U.S. Department of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration
1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE
Washington, DC 20590
202-366-4000


Skip to content
Facebook iconYouTube iconTwitter iconFlickr iconLinkedInInstagram

Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology
Coordinating, Developing, and Delivering Highway Transportation Innovations

 
REPORT
This report is an archived publication and may contain dated technical, contact, and link information
Back to Publication List        
Publication Number:  FHWA-HRT-17-098     Date:  January 2018
Publication Number: FHWA-HRT-17-098
Date: January 2018

 

Self-Enforcing Roadways: A Guidance Report

REFERENCES

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. (2010). Highway Safety Manual, First Edition, Washington, DC.

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. (2011a). A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, Sixth Edition, AASHTO, Washington, DC.

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. (2011b). Roadside Design Guide, Fourth Edition, AASHTO, Washington, DC.

Arnold, E.D. and Lantz, K.E. (2007). Evaluation of Best Practices in Traffic Operations and Safety: Phase I: Flashing LED Stop Sign and Optical Speed Bars, VCTIR 07-R34, figures 47 and 54, Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation and Research, Charlottesville, VA.

Banihashemi, M., Dimaiuta, M., and Wang, H. (2011). “Operating Speed Model for Low-Speed Rural Two-Lane Highways.” Transportation Research Record, Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2223, table 2, p. 67, and table 3, p. 67. DOI: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3141/2223-08.

Boodlal, L., Donnell, E.T., Porter, R.J., Garimella, D., Le, T., Croshaw, K., Himes, S., Kulis, P., and Wood, J. (2015). Factors Influencing Operating Speed and Safety on Rural and Suburban Roads, Report No. FHWA-HRT-15-030, FHWA, McLean, VA.

Cirillo, J.A. (1968). “Interstate System Accident Research Study II, Interim Report II.” Public Roads, 35(3), Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Arlington, VA.

Davis, G.A. (2002). “Is the Claim That ‘Variance Kills an Ecological Fallacy?” Accident Analysis and Prevention, 34, pp. 343-346, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.

Donnell, E.T., Gayah, V.G., Yu, Z., Li, L., and DePrator, A. (2016a). Speed Limits Set Lower Than Engineering Recommendations, Report No. FHWA/MT-16-008/8225-001, Montana Department of Transportation, Helena, MT.

Donnell, E.T., Hamadesh, B., Li, L., and Wood, J.S. (2016b). 70 mph Study, Report No. FHWA-PA-2016-009-PSU WO 13, Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Harrisburg, PA.

Donnell, E.T., Himes, S.C., Mahoney, K.M., and Porter, R.J. (2009a). “Understanding Speed Concepts Key Definitions and Case Study Examples.” Transportation Research Record, Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2120, pp. 3-11, TRB of the National Academies, Washington, DC.

Donnell, E.T., Himes, S.C., Mahoney, K.M., and Porter, R.J. (2009b). Speed Concepts Informational Guide, Report No. FHWA-SA-10-001, figure 3, p. 9, FHWA, Washington, DC. DOI: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3141/2120-01. Reproduced with permission of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

Donnell, E.T., Mahoney, K.M., and Mason, J.M. (2002). “Relationship Between Design Speed, Operating Speed, and Posted Speed Limits.” (CD-ROM). Presented at the ITE 2002 Annual Meeting and Exhibit, Philadelphia, PA.

Dougald, L.E. (2010). Best Practices in Traffic Operations and Safety: Phase II. Zigzag Pavement Markings, VCTIR 11-R9, figure 57, Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation and Research, Charlottesville, VA.

Elvik, R. (2009). The Power Model of the Relationship Between Speed and Road Safety: Update and New Analyses, T∅I Report 1034/2009, Institute of Transport Economics T∅I, Oslo, Norway.

Farmer, C.M. (2016). “Relationship of Traffic Fatality Rates to Maximum State Speed Limits,” Traffic Injury Prevention, 18(4), Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Arlington, VA.

Federal Highway Administration. (2016a). “Interactive Highway Safety Design Model (IHSDM).” (website) FHWA, Washington, DC. Available online: www.ihsdm.org, last accessed July 30, 2016.

Federal Highway Administration. (2016b). “USLIMITS2.” (website) FHWA, Washington, DC. Available online: http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/uslimits, last accessed July 30, 2016.

Federal Highway Administration. (2009). Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways (MUTCD), 2009 Edition including Revisions 1 and 2, May 2012, FHWA, Washington, DC.

Figueroa Medina, A. and Tarko, A.P. (2005). “Speed Factors on Two-Lane Rural Highways in Free-Flow Conditions.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Transportation Research Board, 1912, pp. 39-46, TRB of the National Academies, Washington, DC.

Fitzpatrick, K., Blaschke, J.D., Shamburger, C.B., Krammes, R.A., and Fambro, D.B. (1995). Compatibility of Design Speed, Operating Speed, and Posted Speed, Report No. FHWA/TX-95/1465-2F, Texas Department of Transportation, Austin, TX.

Fitzpatrick, K., Elefteriadou, L., Harwood, D.W., Collins, J.M., McFadden, J., Anderson, I.B., Krammes, R.A., Irizarry, N., Parma, K.D., Bauer, K.M., and Passetti, K. (2000a). Speed Prediction for Two-Lane Rural Highways, Report No. FHWA-RD-99-171, FHWA, Washington, DC.

Fitzpatrick, K., Wooldridge, M.D., Tsimhoni, O., Collins, J.M., Green, P., Bauer, K.M., Parma, K.D., Koppa, R., Harwood, D.W., Anderson, I., Krammes, R.A., and Poggioli, B. (2000b). Alternative Design Consistency Rating Methods for Two-Lane Rural Highways, Report No. FHWA-RD-99-172, FHWA, Washington, DC.

Fitzpatrick, K., Carlson, P., Brewer, M.A., Wooldridge, M.D., and Miaou, S.P. (2003). NCHRP Report 504: Design Speed, Operating Speed and Posted Speed Practices, TRB of the National Academies, Washington, DC.

Fitzpatrick, K., Miaou, S.P., Brewer, M., Carlson, P., and Wooldridge, M.D. (2005). “Exploration of the Relationship Between Operating Speed and Roadway Features on Tangent Sections.” Journal of Transportation Engineering, 131(4), pp. 261-269, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.

Garber, N., and R. Gadiraju. (1988) Speed Dispersion and Its Influence on Accidents. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, Washington, DC.

Himes, S.C., Donnell, E.T., and Porter, R.J. (2011). “New Insights on Evaluations of Design Consistency for Two-Lane Highways.” Transportation Research Record, Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2262, pp. 31-41, TRB of the National Academies, Washington, DC.

Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE). (2010). Designing Walkable Urban Thoroughfares: A Context Sensitive Approach. Publication No. RP-036A, Federal Highway Administration and Environmental Protection Agencies, Washington, DC.

Institute of Transportation Engineers. (2017). Traffic Calming ePrimer, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. Available online: https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/speedmgt/traffic_calm.cfm, last accessed November 10, 2017.

Kockelman, K., Bottom, J., Kweon, Y., Ma, J., and Wang, X. (2006). NCHRP Web-Only Document 90 (Project 17-23): Safety Impacts and Other Implications of Raised Speed Limits on High-Speed Roads, TRB of the National Academies, Washington, DC. Available online: http://www.trb.org/Main/Public/Blurbs/157220.aspx, last accessed November 10, 2017.

Krammes, R.A., Brackett, R.Q., Shafer, M.A., Ottesen, J.L., Anderson, I.B., Fink, K.L., Collins, K.M., Pendleton, O.J., and Messer, C.J. (1995). Horizontal Alignment Design Consistency for Rural Two-Lane Highways, Report No. FHWA-RD-94-034, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

Lamm, R. and Choueiri, E.M. (1987). “Recommendations for Evaluating Horizontal Design Consistency Based on Investigations in the State of New York.” Transportation Research Record, 1122, pp. 68-78, TRB of the National Academies, Washington, DC.

Lamm, R., Choueiri, E.M., Hayward, J.C., and Paluri, A. (1988). “Possible Design Procedure to Promote Design Consistency in Highway Geometric Design on Two-lane Rural Highways.” Transportation Research Record, 1195, pp. 111-122, equations 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 6, 8a, and 8b, pp. 68-78, TRB of the National Academies, Washington, DC.

Lave, C. (1985) Speeding, Coordination, and the 55 mph Limit. American Economic Review, Vol. 75, pp. 1159-1164.

Liu, C. and C. Chen. (2009). An Analysis of Speeding-Related Crashes: Definitions and the Effects of Road Environments, Report No. DOT HS 811 090, U.S. Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC.

Malyshkina, N.V. and Mannering, F. (2008). “Effect of Increases in Speed Limits on Severities of Injuries in Accidents.” Transportation Research Record, 2083, pp. 122-127. No. 2083, table 2, p. 125, TRB of the National Academies, Washington, DC. Available online: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3141/2083-14, last accessed November 10, 2017.

McLean, J. (1979). “An Alternative to the Design Speed Concept for Low Speed Alignment Design.” Transportation Research Record 702, TRB of the National Academies, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 702, equation 2, p. 58, TRB of the National Academies, Washington, DC.

Misaghi, P. and Hassan, Y. (2005). “Modeling Operating Speed and Speed Differential on Two-Lane Rural Roads.” Journal of Transportation Engineering, 131(6), American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2015a). Rural/Urban Comparison, Publication 812181, NHTSA, Washington, DC. Available online: https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812181, last accessed November 10, 2017.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2015b). Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) Encyclopedia, NHTSA, Washington, DC. Available online: https://www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov/Main/index.aspx, last accessed November 10, 2017.

Polus, A., Fitzpatrick, K., and Fambro, D.B. (2000). “Predicting Operating Speeds on Tangent Section of Two-Lane Rural Highways.” Transportation Research Record,1737, equations 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11, pp. 50-57. TRB of the National Academies, Washington, DC. Available online: https://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/10.3141/1737-07, last accessed November 10, 2017

Porter, R.J., Donnell, E.T., and Mason, J.M. (2012). “Geometric Design, Speed, and Safety.” Transportation Research Record, 2309, pp. 39-47, TRB of the National Academies, Washington, DC.

Roess, R.P., Prassas, E.S., and McShane, W.R. (2011a). Traffic Engineering. 4th edition, Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Rosén, E., Stigson, H., and Sander, U. (2011b). “Literature Review of Pedestrian Fatality Risk as a Function of Car Impact Speed.” Accident Analysis and Prevention, 43, pp. 25-33, Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Schurr, K., McCoy, P.T., Pesti, G., and Huff, R. (2003). “Relationship of Design, Operating, and Posted Speeds on Horizontal Curves of Rural Two-Lane Highways in Nebraska.” Transportation Research Record, 1796, equations 1, 2, 3, and 4, pp. 60-71, TRB of the National Academies, Washington, DC.

Shinar, David. (2007). Traffic Safety and Human Behavior, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Smiley, Alison. (2016). Human Factors in Traffic Safety, Lawyers & Judges, Tucson, AZ.

Solomon, D. (1964). Accidents on Main Rural Highways Related to Speed, Driver, and Vehicle, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Public Roads, Washington, DC.

Stuster, J., Coffman, Z., and Warren, D. (1998). Synthesis of Safety Research Related to Speed and Speed Management, Report No. FHWA-RD-98-154, FHWA, McLean, VA.

SWOV. (2009). “The Relation Between Speed and Crashes.” Fact Sheet, SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research, Leidschendam, Netherlands. Available online: https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/speedmgt/ref_mats/fhwasa1304/Resources3/08 - The Relation Between Speed and Crashes.pdf, last accessed. November 10, 2017.

Torbic, D.J., et al. (2014). NCHRP Report 774: Superelevation Criteria for Sharp Horizontal Curves on Steep Grades, TRB of the National Academies, Washington, DC.

Transportation Association of Canada. (1999). Geometric Design Guide for Canadian Roads, National Academy Press, Ottawa, Canada.

Transportation Research Board. (1998). Special Report 254, Managing Speed: Review of Current Practice for Setting and Enforcing Speed Limits, TRB of the National Academies, Washington, DC.

Transportation Research Board. (2011). Modeling Operating Speed: Synthesis Report, Transportation Research Circular E-C151, ISSN 0097-8515, TRB of the National Academies, Washington, DC.

United States Department of Transportation. (2009). Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, FHWA, Washington, DC.

United States Department of Transportation. (2015). Traffic Safety Facts: 2013 Data, DOT HS 812 139, NHTSA, Washington, DC.

United States Department of Transportation. (2016). Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) Encyclopedia, NHTSA, Washington, DC.

Wu, K.F., Donnell, E.T., Himes, S.C., and Sasidharan, L. (2013). “Exploring the Association Between Traffic Safety and Geometric Design Consistency Based on Vehicle Speed Metrics.” Journal of Transportation Engineering, 139(7), American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.

Federal Highway Administration | 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE | Washington, DC 20590 | 202-366-4000
Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center | 6300 Georgetown Pike | McLean, VA | 22101