U.S. Department of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration
1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE
Washington, DC 20590
202-366-4000


Skip to content
Facebook iconYouTube iconTwitter iconFlickr iconLinkedInInstagram

Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology
Coordinating, Developing, and Delivering Highway Transportation Innovations

 
REPORT
This report is an archived publication and may contain dated technical, contact, and link information
Back to Publication List        
Publication Number:  FHWA-HRT-16-064    Date:  November 2016
Publication Number: FHWA-HRT-16-064
Date: November 2016

 

Traffic Bottlenecks: Identification and Solutions

REFERENCES

  1. Schrank, D., Eisele, B., and Lomax, T. (2012). TTI’s 2012 Urban Mobility Report, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, The Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX.

  2. Margiotta, R.A. and Spiller, N.C. (2012). Recurring Traffic Bottlenecks: A Primer Focus on Low-Cost Operational Improvements, Report No. FHWA-HOP-12-012, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  3. Dbindsa, A. and Spiller, N.C. (2010). Traffic Analysis Toolbox Volume X: Localized Bottleneck Congestion Analysis: Focusing on What Analysis Tools Are Available, Necessary, and Productive for Localized Congestion Remediation, Report No. FHWA-HOP-09-042, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  4. Park, B., Jones, T.K., and Griffin, S.O. (2010). Traffic Analysis Toolbox Volume XI: Weather and Traffic Analysis, Modeling and Simulation, Report No. FHWA-JPO-11-019, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  5. Cambridge Systematics, Inc. and Texas Transportation Institute. (2004). Traffic Congestion and Reliability: Linking Solutions to Problems, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/congestion_report_04/ congestion_report.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  6. Transportation Research Board. (2010). Highway Capacity Manual, Fifth Edition, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Obtained from: hcm.trb.org. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  7. Federal Highway Administration. Traffic Bottlenecks, 21st Century Operations Using 21st Century Technologies, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/bn/lbr.htm. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  8. Margiotta, R. (2011). An Agency Guide on How to Establish Localized Congestion Mitigation Programs, Report No. FHWA-HOP-11-009, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  9. University of Maryland CATT Laboratory. The Vehicle Probe Project Suite, University of Maryland, College Park, MD. Obtained from: https://vpp.ritis.org/suite/. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  10. Bertini, R.L. (2006). You Are the Traffic Jam: An Examination of Congestion Measures, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

  11. Skabardonis, A., Varaiya, P.P., and Petty, K.F. (2003). “Measuring Recurrent and Non-Recurrent Traffic Congestion,” Transportation Research Record 1856, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

  12. Luo, Y. (2013). Asymmetric Driver Behaviour-Based Algorithms for Estimating Real-Time Freeway Operational Capacity, Master’s Thesis, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

  13. Dunn, W.M., and Latoski, S.P. (2003). Safe and Quick Clearance of Traffic Incidents, NCHRP Synthesis 318, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC.

  14. Farradyne, P.B. (2003). Quick Clearance and ‘Move-It’ Best Practices Final Report, I-95 Corridor Coalition, College Park, MD. Obtained from: http://i95coalition.org/wp-content/ uploads/2015/03/I-95CC_QC-MI_PB_Final_Report.pdf?dd650d. Site last accessed September 21, 2016.

  15. Federal Highway Administration. FHWA 2015 Traffic Incident Management Self-Assessment, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http://atri.checkboxonline.com/TIM-SA-2015.aspx. Site last accessed September 21, 2016.

  16. Federal Highway Administration. National Traffic and Road Closure Information, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. Obtained from: https://www.fhwa.dot. gov/trafficinfo/. Site last accessed June 22, 2016.

  17. Federal Highway Administration. QuickZone, 21st Century Operations Using 21st Century Technologies, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/wz/traffic_analysis/quickzone/index.htm. Site last accessed September 22, 2016.

  18. Federal Highway Administration. Work Zone Self-Assessment, 21st Century Operations Using 21st Century Technologies, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/wz/decision_support/self-assess.htm. Site last accessed September 22, 2016.

  19. National Center for Atmospheric Research. Maintenance Decision Support System, Research Applications Laboratory, Boulder, CO. Obtained from: http://www.rap. ucar.edu/projects/rdwx_mdss/. Site last accessed September 22, 2016.

  20. Murphy, R., Swick, R., and Guevara, G. (2012). Best Practices for Road Weather Management, Version 3.0, Report No. FHWA-HOP-12-046, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/ fhwahop12046/. Site last accessed September 22, 2016.

  21. Federal Highway Administration. Road Weather Management Overview, 21st Century Operations Using 21st Century Technology, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/weather/overview.htm. Site last accessed October 19, 2016.

  22. Latoski, S.P., Dunn Jr., W.M., Wagenblast, B., Randall, J., and Walker, M.D. (2003). Managing Travel for Planned Special Events, Report No. FHWA-OP-04-010, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  23. Smith, B. (2003). Configuration Management for Transportation Management Systems, Report No. FHWA-OP-04-013, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  24. Neudorff, L.G., Randall, J.E., Reiss, R., and Gordon, R. (2003). Freeway Management and Operations Handbook, Report No. FHWA-OP-04-003, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  25. SRF Consulting Group, Inc. (2000). Adaptive Urban Signal Control and Integration (AUSCI) Evaluation Final Report, SRF No. 0942089.8, Minnesota Department of Transportation, Roseville, MN. Obtained from: http://vejdirektoratet.dk/DA/viden_og_ data/temaer/its/Documents/Evalueringer/Adaptiv%20signalstyring/13343.pdf. Site last accessed September 22, 2016.

  26. Federal Highway Administration. Intermodal Research Integrated Corridor Management, Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http://www.its.dot.gov/research_archives/ icms/index.htm. Site last accessed September 23, 2016.

  27. Federal Highway Administration. ITS Professional Capacity Building Program, Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. Obtained from: https://www.pcb.its.dot.gov/. Site last accessed September 23, 2016.

  28. Federal Highway Administration. (2005). Managing Demand Through Traveler Information Services, Publication No. FHWA-HOP-05-005, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/ publications/manag_demand_tis/travelinfo.htm. Site last accessed September 23, 2016.

  29. Elhenawy, M., Chen, H., and Rakha, H.A. (2015). Traffic Congestion Identification Considering Weather and Visibility Conditions Using Mixture Linear Regression, Proceedings of the 94th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.

  30. Transportation Research Board. (1994). Highway Capacity Manual, Third Edition, TRB Special Report 209, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

  31. Research and Innovative Technology Administration. “2012 Urban Mobility Report Released with New Congestion Measures,” UTC Spotlight, University Transportation Centers Program, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. Obtained from: https://www.rita.dot.gov/utc/sites/rita.dot.gov.utc/files/utc_spotlights/pdf/spotlight_0313. pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  32. Iteris. (2014). 2013 Most Congested Freeways Report and Methodology, Metropolitan Transportation Commission, San Francisco, CA.

  33. Mallat, S. (1989). “A Theory for Multiresolution Signal Decomposition: The Wavelet Representation,” Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 11(7), 674–693.

  34. List, G.F., Williams, B., Rouphail, N., Hranac, R., Barkley, T., Mai, E., Ciccarelli, A., Rodegerdts, L., Pincus, Kl, Nevers, B., Karr, A.F., Zhou, X., Wojtowicz, J., Schofer, J., and Khattak, A. (2014). Establishing Monitoring Programs for Travel Time Reliability, Report No. S2-L02-RR-1, Second Strategic Highway Research Program, Washington, DC.

  35. Federal Highway Administration. Current News, 21st Century Operations Using 21st Century Technologies, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  36. Cambridge Systematics, Inc. (2005). An Initial Assessment of Freight Bottlenecks on Highways, White Paper, Bethesda, MD.

  37. White, K. and Grenzeback, L.R. (2007). “Understanding Freight Bottlenecks,” Public Roads, 70(5).

  38. Cooner, S.A., Ranft, S.E., and Zimmerman, C. (2011). An Agency Guide on Overcoming Unique Challenges to Localized Congestion Reduction Projects, Report No. FHWA-HOP-11-034, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  39. Skolnik, J., Chami, R., and Walker, M. (2008). Planned Special Events—Economic Role and Congestion Effect, Report No. FHWA-HOP-08-022, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  40. Kerner, B.S. (2013). “The Physics of Green-Wave Breakdown in a City,” Europhysics Letters, 102(2), 28010-1–28010-6.

  41. “Bottleneck.” (2016). Merriam-Webster. Obtained from: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bottleneck. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  42. Daganzo, C.F. (1999). “Remarks on Traffic Flow Modeling and its Applications,” Traffic and Mobility, 105–115, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Germany.

  43. Geroliminis, N., Srivastava, A., and Michalopoulos, P. (2011). Development of the Next Generation Stratified Ramp Metering Algorithm Based on Freeway Density, ITS Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.

  44. Kittelson Associates. (2012). Low-Cost Improvements for Recurring Freeway Bottlenecks, NCHRP Report 3-83, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Washington, DC.

  45. Transportation Research Board. (2016). Highway Capacity Manual: A Guide for Multimodal Mobility Analysis, Sixth Edition, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

  46. Hughes, W. et al. (2010.) Alternative Intersections/Interchanges: Informational Report (AIIR), Report No. FHWA-HRT-09-060, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  47. Federal Highway Administration. Alternative Intersection Design, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/intersection/ alter_design/. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  48. Federal Highway Administration. Capacity Analysis for Planning of Junctions (CAP-X) Tool, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. Obtained from: https://www. fhwa.dot.gov/software/research/operations/cap-x/register/Capacity%20Analysis% 20for%20Planning%20of%20Junctions%20Description%20capx%20web%20page%20license%20agreement.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  49. Zhang, L. and Wu, G. (2012). “Dynamic Lane Grouping at Isolated Intersections: Problem Formulation and Performance Analysis,” Transportation Research Record 2311, 152–166, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

  50. Zhao, J., Ma, W., Zhang, H.M., and Yang, X. (2013). “Two-Step Optimization Model for Dynamic Lane Assignment at Isolated Signalized Intersections,” Transportation Research Record 2355, 39–48, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

  51. Potts, I.B., Harwood, D.W., Hutton, J.M., Fees, C.A., Bauer, K.M., Lucas, L.M., Kinzel, C.S., and Frazier, R.J. (2014). Identification and Evaluation of the Cost-Effectiveness of Highway Design Features to Reduce Nonrecurrent Congestion, Report No. S2-L07-RR-1, Second Strategic Highway Research Program, Washington, DC.

  52. Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office. Knowledge Resources, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http://www.itscosts.its. dot.gov/its/itsbcllwebpage.nsf/krhomepage. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  53. Sallman, D., et al. (2012). Operations Benefit/Cost Analysis Desk Reference, Report No. FHWA-HOP-12-028, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  54. Mirshahi, M., Obenberger, J., Fuhs, C., Howard, C., Krammes, R., Kuhn, B., Mayhew, R., Moore, M., Sahebjam, K., Stone, C., and Yung, J. (2007). Active Traffic Management: The Next Step in Congestion Management, Report No. FHWA-PL-07-012, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  55. Schneider Electric and RK&K. (2015). Bryan Park Interchange Dynamic Lane Merge Assessment, Contract Number 40903, Task Order 17, Virginia Department of Transportation, Richmond, VA.

  56. Helleman, B. (2010). Managed Motorways in the Netherlands, Centre for Transport and Navigation, ICTCT, Vienna, Austria.

  57. Telvent USA, LLC. (2014). Greater Richmond Safety and Mobility Study, Final Report Volume 2: Detailed Report, Virginia Department of Transportation, Richmond, VA.

  58. Parsons Brincherhoff and Texas A&M Transportation Institute. (2009). Screening Criteria for Managed Use Lane Projects, New York State Department of Transportation, New York, NY.

  59. Texas A&M Transportation Institute. (2011). General Guidelines for Active Traffic Management Deployment, UTCM Project No. 10-01-54, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station, TX.

  60. Alexiadis, V., Colyar, J., Halkias, J., Hranac, R., and McHale, G. (2004). “The Next Generation Simulation Program,” ITE Journal, 74(8).

  61. CMTLabs. Berkeley Highway Lab, California Traffic Management Labs. Obtained from: https://www.ctmlabs.its.uci.edu/facilities/bhl. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  62. AASHTO. (2011). A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, Sixth Edition, Second Printing, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC.

  63. AASHTO. (2004). A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, Fifth Edition, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC.

  64. Texas A&M Transportation Institute. Strategies, College Station, TX. Obtained from: http://mobility.tamu.edu/mip/strategies.php. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  65. Alliance for Community Trees. What We Do: Safe Communities, Alliance for Community Trees, Lincoln, NE. Obtained from: http://actrees.org/what-we-do/public-policy/safe-communities/. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  66. MyArlingtonTX. (2014). New Acceleration Lane in IH-30 Improves Traffic Flow, Office of Communication, Arlington, TX. Obtained from: http://www.arlington-tx.gov/news/2014/ 03/12/new-acceleration-lane-on-ih-30-improves-traffic-flow/. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  67. ITS International. (2013). “Traffic Monitoring and Hard Shoulder Running,” ITS International, Kent, United Kingdom. Obtained from: http://www.itsinternational.com/ categories/detection-monitoring-machine-vision/features/traffic-monitoring-and-hard-shoulder-running/. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  68. Texas A&M Transportation Institute. (2001). Houston’s Travel Rate Improvement Program: “Toolbox” of Improvement Strategies Add Capacity, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.

  69. Kakesako, G.K. (2012). “Re-striping Project Will Add Fourth Lane on Busy Corridor of H-1,” Honolulu Star Advertiser, Honolulu, HI. Obtained from: http://www.staradvertiser.com/ breaking-news/re-striping-project-will-add-fourth-lane-on-busy-corridor-of-h-1/. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  70. Pool, B. (1985). “Ventura Freeway Panel Keeps Moving Without Tooting Horn,” Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles, CA.

  71. Ma, J., Hu, J., Hale, D., and Bared, J. (in publication). “Dynamic Hard Shoulder Running for Traffic Incident Management,” Transportation Research Record, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

  72. Hadi, M., Sinha, P., and Wang, A. (2007). “Modeling Reductions in Freeway Capacity due to Incidents in Microscopic Simulation Models.” Transportation Research Record 1999, 62–68, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

  73. Transportation Research Board. (2000). Highway Capacity Manual, Fourth Edition, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

  74. Miller-Hooks, E., TariVerdi, M., and Zhang, X. (2012). Standardizing and Simplifying Safety Service Patrol Benefit-Cost Ratio Estimation, I-95 Corridor Coalition, College Park, MD.

  75. Federal Highway Administration. Travel Time Displays Prior to Freeway Entrances, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http://tmcpfs.ops.fhwa. dot.gov/projects/ttdfrwyentrance.htm. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  76. Krause, C., Kronpraset, N., Bared, J., and Zhang, W. (2014). “Operational Advantages of Dynamic Reversible Left-Lane Control of Existing Signalized Diamond Interchanges,” Journal of Transportation Engineering, 141(5), 1–8.

  77. Zhao, J., Liu, Y., Ma, W., and Yang, X. (2013). Operation of Signalized Diamond Interchange with Frontage Roads Using Dynamic Reversible Lane Control, 2014 Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.

  78. Google Maps®. (2016). Selected signalized diamond interchange case study. Generated via Google Maps® online by Janell Niederriter. Obtained from: https://www.google.com/ maps/place/Coca+Cola+Dr,+Hanover,+MD+21076/@39.177627,-76.7395852,19z/data= !4m5!3m4!1s0x89b7e180b85a305b:0xa74f9c7875ef1443!8m2!3d39.183775!4d-76.7345538!5m1!1e1. Generated August 5, 2016.

  79. Federal Highway Administration. (2009). Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. Obtained from http://mutcd.fhwa. dot.gov/index.htm. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  80. Institute of Transportation Engineers. (2003). Making Intersections Safer: A Toolbox of Engineering Countermeasures to Reduce Red-Light Running, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/intersection/ conventional/signalized/rlr/rlr_toolbox/rlrbook.pdf. Site last accessed September 9, 2016.

  81. Google Maps®. (2016). Example of no re-entry signage. Generated via Google Maps® online by Chris Melson. Obtained from: https://www.google.com/maps/@39.7999617,-75.4842429,3a,75y,63.07h,88.71t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1s2p7ahIbaB4X5Qg5Rr0JgdQ!2e0!7i13312!8i6656?hl=en. Generated August 8, 2016.

  82. Su, P., Krause, C., Hale, D., and Bared, J. (2015). Operational Advantages of Contraflow Left-Turn Lane of Signalized Intersection, 95th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.

  83. Yanzhao Metropolis. Handan Police and “Route Left” Intersections, Handan, China. Obtained from: http://news.sina.com.cn/c/p/2014-05-16/165130151057.shtml. Site last accessed August 24, 2016.

  84. Wenxiu, X. Sun Gang and Huanggan Crossing Route, Shenzhen, China. Obtained from: http://city.shenchuang.com/city/20140814/100397.shtml. Site last accessed August 24, 2016.

  85. Shenzhen Public Security Bureau. Turn Left Route Through the Period of Use and Control Consultation, Shenzhen, China. Obtained from: http://www.stc.gov.cn/GZCY/WSDC/20 1410/t20141021_31998.htm. Site last accessed August 24, 2016.

  86. “Hohhot’s First “Route Left” Intersection Trial Today,” Hohhot Evening News, Hohhot, China. Obtained from: http://www.nmg.xinhuanet.com/xwzx/2015-09/01/c_1116 436640.htm. Site last accessed August 24, 2016.

  87. Tingeing, D. The Contraflow Left-Turn Lane, Citizens Are Happy with It, Henan Province, China. Obtained from http://epaper.jzrb.com/jzwb/page/82/2015-12/05/03/2015120503_pdf.pdf. Site last accessed August 24, 2016.

  88. Donnell, E.T., Hines, S.C., Mahoney, K.M., Porter, R.J., and McGee, H. (2009). Speed Concepts: Informational Guide, Report No. FHWA-SA-10-001, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  89. Godley, S.T., Triggs, T.J., and Fildes, B.N. (2004). “Perceptual Lane Width, Wide Perceptual Road Centre Markings and Driving Speeds,” Ergonomics, 47(3), 237–256.

  90. Richards, S.H., Wunderlich, R.C., and Dudek, C.L. (1985). “Field Evaluation of Work Zone Speed Control Techniques,” Transportation Research Record 1035, 66–78, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

  91. McLean, J.R. and Hoffman, E.R. (1972). The Effects of Lane Width on Driver Steering Control and Performance, Sixth Australian Road Research Board Conference, Canberra, Australia.

  92. Martens, M., et al. (1997). The Effects of Road Design on Speed Behaviour: A Literature Review, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

  93. Chandra, S. and Kumar, U. (2003). “Effect of Lane Width on Capacity Under Mixed Traffic Conditions in India,” Journal of Transportation Engineering, 129(2), 155–160.

  94. Federal Highway Administration. (1990). Technical Advisory T 5040.29: Paved Shoulders, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http://www.fhwa.dot. gov/pavement/t504029.cfm. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  95. Garber, N.J. and Ehrhart, A.A. (2007). “Effect of Speed, Flow, and Geometric Characteristics on Crash Frequency for Two-Lane Highways,” Transportation Research Record 1717, 76–83, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

  96. Bertini, R.L. and Leal, M.T. (2005). “Empirical Study of Traffic Features at a Freeway Lane Drop,” Journal of Transportation Engineering, 131(6), 397–407.

  97. Federal Highway Administration. Clear Zone and Horizontal Clearance, Office of Program Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/programadmin/clearzone.cfm. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  98. Churchill, A., Tripodis, Y., and Lovell, D. (2012). ”Sun Glare Impacts on Freeway Congestion: Geometric Model and Empirical Analysis,” Journal of Transportation Engineering, 138(10), 1,196–1,204.

  99. Stutts, J.C., et al. (2001). The Role of Driver Distraction in Traffic Crashes, AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, Washington, DC. Obtained from: https://www.forces-nl.org/download/distraction.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  100. Marek, M.A. (2010). Roadway Design Manual, Texas Department of Transportation, Austin, TX. Obtained from: http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/hostedpdfs/txdot/design/ rdw_2010-11.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  101. Fitzpatrick, K., et al. (2000). Design Factors that Affect Driver Speed on Suburban Arterials, Research Report 1769-3, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station, TX. Obtained from: http://d2dtl5nnlpfr0r.cloudfront.net/tti.tamu.edu/documents/1769-S.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  102. Winsum, W.V. and H. Godthelp. (1996). “Speed Choice and Steering Behavior in Curve Driving,” Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 38(3), 434–441.

  103. McGee, H.W. and Hanscom, F.R. (2006). Low-Cost Treatments for Horizontal Curve Safety, Report No. FHWA-SA-07-002, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  104. Smadi, O., Hawkins, N., Hallmark, S., and Knickerbocker, S. (2013). Evaluation of the TAPCO Sequential Dynamic Curve Warning System, Report No. FHWA-HIF-13-040, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  105. Stein, W.J. and Neuman, T.R. (2007). Mitigation Strategies for Design Exceptions, Report No. FHWA-SA-07-011, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  106. Hall, J.W., Smith, K.L., Titus-Glover, L., Wambold, J.C., Yager, T.J., and Rado, Z. (2009). NCHRP Web-Only Document 108: Guide for Pavement Friction, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Washington, DC.

  107. Indiana Department of Transportation. (2013). Indiana Department of Transportation—2013 Design Manual. Obtained from http://www.in.gov/indot/design_manual/ design_manual_2013.htm. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  108. Fitzpatrick, K., et al. (2003). Design Speed, Operating Speed, and Posted Speed Practices, NCHRP Report 504, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_504.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  109. Greene County. (1978). Article IV (Special Provisions), Section 36: Access Management, Greene County, MO. Obtained from: http://www.greenecountymo.org/file/resource_ management/Access_Management_Regulation.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  110. Project for Public Spaces. Traffic Calming 101: Project for Public Spaces, New York, NY. Obtained from: http://www.pps.org/reference/livememtraffic/. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  111. Gattis, J.L., Duncan, L.K., and Tooley, M.S. (2010). Roadway Median Treatments—Phase 1 and Phase 2, Report No. MBTC DOT 2055, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/32000/32500/32534/MBTC_DOT_ 2055-2067.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  112. Miller, T.R. (1992). “Benefit-Cost Analysis of Lane Marking,” Transportation Research Record 1334, 38–45, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

  113. Jilla, R.J. (1974). Effects of Bicycle Lanes on Traffic Flow, Report No. FHWA/IN/JHRP-74/10, Joint Highway Research Project, Indiana Department of Transportation and Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.

  114. Taylor, D. and Davis, W.J. (1999). “Review of Basic Research in Bicycle Traffic Science, Traffic Operations, and Facility Design,” Transportation Research Record 1674, 102–110, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http://www. industrializedcyclist.com/Review_basic_research.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  115. Federal Highway Administration. (1999). Implementing Bicycle Improvements at the Local Level, Report No. FHWA-98-105, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21300/21384/localbike.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  116. Federal Highway Administration. (1994). Bicycle Facilities Recommendations, Report No. FHWA-RD-92-073, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/ped_bike/docs/select.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  117. Huber, M.J. (1957). “Effect of Temporary Bridge on Parkway Performance,” Highway Research Board Bulletin, 167, 63–74. Obtained from: http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id= 116682. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  118. Abbas, A.R. (2009). The Ohio Department of Transportation Office of Research & Development Executive Summary Report: Long Term Striping Alternatives for Bridge Decks, Report No. FHWA/OH-2008/#13, Ohio Department of Transportation, Garfield Heights, OH.

  119. Columbia River Crossing Coalition. Welcome to the Columbia River Crossing Coalition Website. Obtained from: www.crossingcoalition.org. Site last accessed October 20, 2016.

  120. Texas A&M Transportation Institute. Reversible Traffic Lanes, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station, TX. Obtained from: http://mobility.tamu.edu/mip/strategies-pdfs/traffic-management/technical-summary/Reversible-Traffic-Lanes-4-Pg.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  121. Edie, L.C. and Foote, R.S. (1958). “Traffic Flow in Tunnels,” Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Highway Research Board, 37, 334–344, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http://tft.ceng.calpoly.edu/greenshields/docs/edie_foote_1958.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  122. Hung, C.J., Monsees, J., Munfah, N., and Wisniewski, J. (2009). Technical Manual for Design and Construction of Road Tunnels—Civil Elements, Report No. FHWA-NHI-10-034, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http://www.fhwa. dot.gov/bridge/tunnel/pubs/nhi09010/tunnel_manual.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  123. Nowlin, L. and Brehmer, C. (1997). Freeway Management Handbook, Report No. FHWA-SA-97-064, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http:// www.library.unt.edu/gpo/OTA/pubs/fmh/mastoccd.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  124. Texas Department of Transportation. Collector-Distributor Roads Fact Sheet, Texas Department of Transportation, Austin, TX. Obtained from: https://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/ pub/txdot-info/aus/collector-distributor-fact-sheet.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  125. Texas A&M Transportation Institute. Dynamic Merge Control, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station, TX. Obtained from: http://mobility.tamu.edu/mip/strategies-pdfs/active-traffic/technical-summary/Dynamic-Merge-Control-4-Pg.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  126. AASHTO. (2001). A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, 4th Edition, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC.

  127. Ringert, J., Koonce, P., Bansen, J., Nguyen, T., McGill, J., Stewart, D., Suggett, J., Neuman, T., Antonucci, N., Hardy, K., and Courage, K. (2004). Signalized Intersections: Informational Guide, Report No. FHWA-HRT-04-091, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  128. Texas A&M Transportation Institute. Acceleration /Deceleration Lanes, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station, TX. Obtained from: http://mobility.tamu.edu/ mip/strategies-pdfs/system-modification/technical-summary/Acceleration-Deceleration-Lanes-4-Pg.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  129. Golob, T.F., Recker, W.W., and Alvarez, V.M. (2004). “Safety Aspects of Freeway Weaving Sections,” Transportation Research Part A, 38, 35–51, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http://www.its.uci.edu/its/personnel/recker/ A71.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  130. Kwon, E. (1999). Estimation of the Capacity in Freeway Weaving Areas for Traffic Management and Operations, Report No. Mn/DOT 1999-40, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.

  131. Steward, J., Baker, M., and Van Aerde, M. (1996). “Evaluating Weaving Section Designs Using INTEGRATION,” Transportation Research Record 1555, 33–41, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

  132. Fitzpatrick, K. and Nowlin, L. (1996). “One-Sided Weaving Operations on One-Way Frontage Roads,” Transportation Research Record 1555, 42–49, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

  133. Reilly, W., Kell, J., and Johnson, J. (1984). Weaving Analysis Procedures for the New Highway Capacity Manual, JHK & Associates, Tucson, AZ.

  134. Bertini, R.L. and Malik, S. (2004). “Observed Dynamic Traffic Features on Freeway Section with Merges and Diverges,” Transportation Research Record 1867, 25–35, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

  135. Cassidy, M.J. and Rudjanakanoknad, J. (2005). Increasing Capacity of an Isolated Merge by Metering its On-Ramp, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, CA.

  136. Chang, G.L. and Li, Z. (2010). Integration of Off-Ramp and Arterial Signal Controls to Minimize the Recurrent Congestion on the I-495 Capital Beltway, Report No. MD-10-SP808B4D and UMD-2008-03, Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore, MD.

  137. Chen, C., et al. (1974). “Entrance Ramp Control for Travel Rate Maximization in Expressways,” Transportation Research, 8(6), 503–508.

  138. Ngoduy, D. (2008). “Operational Effects of Acceleration Lane on Main Traffic Flow at Discontinuities,” Transportmetrica, 4(3), 195–207.

  139. Liu, M., Guangquan, L., and Li, Y. (2010). “The Impact Analysis of Intersection Sight Distance on Vehicle Speed,” Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Traffic and Transportation Studies, 295–304, Kunming, China.

  140. Federal Highway Administration. (2008). Intersection Safety Strategies, Publication No. FHWA-SA-08-008, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/30000/30800/30899/intersection_guide12.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  141. Yu, L. (2007). Project Summary: 0-5290: Left-Turn Design and Operation, Texas Department of Transportation, Austin, TX. Obtained from: http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ hostedpdfs/txdot/psr/5290.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  142. Kikuchi, S., Kronprasert, N., and Kii, M. (2007). “Lengths of Turn Lanes on Intersection Approaches: Three-Branch Fork Lanes—Left-Turn, Through, and Right-Turn Lanes,” Transportation Research Record 2023/2008, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

  143. Seattle Department of Transportation. (2008). Briefing Book: Seattle Urban Mobility Plan, Seattle Department of Transportation, Seattle, WA. Obtained from: http://www.seattle.gov/ transportation/briefingbook.htm. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  144. Texas A&M Transportation Institute. Park-and-Ride Lots, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station, TX. Obtained from: http://mobility.tamu.edu/mip/strategies-pdfs/system-modification/technical-summary/Park-And-Ride-Lots-4-Pg.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  145. Victoria Transport Policy Institute. (2013). Online TDM Encyclopedia, Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Obtained from: http://vtpi.org/tdm/. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  146. Victoria Transport Policy Institute. (2013). “Congestion Reduction Strategies: Identifying and Evaluating Strategies to Reduce Traffic Congestion,” Online TDM Encyclopedia, Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Obtained from: http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm96.htm. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  147. Texas A&M Transportation Institute. Express Bus Service, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station, TX. Obtained from: http://mobility.tamu.edu/mip/strategies-pdfs/system-modification/technical-summary/Express-Bus-Service-4-Pg.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  148. Texas A&M Transportation Institute. Special Event Management, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station, TX. Obtained from: http://mobility.tamu.edu/ mip/strategies-pdfs/traffic-management/technical-summary/Special-Event-Management-4-Pg.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  149. Samdahl, D., Swisher, M., Symoun, J., and Lisska, W. (2013). Congestion Pricing: A Primer on Institutional Issues, Report No. FHWA-HOP-13-034, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  150. City of Sacramento. (2009). Design and Procedures Manual Section 15: Street Design Standards, Sacramento, CA. Obtained from: http://www.cityofsacramento.org/ Public-Works/Resources/Publications. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  151. Iowa State University. Access Management Frequently Asked Questions: 4—Intersection Spacing and Traffic Signal Spacing, Center for Transportation Research and Education, Iowa State University, Ames, IA. Obtained from: http://www.ctre.iastate.edu/research/ access/toolkit/4.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  152. Ray, B.L., Schoen J., Jenior, P., Knudsen, J., Porter, R.J., Leisch, J.P., Mason, J., and Roess, R. (2011). NCHRP Report 697: Guidelines for Ramp and Interchange Spacing, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Washington, DC.

  153. Texas A&M Transportation Institute. Variable Speed Limits, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station, TX. Obtained from: http://mobility.tamu.edu/mip/strategies-pdfs/active-traffic/technical-summary/Variable-Speed-Limit-4-Pg.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  154. Institute of Transportation Engineers. Traffic Signal Timing, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http://www.ite.org/signal/index.asp. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  155. Texas A&M Transportation Institute. Signal Operation & Management, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station, TX. Obtained from: http://mobility.tamu.edu/ mip/strategies-pdfs/traffic-management/technical-summary/Signal-Operations-and-Management-4-Pg.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  156. Texas A&M Transportation Institute. Truck Incentives & Use Restrictions, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station, TX. Obtained from: http://mobility.tamu.edu/ mip/strategies-pdfs/traffic-management/technical-summary/truck-incentives-and-use-restrictions-4-pg.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  157. Texas A&M Transportation Institute. Truck Lane Restrictions, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station, TX. Obtained from: http://mobility.tamu.edu/mip/strategies-pdfs/traffic-management/executive-summary/truck-lane-restrictions-1-pg.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  158. Texas A&M Transportation Institute. Freight Shuttle System, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station, TX. Obtained from: http://mobility.tamu.edu/mip/strategies-pdfs/added-capacity/technical-summary/freight-shuttle-system-4-pg.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  159. Texas A&M Transportation Institute. Queue Warning, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station, TX. Obtained from: http://mobility.tamu.edu/mip/strategies-pdfs/active-traffic/technical-summary/Queue-Warning-4-Pg.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  160. Chang, G. and Kim, W. (2012). Enhancement of Freeway Incident Traffic Management and Resulting Benefits, Report No. MD-11-SP009B4Q, Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore, MD.

  161. Highways Agency. Incident Screen Trial Update, England, United Kingdom. Obtained from: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120810121037/http://www. highways.gov.uk/business/19085.aspx. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  162. Texas A&M Transportation Institute. Aggressive Incident Clearance, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station, TX. Obtained from: http://mobility.tamu.edu/ mip/strategies-pdfs/traffic-management/technical-summary/Aggressive-Incident-Clearance-4-Pg.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  163. Federal Highway Administration. (2013). Ramp Management and Metering, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/ freewaymgmt/ramp_mgmnt.htm. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  164. University of Minnesota. Ramp Metering, ITS Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Obtained from: http://www.its.umn.edu/Education/k12outreach/ modules/RampMetering/. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  165. Texas A&M Transportation Institute. Ramp Flow Control, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station, TX. Obtained from: http://mobility.tamu.edu/mip/strategies-pdfs/active-traffic/technical-summary/Ramp-Flow-Control-4-Pg.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  166. Figliozzi, M.A. (2010). The Impacts of Congestion on Time-definitive Urban Freight Distribution Networks CO2 Emission Levels: Results from a Case Study in Portland, Oregon, Portland State University, Portland, OR.

  167. Texas A&M Transportation Institute. Dynamic Truck Restrictions, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station, TX. Obtained from: http://mobility.tamu.edu/ mip/strategies-pdfs/active-traffic/executive-summary/dynamic-truck-restrictions-1-pg.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  168. Federal Highway Administration. (2013). Managed Lanes, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/ freewaymgmt/managed_lanes.htm. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  169. Cambridge Systematics, Inc. and Texas Transportation Institute. (2005). Traffic Congestion and Reliability: Trends and Advanced Strategies for Congestion Management, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  170. Federal Highway Administration. (2006). Congestion Pricing: A Primer, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. Obtained from: http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/ publications/congestionpricing/sec2.htm. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  171. Victoria Transport Policy Institute. (2013). “Road Pricing: Congestion Pricing, Value Pricing, Toll Roads and HOT Lanes,” Online TDM Encyclopedia, Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Obtained from: http://www.vtpi. org/tdm/tdm35.htm. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  172. Spann, A., Kane, D., and Gulotta, D. (2005). “Lane Changes and Close Following: Troublesome Tollbooth Traffic,” The UMAP Journal, 26(3), 251–264.

  173. Texas A&M Transportation Institute. Electronic Toll Collection Systems, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station, TX. Obtained from: http://mobility.tamu.edu/ mip/strategies-pdfs/traffic-management/technical-summary/Electronic-Toll-Systems-4-Pg.pdf. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  174. Lenz, K.H. and Steinhoff, H. (1976). “An Introduction to the Definition of Vehicle Bunching,” Strassenverkehrstechnik, 20(1), 7–14.

  175. Daganzo, C.F. and Pilachowski, J. (2009). Reducing Bunching with Bus-to-Bus Cooperation, UC Berkeley Center for Future Urban Transport, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, CA.

  176. Distraction.gov. (2013). Facts and Statistics, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Obtained from http://www.distraction.gov/stats-research-laws/facts-and-statistics.html. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  177. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2015). Aggressive Driving Enforcement: Strategies for Implementing Best Practices, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC.

  178. Al-Deek, H., Lochrane, T., Paracha, J., and Scriba, T. (2013). “Understanding Driver Behavior in Work Zones,” Public Roads, 76(5).

  179. The Second Strategic Highway Research Program. (2013). Effectiveness of Different Approaches to Disseminating Traveler Information on Travel Time Reliability, SHRP2 Reliability Project L14, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  180. Leu, M. and Bham, G. (2012). Influencing Work Zone Traffic Flow Through Variable Messaging Technologies, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

  181. Knoop, V.L. (2009). Road Incidents and Network Dynamics: Effects on Driving Behaviour and Traffic Congestion, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

  182. Masinick, J.P. and Teng, H. (2004). An Analysis on the Impact of Rubbernecking on Urban Freeway Traffic, National ITS Implementation Research Center, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC.

  183. Collura, J., Louisell, C., Teodorovic, D., and Tignor, S. (2004). Evaluating Driver Response to Unexpected Conditions: A Case Study in Emergency Vehicle Operations, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

  184. Richard, C.M., Michaels, E.F., and Campbell, J.L. (2006). Driver Attitudes and Behaviors at Intersections and Potential Effectiveness of Engineering Countermeasures, Report No. FHWA-HRT-05-158, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  185. 85. Richards, C.M., Michaels, E.F., and Campbell, J.L. (2005). Driver Attitudes and Behaviors at Intersections and Potential Effectiveness of Engineering Countermeasures, Report No. FHWA-HRT-05-078, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  186. Meerman, A., Hoffman, E.R., and MacDonald, W.A. (1982). A Comparison of Advance Direction Signs for Use at Irregular Intersections in Terms of Drivers’ Route Negotiation Behavior, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

  187. Wildlife and Roads. Wildlife and Roads: Crossings. Obtained from: http://www.wildlifeandroads.org/crossings/. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

  188. DeMarco, P. (2011). “Biking Violations Unpunished,” Boston Globe, Boston, MA. Obtained from: http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2011/ 08/08/loophole_in_law_a_hurdle_to_ticketing_bikers/?page=1. Site last accessed August 4, 2016.

 

 

 

Federal Highway Administration | 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE | Washington, DC 20590 | 202-366-4000
Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center | 6300 Georgetown Pike | McLean, VA | 22101