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Detailed Monitoring Protocol

Table of Contents

• 1. INTRODUCTION
  • 1.1 History
  • 1.2 Monitoring Objective
  • 1.3 Purpose of Document
  • 1.4 Associated Settlement Requirements
• 2. MONITORING STUDY DESIGN
  • 2.1 Sampling Schedule
  • 2.2 Site Selection Criteria
  • 2.3 MSAT and Surrogate Monitoring Methods
  • 2.4 Meteorological Monitoring
  • 2.5 Traffic Monitoring
• 3. STUDY LOCATION AND MONITORING SITE SELECTION
  • 3.1 Study Location Selection Criteria
    • 3.1.1 Average annual daily traffic
    • 3.1.2 Geometric Considerations
    • 3.1.3 Topography
    • 3.1.4 Geographic Location
    • 3.1.5 Data Availability
    • 3.1.6 Climate and Meteorology
    • 3.1.7 PM2.5 Nonattainment Status
  • 3.2 Monitoring Site Selection
    • 3.2.1 MSAT/Surrogate and Meteorological Monitoring Site Locations
      • 3.2.1.1 Instrument Shelter Requirements Placement
      • 3.2.1.2 MSAT/Surrogate and Meteorological Monitor Siting
    • 3.2.2 MSAT/Surrogate and Meteorological Monitoring Site Locations
      • 3.2.2.1 Roadway with ITS equipment - all detection and monitoring capabilities
      • 3.2.2.2 Roadway with ITS equipment - partial detection and monitoring capabilities
      • 3.2.2.3 Roadway with no ITS equipment
• 4.0 MONITORING METHODS
  • 4.1 MSAT and Surrogate Monitoring Methods
    • 4.1.1 USEPA Method TO-11A5 for the Collection and Analysis of Aldehydes and Ketones
    • 4.1.2 USEPA Method TO-156 for the sampling and analysis of VOCs in ambient air
    • 4.1.3 Carbon Monoxide
    • 4.1.4 Nitrogen Oxides
    • 4.1.5 Black Carbon
    • 4.1.6 PM2.5 and Surrogates for PM2.5
    • 4.1.7 Summary
      • 4.1.7.1 Accuracy
      • 4.1.7.2 Precision
      • 4.1.7.3 Data Completeness
      • 4.1.7.4 Representativeness
  • 4.2 Meteorological Monitoring
  • 4.3 Traffic Detection/Monitoring Equipment
    • 4.3.1 Intrusive Options
      • 4.3.1.1 Inductive Loop Detector (ILD)
      • 4.3.1.2 Fiber Optic Sensors
      • 4.3.1.3 Magnetic Sensors
      • 4.3.1.4 Piezoelectric/Weigh-in-Motion
      • 4.3.1.5 Pneumatic Road Tube
    • 4.3.2 Non-Intrusive Options
    • 4.3.3 Summary
• 5.0 MONITORING AND ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
  • 5.1 Integrated Sampling
    • 5.1.1 Method TO-11A and Method TO-15
    • 5.1.2 PM2.5 Filter Sample Collection
  • 5.2 Continuous Monitoring
    • 5.2.1 Continuous Surrogate Monitoring
      • 5.2.1.1 Gas Monitoring
      • 5.2.1.2 Continuous Black Carbon Monitoring
      • 5.2.1.3 Continuous PM2.5 Monitoring
    • 5.2.2 Continuous Meteorological Monitoring
    • 5.2.3 Continuous Traffic Monitoring
  • 5.3 Recommended Integrated Sampling Schedule
  • 5.4 Sample Analysis
    • 5.4.1 Analysis by USEPA Method TO-11A
    • 5.4.2 Analysis by USEPA Method TO-15
    • 5.4.3 PM2.5 Gravimetric Analysis
• 6.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL
  • 6.1 Instrument Calibration
    • 6.1.1 Gas Analyzer Calibration
    • 6.1.2 PM2.5 Sampler Calibration
    • 6.1.3 Continuous Aerosol Monitor Calibration
    • 6.1.4 Meteorological Sensor Calibration
    • 6.1.5 Calibration of Analytical Laboratory Instrumentation
    • 6.1.6 Calibration of Traffic Monitoring Equipment
  • 6.2 QC Checks
    • 6.2.1 Level 1 Zero/Span Calibration Checks
    • 6.2.2 Precision Checks
    • 6.2.3 Leak Checks
    • 6.2.4 Field Blanks
  • 6.3 Audits
    • 6.3.1 Performance Evaluation Audits
      • 6.3.1.1 Gas Analyzers
      • 6.3.1.2 Aerosol Monitors/PM2.5 Samplers
      • 6.3.1.3 TO-11A and TO-15 Analysis
      • 6.3.1.4 Analytical Balance
      • 6.3.1.5 Meteorological Sensors
      • 6.3.1.6 Traffic Monitoring Equipment
    • 6.3.2 Technical Systems Audit
  • 6.4 Preventive Maintenance and Troubleshooting
• 7.0 DATA MANAGEMENT AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
  • 7.1 Data Management
  • 7.2 Statistical Analysis
    • 7.2.1 Calculation of Average and Peak Concentrations
      • 7.2.1.1 Hourly Averages
      • 7.2.1.2 Daily Averages
      • 7.2.1.3 Longer Term Averages
    • 7.2.2 Comparison of Average Concentration Levels
    • 7.2.3 Comparison Between Continuous and Integrated Measurements
    • 7.2.4 Meteorological Effects/Traffic
  • 7.3 Emission Inventory Development
• 8.0 REPORTING
  • 8.1 Monthly Reports
  • 8.2 QA/QC Audit Reports
  • 8.3 Quarterly Data Reports
  • 8.4 Final Report
• References
• Appendix A. US 95 Settlement Agreement
• Appendix B. Example Study Location Selection
• Appendix C. Protocol for Conducting Mobile Source Inventories for the FHWA MSAT Proximity (US95) Study

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Example of Pollutant Dispersion as a Function of Distance from a Highway
• Figure 2. Illustration of Rotating Sampling Schedule for 9-samples-per-day Plan
• Figure 3. Illustration of typical urban diurnal traffic patterns
• Figure 4. Illustration of recommended monitoring site locations
• Figure 5. Illustration of acceptable installation of monitoring stations near potential obstructions
• Figure 6. Photograph of an example monitoring station
• Figure 7. Example sampling manifold
• Figure 8. Example of acceptable and unacceptable wind directions
• Figure 9. Example of Diurnal Variations in Traffic Patterns and Pollutant Concentrations

List of Tables

• Table 1. Example Rotating Sampling Schedule for 9-samples-per-day Plan
• Table 2. MSATs and Recommended Monitoring Methods
• Table 3. Summary of Potential Sources of Available Background Data
• Table 4. Summary of Measurements Made at Each Monitoring Site
• Table 5. Summary of Pollutant Measurements and DQIs
• Table 6. Recommended Specifications for Meteorological Sensors
• Table 7. Recommended DQI Values for Traffic Monitoring Equipment
• Table 8. Summary of Traffic Monitoring Detectors and Capabilities
• Table 9. Calibration Criteria for Meteorological Sensors
• Table 10. Concentration ranges for PE Samples

Abbreviations

• AADT - annual average daily traffic
• ACN - acetonitrile
• ADQ - audit of data quality
• ANOVA - Analysis of Variance
• AVI - automated vehicle identification
• BAM - beta attenuation monitor
• BC - black carbon
• BFB - bromofluorobenzene
• CCTV - closed circuit television cameras
• CFR - Code of Federal Regulations
• CO - carbon monoxide
• COC - chain of custody
• DQI - data quality indicator
• DQO - data quality objective
• DNPH - dinitrophenyl hydrazine
• DPM - diesel particulate matter
• EC - elemental carbon
• ETC - electronic toll collection
• DOT - Department of Transportation
• FHWA - Federal Highway Administration
• FRM - Federal Reference Method
• GC/MS - gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
• HPLC - high performance liquid chromatography
• HPMS - Highway Performance Monitoring System
• ILD - inductive loop detector
• IR - infrared
• IS - internal standard
• ITS - Intelligent Transportation Systems
• LDL - lower detectable limit
• MDL - method detection limit
• MFC - mass flow controller
• MSAT - mobile source air toxic
• NPAP - National Performance Audit Program
• NDIR - non dispersive infrared spectrophotometry
• NEPA - National Environmental Policy Act
• NIST - National Institute of Standards and Technology
• NOx - nitrogen oxide
• O3 - ozone
• PE - performance evaluation
• PM2.5 - particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microns
• ppbv - parts per billion by volume
• QA - quality assurance
• QAPP - quality assurance project plan
• QC - quality control
• QMP - quality management plan
• RFID - radio frequency identification
• RH - relative humidity
• RSD - relative standard deviation
• SIM - single ion monitoring
• SIS - Selected Ion Storage
• SOP - standard operating procedure
• TEOM - tapered element oscillating microbalance
• TSA - technical systems audit
• USEPA - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
• UV - ultra-violet
• VID - video image detection
• VOC - volatile organic compound

Glossary

Aethalometer

A commercial instrument used to continuously measure "black carbon," and recommended for use in the studies to be conducted under this Protocol as a surrogate measurement for diesel particulate matter./dd>

BAM

Beta attenuation monitor - Any of a number of commercial instruments used to continuously measure particulate matter mass and recommended for use in the studies to be conducted under this Protocol as a surrogate measurement for PM2.5.

MSATs

Mobile source air toxics - A group of compounds identified by the USEPA as being common pollutants in mobile source emissions. For this Protocol the following MSATs are of interest: acetaldehyde, acrolein, benzene, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, and diesel particulate matter (DPM).

TEOM

Tapered element oscillating microbalance monitor - A commercial instrument used to continuously measure particulate matter mass and recommended for use in the studies to be conducted under this Protocol as a surrogate measurement for PM2.5.

TO-11A - Method TO-11A

A standard method, recommended by the USEPA, used for the determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) in ambient air.

TO-15 - Method TO-15

A standard method, recommended by the USEPA, used for the sampling and analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ambient air including the MSATs benzene and 1,3-butadiene.