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Publication Number:  FHWA-HRT-17-054    Date:  October 2017
Publication Number: FHWA-HRT-17-054
Date: October 2017

 

Advanced Methodology to Assess Riprap Rock Stability At Bridge Piers and Abutments

REFERENCES

  1. Lagasse, P.F., Clopper, P.E., Pagán-Ortiz, J.E., Zevenbergen, L.W., Arneson, L.A., Schall, J.D., and Girard, L.G. (2009). Bridge Scour and Stream Instability Countermeasures, Experience, Selection, and Design Guidelines, Volumes 1 and 2, Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 23, Third Edition, Federal Highway Administration, FHWA-NHI 09-111 and -112, Washington, DC.

  2. Lagasse, P.F., Clopper, P.E., Zevenbergen, L.W., and Ruff, J.F. (2006). Riprap Design Criteria, Recommended Specifications, and Quality Control, NCHRP Report 568, Transportation Research Board, National Academies of Science, Washington, DC.

  3. STAR-CCM+ version 8.02 [Computer software]. CD-Adapco, Melville, NY.

  4. LS-DYNA version 971 [Computer software]. Livermore Software Technology Corporation, Livermore, CA.

  5. Lagasse, P.F., Clopper, P.E., Zevenbergen, L.W., and Girard, L.G. (2007). Countermeasures to Protect Bridge Piers from Scour, NCHRP Report 593, Transportation Research Board, National Academies of Science, Washington, DC.

  6. Melville, B.W. and Coleman, S.E. (2000). Bridge Scour, p. 550, Water Resources Publications, LLC, Highlands Ranch, CO.

  7. Centre for Civil Engineering Research and Codes (CUR). (1995). Manual on the Use of Rock in Hydraulic Engineering, A.A. Balkema Publishers, Brookfield, VT.

  8. Richardson, E.V. and Lagasse, P.F. (eds.). (1999). Stream Stability and Scour at Highway Bridges, Compendium of Papers, ASCE Water Resources Engineering Conferences 1991–1998, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.

  9. Pagán-Ortiz J.E. (1991). Stability of Rock Riprap for Protection at the Toe of Abutments Located at the Floodplain, FHWA-RD-91-057, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  10. Bojanowski, C., Lottes, S.A., Kerenyi, K., and Shen J. (In press). Development of a Computational Approach to Detect Instability and Incipient Motion of Large Riprap Rocks, Argonne National Laboratory, Department of Energy, Washington, DC.

  11. Flora K., (2014). Advanced Hydraulic Report for Pier Riprap Stability, Middle Fork Feather River Br. N. 09-0063, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, CA.

  12. MeshLab [Computer software]. ISTI-CNR Research Center, Pisa, Italy.

  13. Matlab [Computer software]. Mathworks, Natick, MA.

  14. Engels, H. (1929). "Experiments Pertaining to the Protection of Bridge Piers Against Undermining," Hydraulic Laboratory Practice, Chapter V, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York.

  15. de Sousa, Pinto, L.N. (1959). Riprap Protection Against Scour Around Bridge Piers," thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Department of Mechanics and Hydraulics in the Graduate College of the State University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.

  16. Ruff, J.F. and Nickelson, J.R. (1993). "Riprap Coverage Around Bridge Piers," in Richardson, E.V. and Lagasse, P.F. (eds.), (1999), Stream Stability and Scour at Highway Bridges, Compendium of Papers, ASCE Water Resources Engineering Conferences 1991–1998, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.

  17. Parola, A.C. (1995). "Boundary Stress and Stability of Riprap at Bridge Piers," in Thorne, C.R., Abt, S.R., Barends, F.B.J., Maynord, S.T., and Pilarczyk, K.W. (eds.), River, Coastal, and Shoreline Protection: Erosion Control Using Riprap and Armourstone, pp. 149–158, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, UK.

  18. Posey, C.J. (1981). "Test of Scour Protection for Bridge Piers," Journal of the Hydraulics Division, pp. 1773–1783, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.

  19. Hjorth, P. (1975). Studies on the Nature of Local Scour, Bulletin, Series A, No. 46, Institutionen for Teknisk Vattenresurslara, Lund, Sweden.

  20. Bertoldi, D.A., Jones, S.J., Stein, S.M., Kilgore, R.T., and Atayee, A.T. (1996). An Experimental Study of Scour Protection Alternatives at Bridge Piers, FHWA-RD-95-187, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  21. Chiew, Y.M. (1995). "Mechanics of Riprap Failure at Bridge Piers," Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 121(9), pp. 635–643, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.

  22. Lim, F.H. and Chiew, Y.M. (1996). "Stability of Riprap Layer Under Live-Bed Conditions," in Maxwell, W.H.C., Preul, H.C., and Stout, G.E. (eds.), Proceedings Rivertech 96: 1st International Conference on New/Emerging Concepts for Rivers, 2, pp. 830–837, Chicago, IL.

  23. Lim, F.H. and Chiew, Y.M. (1997). "Failure Behavior of Riprap Layer Around Bridge Piers," in: Holly, F.M., Jr., Alsaffar, A., English, M., and Szollosi-Nagy, A. (eds.), Managing Water: Coping with Scarcity and Abundance, pp. 185–189, Proceedings of Theme A, 27th IAHR Congress, San Francisco, CA.

  24. Melville, B.W., Lauchlan, C.S., and Coleman, S.E. (1997). "Pier Riprap Protection," in Richardson, E.V. and Lagasse, P.F. (eds.) (1999), Stream Stability and Scour at Highway Bridges, Compendium of Papers, ASCE Water Resources Engineering Conferences 1991–1998, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.

  25. Melville, B.W., Lauchlan, C.S., and Hadfield, A.C. (1997). "Bridge Pier Scour Counter-measures," in Wang, S.S.Y., Langendoen, E.J., and Shields, Jr., F.D., (eds.), Proceedings of the Conference on Management of Landscapes Disturbed by Channel Incision: Stabilization, Rehabilitation, Restoration, Oxford, MS.

  26. Hoffmans, G.J.C.M. and Verheij, H.J. (1997). Scour Manual, A.A. Balkema Publishers, Brookfield, VT.

  27. Bonasoundas, M. (1973). Strömungsvorgang und Kolkproblem, Report No. 28, Oskar V. Miller, Institu, Tech. Univ., Munich, Germany.

  28. Parker, G., Toro-Escobar, C., and Voigt, R.L. Jr. (1998). Countermeasures to Protect Bridge Piers from Scour, Users Guide (revised 1999) and Final Report, NCHRP Project 24-07(1), p. 360, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

  29. Fotherby, L.M. and Ruff, J.F. (1999). "Riprap and Concrete Armor to Prevent Pier Scour," in Richardson, E.V. and Lagasse, P.F. (Eds.), Stream Stability and Scour at Highway Bridges, Compendium of Papers, ASCE Water Resources Engineering Conferences 1991 to 1998, pp. 893–904, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.

  30. Chiew, Y.M. and Lim, F.H. (2000). "Failure Behavior of Riprap Layer at Bridge Piers Under Live-Bed Conditions," Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 126(1), pp. 43–55, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.

  31. Lim, F.H. and Chiew, Y.M. (2001). "Parametric Study of Riprap Failure Around Bridge Piers," Journal of Hydraulic Research, 39(1), pp. 61–72, Taylor and Francis Group, Oxford, UK.

  32. Lauchlan, C.S. and Melville, B.W. (2001). "Riprap Protection at Bridge Piers," Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 127(5), pp. 412–418, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.

  33. Parola, A.C. (1993). "Stability of Riprap at Bridge Piers," Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 119(10), pp. 1080–1093, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.

  34. Chiew, Y.M. (2004). "Local Scour and Riprap Stability at Bridge Piers in a Degrading Channel," Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 130(3), pp. 218–226, American Society of Civil Engineers, VA.

  35. Arneson, L.A., Zevenbergen, L.W., Lagasse, P.F., and Clopper, P.E. (2012). Evaluating Scour at Bridges, Fifth Edition, Federal Highway Administration, Report FHWA-HIF-12-003, Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 18, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC.

  36. National Highway Institute. (2009). Stream Instability, Bridge Scour, and Countermeasures: A Field Guide for Bridge Inspectors, FHWA-NHI-08-106, Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation, Washington, DC.

  37. Brice, J.C. and Blodgett, J.C. (1978). Countermeasure for Hydraulic Problems at Bridges, Volumes 1 and 2, FHWA-RD-78-162 and -163, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  38. Blodgett, J.C. and McConaughy, C.E. (1986). Rock Riprap Design for Protection of Stream Channels Near Highway Structures, Volume 2 – Evaluation of Riprap Design Procedures, Water Resources Investigations Report 86-4128, U.S. Geological Survey, prepared in Cooperation with Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

  39. National Cooperative Highway Research Program. (1999). "1998 Scanning Review of European Practice for Bridge Scour and Stream Instability Countermeasures," Research Results Digest, 241, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

  40. Hou G., Wang J., and Layotn A. (2012). “Numerical Methods for Fluid Structure Interaction – A Review,” Communication in Computational Physics, 12(2), pp. 337–377, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK.

  41. Livermore Software Technology Corporation. (2013). Incompressible Fluid Solver in LS-DYNA, Livermore Software Technology Corporation, Livermore, CA.

  42. Kerenyi K., Jones J., and Stein S. (2007). Bottomless Culvert Scour Study: Phase II Laboratory Report, FHWA-HRT-07-026, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC.

  43. Lauchlan, C.S. (1999). Pier Scour Countermeasures, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Auckland, Auckland, NZ. *

*Revised 10/17/18

 

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENT*

Figure 1 was modified by FHWA from figure 2.5 of NCHRP report 568, which in turn was modified from an original graph in C.S. Lauchlan's thesis, "Pier Scour Countermeasures."43

*Revised 10/17/18

 

 

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