Design and Construction of Driven Pile Foundations - Lessons Learned on The Central Artery / Tunnel Project

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Foreword

The purpose of this report is to document the issues related to the design and construction of driven pile foundations at the Central Artery/Tunnel project. Construction issues that are presented include pile heave and the heave of an adjacent building during pile driving. Mitigation measures, including the installation of wick drains and the use of preaugering, proved to be ineffective. The results of 15 dynamic and static load tests are also presented and suggest that the piles have more capacity than what they were designed for. The information presented in this report will be of interest to geotechnical engineers working with driven pile foundation systems.

Notice

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Table Of Contents

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

ROLE OF DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATIONS ON THE CA/T PROJECT

OBJECTIVES

SCOPE

CHAPTER 2. Driven PILE DESIGN CRITERIA AND SPECIFICATIONS

SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS

DESIGN CRITERIA AND SPECIFICATIONS

Pile Types

Preaugering Criteria

Pile Driving Criteria

Axial Load and Pile Load Test Criteria

CHAPTER 3. CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND METHODS

EQUIPMENT AND METHODS

CONSTRUCTION-RELATED ISSUES

Pile Heave

Soil Heave

Summary

CHAPTER 4. DYNAMIC AND STATIC PILE LOAD TEST DATA

LOAD TEST METHODS

Dynamic Load Test Methods

Static Load Test Methods

LOAD TEST RESULTS

Dynamic Results and Interpretation

Comparison of CAPWAP Data

Static Load Test Data

Comparison of Dynamic and Static Load Test Data

CHAPTER 5. COST DATA OF DRIVEN PILES

CHAPTER 6. LESSONS LEARNED

REFERENCES

List Of Figures

Figure 1. Locations of selected contracts from the CA/T project.

Figure 2. Soil profile at the contract C07D1 site as encountered in Boring EB3-5

Figure 3. Soil profile at the contract C07D2 site as encountered in Boring EB2-149

Figure 4. Soil profile at the contract C08A1 site as encountered in Boring EB6-37

Figure 5. Soil profile at the contract C09A4 site as encountered in Boring IC10-13

Figure 6. Soil profile at the contract C19B1 site as encountered in Boring AN3-101

Figure 7. Typical pile details for a 30-cm-diameter PPC pile

Figure 8. Typical pile details for a 41-cm-diameter PPC pile with stinger

Figure 9. Single-acting diesel hammer

Figure 10. Double-acting diesel hammer

Figure 11. Single-acting hydraulic hammer

Figure 12. Typical pile driving record

Figure 13. Site plan, piling layout for the arrivals tunnel at Logan Airport

Figure 14. Site plan showing locations of piles, building footprint, and geotechnical instrumentation

Figure 15. Settlement data obtained during first phase of pile driving

Figure 16. Settlement data obtained during second phase of pile driving

Figure 17. Multipoint heave gauge data obtained during second phase of pile driving

Figure 18. Pore pressure data obtained during second phase of pile driving

Figure 19. Inclinometer data obtained during second phase of pile driving

Figure 20. Example of CAPWAP signal matching, test pile 16A1-1

Figure 21. Typical static load test arrangement showing instrumentation

Figure 22. Load-displacement curves for pile toe, test pile 16A1-1

Figure 23. CAPWAP capacities at end of initial driving (EOD) and beginning of restrike (BOR)

Figure 24. Deflection of pile head during static load testing of pile 12A1-1

Figure 25. Distribution of load in pile 12A1-1

Figure 26. Deflection of pile head during static load testing of pile 14

Figure 27. Distribution of load in pile 14

Figure 28. Deflection of pile head during static load testing of pile IPW

Figure 29. Distribution of load in pile IPW

List Of Tables

Table 1. Summary of selected contracts using driven pile foundations

Table 2. Summary of pile types used on the selected CA/T contracts

Table 3. Summary of pile types and axial capacity (requirements identified in the selected contracts)

Table 4. Summary of pile driving equipment used on the selected contracts

Table 5. Summary of pile spacing from selected contracts

Table 6. Maximum building heave observed during pile driving

Table 7. Summary of pile and preauger information

Table 8. Summary of pile driving information

Table 9. Summary of CAPWAP capacity data

Table 10. Summary of CAPWAP soil parameters

Table 11. Summary of static load test data

Table 12. Summary of dynamic and static load test data

Table 13. Summary of contractor's bid costs for pile driving.

Table 14. Summary of contractor's bid costs for preaugering