Bridges & Structures

Reports and Articles

Seismic Design, Retrofitting, Analysis, and Reconnaissance

• Improving Transportation Infrastructure Resilience through Post-event Damage Inspection (PDI) and Post-event Engineering Investigation (PEI) (June, 2024)
• Jalinoos, F., Agrawal, A.K., Brooks, C., Amjadian, M., Banach, D., Boren, E.J., Dobson, R., and Ahlborn, T. (2019). Post-Hazard Engineering Assessment of Highway Structures using Remote Sensing Technologies, FHWA-HIF-20-004, FHWA Office of Research, Development, and Technology.
• Marsh, M. L., Stringer, S.J., Stanton, J.F., Eberhard, M.O., Haraldsson, O.S., Tran, H.V., Khaleghi, B., Schultz, E., and Seguirant, S. (2013). Precast Bent System for High Seismic Regions, FHWA-HIF-13-037, FHWA Highways for LIFE Program Office.
• Itani, A. M. and Pekcan, G. (2011). Seismic Performance of Steel Plate Girder Bridges with Integral Abutments, FHWA-HIF-11-043, FHWA Office of Bridge Technology.
• Yen, W.P., Chen, G., Buckle, I., Allen, T., Alzamora, D., Ger, J., and Arias, J.G. (2011). Post-Earthquake Reconnaissance Report on Transportation Infrastructure: Impact of the February 27, 2010, Offshore Maule Earthquake in Chile, FHWA-HRT-11-030, FHWA Office of Infrastructure Research and Development.
• Yen, W.P., Chen, G., Yashinsky, M., Hashash, Y., Holub, C., Wang, K.,and Guo, X. (2011). China Earthquake Reconnaissance Report: Performance of Transportation Structures During the May 12, 2008, M7.9 Wenchuan Earthquake, FHWA-HRT-11-029, FHWA Office of Infrastructure Research and Development.
• Buckle, I., Friedland, I., Mander, J., Martin, G., Nutt, R., and Power, M. (2006). Seismic Retrofitting Manual for Highway Structures: Part 1 – Bridges, FHWA-HRT-06-032, FHWA Office of Infrastructure Research and Development.
• Power, M., Fishman, K., Richards, R., Makdisi, F., Musser, S., and Youd, T.L.. (2004). Seismic Retrofitting Manual for Highway Structures: Part 2 – Retaining Structures, Slopes, Tunnels, Culverts and Roadways, FHWA-HRT-05-067, FHWA Office of Infrastructure Research and Development.
• Manceaux, D., and Nimis, R.. (2004). Seismic Design, Analysis and Retrofit, FHWA-RC-BAL-04-0015.
• Ghasemi, H. (2001). “Working Together to Mitigate Earthquake Damage,” Transporter.
• Ghasemi, H., Cooper, J.D., Imbsen, R., Piskin, H., Inal, F., and Tiras, A. (2000). November 1999 Duzce Earthquake: Post-Earthquake Investigation of the Structures on the TEM, FHWA-RD-00-146.
• Ghasemi, H. (1999). "Seismic Protection of Bridges," Public Roads, Vol. 62, No. 5.

Seismic Foundation Design

• Rollins, K.,and Hollenbaugh, E. (2017). Liquefaction-Induced Downdrag on Continuous Flight Auger (CFA) Piles From Full-Scale Tests Using Blast Liquefaction, FHWA-HRT-17-060, FHWA Office of Infrastructure Research and Development.
• Seismic Design of Highway Bridge Foundations (1986)
• Volume 1, FHWA-RD-86-101, NTIS PB87-133062
• Volume 2, FHWA-RD-86-102, NTIS PB88-157276
• Volume 3, FHWA-RD-86-103, NTIS PB88-157284
• Determination of Seismically Induced Soil Liquefaction Potential at Proposed Bridge Sites (1977)
• Volume 1, FHWA-RD-77-127, NTIS PB-282354
• Volume 2, FHWA-RD-77-128, NTIS PB-282355

Flood, Scour, and Wave

• Office of International Program Successes Video: HPIP Technologies and Benefits - YouTube (2022)
• Tsunami Design Guidelines Factsheet: International Collaboration Improves Earthquake and Tsunami Hazard Mitigation in the United States (2022)
• Pier Scour Estimation for Tsunami at Bridges, Office of Research, Development, and Technology, HRT-21-073 (2021)
• Highways in the Coastal Environment – 3rd edition, HIF-19-059 (2020)
• Hydraulic Performance of Shallow Foundations for The Support of Vertical-Wall Bridge Abutments, HRT-17-013 (2017)
• Advanced Methodology to Assess Riprap Rock Stability At Bridge Piers and Abutments, HRT-17-054 (2017)
• Highways in the River Environment – Floodplains, Extreme Events, Risk, and Resilience, 2nd Edition, HIF-16-018 (2016)
• Updating HEC-18 Pier Scour Equations for Noncohesive Soils, HRT-16-045 (2016)
• Scour in Cohesive Soils, HRT-15-033 (2015)
• Evaluating Scour at Bridges, Fifth Edition, HIF-12-003 (2012)
• Stream Stability at Highway Structures, Fourth Edition, HIF-12-004 (2012)
• Hydraulic Design of Safe Bridges, HIF-12-018 (2012)
• Pier Scour in Clear-Water Conditions With Non-Uniform Bed Materials, HRT-12-022, (2012)
• Submerged Flow Bridge Scour Under Clear Water Conditions, HRT-12-034 (2012)
• Hydrodynamic Forces on Inundated Bridge Decks, HRT-09-028 (2009)
• Bridge Pressure Flow Scour for Clear Water Conditions, HRT-09-041 (2009)
• Bridge Scour and Stream Instability Countermeasures Experience, Selection, and Design Guidance Third Edition, Volume 1, NHI-09-111 (2009)
• Bridge Scour and Stream Instability Countermeasures Experience, Selection, and Design Guidance Third Edition, Volume 2, NHI-09-112 (2009)
• Bottomless Culvert Scour Study: Phase II Laboratory Report, HRT-07-026 (2007)
• Assessing Stream Channel Stability at Bridges in Physiographic Regions, HRT-05-072 (2006)
• Debris Control Structures Evaluation and Countermeasures, IF-04-016 (2005)
• Field Observations and Evaluations of Streambed Scour at Bridges, RD-03-052 (2005)
• Enhanced Abutment Scour Studies For Compound Channels, RD-99-156 (2004)
• Bridge Scour in Nonuniform Sediment Mixtures and in Cohesive Materials: Synthesis Report, RD-03-083 (2003)
• Bottomless Culvert Scour Study: Phase I Laboratory Report, RD-02-078 (2002)
• River Engineering for Highway Encroachments, NHI-01-004 (2001)
• Effects of Gradation and Cohesion on Scour, Volume 6, "Abutment Scour in Uniform and Stratified Sand Mixtures," RD-99-188 (1999)
• Effects of Gradation and Cohesion on Scour, Volume 5, "Effect of Cohesion on Bridge Abutment Scour," RD-99-187 (1999)
• Effects of Gradation and Cohesion on Scour, Volume 4, "Experimental Study of Scour Around Circular Piers in Cohesive Soils," RD-99-186 (1999)
• Effects of Gradation and Cohesion on Scour, Volume 3, "Abutment Scour for Nonuniform Mixtures," RD-99-185 (1999)
• Effects of Gradation and Cohesion on Scour, Volume 2, "Experimental Study of Sediment Gradation and Flow Hydrograph Effects on Clear Water Scour Around Circular Piers," RD-99-184 (1999)
• Effects of Gradation and Cohesion on Scour, Volume 1, "Effect of Sediment Gradation and Coarse Material Fraction on Clear Water Scour Around Bridge Piers," RD-99-183, (1999)
• Portable Instrumentation for Real Time Measurement of Scour At Bridges, RD-99-085 (1999)

Hazard Mitigation Series—Public Roads

• Duwadi, S.R. (2010). “Hazard Mitigation R&D Series: Article 1: Taking a Key Role in Reducing Disaster Risks,” Public Roads, Vol. 73 No. 6, FHWA-HRT-10-004.
• Kerenyi, K., and Guo, J. (2010). "Hazard Mitigation R&D Series: Article 2: Scour, Flooding, and Inundation," Public Roads, Vol. 74 No. 1, FHWA-HRT-10-005.
• Yen, W.P. (2010). “Hazard Mitigation R&D Series: Article 3: Earthquake!” Public Roads, Vol. 74 No. 2, FHWA-HRT-10-006.
• Bosch, H.R. (2011). “Hazard Mitigation R&D Series: Article 4 - Winds, Windstorms, and Hurricanes,” Public Roads, Vol. 74 No. 4, FHWA-HRT-11-002.
• Duwadi, S.R. and Munley, E. (2011). “Hazard Mitigation R&D Series: Article 5 – Securing The Nation's Bridges,” Public Roads, Vol. 74 No. 6, FHWA-HRT-11-004.

Multi-Hazard Resilience, Extreme Events, and Risk-Based Management

• Federal Research Division, Library of Congress and FHWA. (2022). Catastrophic Events Impacting Transportation Infrastructure: Understanding Funding and Risk Management Approaches.
• FHWA Office of Infrastructure and Office of Program Administration. (2013). Emergency Relief Manual.
• Proctor, G.DD., and Varma, S. (2012). Risk-Based Transportation Asset Management Literature Review, FHWA-HIF-12-036, FHWA Office of Asset Management.
• FHWA. (2011). Emergency Relief for Federally Owned Roads, Disaster Assistance Manual. FHWA-FLH-11-001.
• Stern, A.D., Shah, V., Goodwin, L., and Pisano, P. (2003). Analysis of Weather Impact on Traffic Flow in Metropolitan Washington D.C.
• FHWA. (2017). Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge Impacts on a Coastal Bridge: I-10 Bayway, Mobile Bay, Alabama, FHWA-HEP-17-014.

Aerodynamics and Wind for Highway Structures

• Bosch, H.R., and Pagenkopf, J.R. (2021). Dynamic Properties of Stay Cables on the Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge, FHWA-HRT-21-058, FHWA Office of Infrastructure Research and Development.
• Christiansen, H. and Larose, G.L. (2021). Wind-Tunnel Investigations of the Aerodynamics of Bridge Stay Cable Cross-Sectional Shapes, FHWA-HRT-21-074.Office of Infrastructure Research and Development,
• Bosch, H.R., and Pagenkopf, J.R. (2018). Dynamic Properties of Stay Cables on the Bill Emerson Bridge, FHWA-HRT-17-037, FHWA Office of Infrastructure Research and Development.
• Bosch, H.R., and Pagenkopf, J.R. (2014). Dynamic Properties of Stay Cables on The Penobscot Narrows Bridge, FHWA-HRT-14-067, FHWA Office of Infrastructure Research and Development.
• Larose, G.L., and D’Auteuil, A. (2014). Wind Tunnel Investigations of an Inclined Stay Cable with a Helical Fillet, FHWA-HRT-14-070, FHWA.
• Park, S., and Bosch, H.R. (2014). Mitigation of Wind-Induced Vibration of Stay Cables: Numerical Simulations and Evaluations, FHWA-HRT-14-049, FHWA Office of Infrastructure Research and Development.
• Kumarasena, S., Jones, N.P., Irwin, P., and Taylor, P. (2007). Wind-Induced Vibration of Stay Cables, FHWA-RD-05-083, FHWA Office of Infrastructure.
• Kumarasena, S., Jones, N.P., Irwin, P., and Taylor, P. (2007). TechBrief: Wind-Induced Vibration of Stay Cables, FHWA-RD-05-084, FHWA Office of Infrastructure.