||
| Transportation Utility Fees | OR | ✔ | |||||
| IIIa. Developer In-Lieu Fees | Impact Fees | CA, CO, FL, GA, ID, MA, MD, OR, VA, WA, WY |
Mandated | ✔ | |||
| Linkage Fees | ✔ | ||||||
| Mobility and Related Fees (e.g, Road or Traffic Impact Fees, Intersection Development Charges (IDC), System Development Charges (SDC)) | ✔ | ||||||
| IIIb. Developer Negotiated Exactions/ Agreements/Fair Share Mitigation | Land Dedications | CA, CO, FL, NY, OR, PA, TX, VA, WA |
Negotiated | ✔ | |||
| In-Kind Facility and/or Service Contributions | ✔ | ||||||
| Development Agreements | ✔ | ||||||
| Community Benefits Agreements (CBA) | ✔ | ||||||
| IV. Development Rights and Other Entitlements Related | Joint Developments | CA, NY, OR, VA | Negotiated | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
| Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) | ✔ | ✔ | |||||
| ROW Use Agreements | CA, CO, DC, KY, OH | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |||
| Naming Rights | CA, OH, MA, NY, PA | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |||
| Solar Energy Uses | CA, CO, MA, MD, MI, OR | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |||
| V. Others VC- Based Revenue Generators | Private Contributions | CA, FL, IL, KY, NV, OH, OK, PA, VA, WA, WV |
Negotiated | ✔ | ✔ | ||
| Asset Recycling (Lease/ Sales) | CO, IL, IN, MD, OH, PR, VA | ✔ | ✔ | ||||
| Certificates of Potential Additional Construction (CEPACs) | Brazil (Sao Paulo) | Market-Based | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
| Vi. Other Relevant "Financing" Enablers | Transportation Corporations | CA, FL, MO, TX | Mandated | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
| State Infra Banks (SIBs) | ✔ | ✔ | |||||
| Infra Financing Districts (IFDs) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |||
