Assessing Stream Channel Stability At Bridges in Physiographic Regions
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The objective of this study was to expand and improve a rapid channel stability assessment method developed
previously by Johnson et al. to include additional factors, such as major
physiographic units across the United States, a greater range of bank materials
and complexities, critical bank heights, stream types and processes, sand bed
streams, and in-channel bars or lack of bars. (1) Another goal of
this study was to tailor Thorne's reconnaissance method for bridge inspection
and stability assessment needs. (2) Stream-bridge intersections were
observed across the United States to develop and test the stability assessment
method. Site visits were conducted at 57 stream-bridge intersections in 14
physiographic regions and subregions. Data collected and included in the report
include locations and global positioning system (GPS) coordinates of the
bridges, the physiographic Province, land use, stream classification, bed and bar
material, percent of sand in the bed material, controls in the banks or on the
bed, bank vegetation, bank material, bank height, and any erosion-related
characteristics. Variability in stream types and common characteristics within
each of the physiographic regions also were described. Thirteen indicators were
identified for the stability assessment method. For each indicator, a rating of
poor, fair, good, or excellent was assigned. An overall rank was obtained by
summing the 13 ratings. To address sensitivities of various stream types to the
indicators and rankings, the appropriate ranges of rankings were determined for
three categories of stream channels. Each of the 57 stream-bridge intersections
also was described in terms of lateral and vertical stability. Finally, a
simplified version of Thorne's stream reconnaissance field sheets is presented
for collecting data for the stream stability assessment and to provide a record
of conditions at each visit. (2)
Gary L. Henderson Director, Office of Infrastructure Research and Development
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Technical Report Documentation Page
1. Report No.
FHWA-HRT-05-072 |
2. Government Accession No. |
3. Recipient's Catalog No. |
4. Title and Subtitle
Assessing Stream Channel Stability at bridges in Physiographic Regions |
5. Report Date
July 2006 |
6. Performing Organization Code |
7. Author (s)
Peggy A. Johnson |
8. Performing Organization Report No. |
9. Performing Organization Name and Address
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Pennsylvania State University
University Park, PA 16802 |
10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) |
11. Contract or Grant No.
DTFH61–03–P–00353 |
12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address
Office of Infrastructure Research and Development
Federal Highway Administration
Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center
6300 Georgetown Pike
McLean, VA 22101 |
13. Type of Report and Period Covered
Final Report, August 2003 to August 2004 |
14. Sponsoring Agency Code |
15. Supplementary Notes
Contracting Officer's Technical Representative—J. Sterling Jones, HRDI–07; cosponsored by Jorge Pagan, Office
of Bridge Technology |
16. Abstract
The objective of this study was to expand and improve a
rapid channel stability assessment method developed previously by Johnson et
al. to include additional factors, such as major physiographic units across
the United States, a greater range of bank materials and complexities, critical
bank heights, stream types and processes, sand bed streams, and in-channel
bars or lack of bars. (1) Another goal of this study was to tailor
Thorne's reconnaissance method for bridge inspection and stability assessment
needs. (2) Stream-bridge intersections were observed across the United States to develop and test the stability assessment method. Site visits were
conducted at 57 stream-bridge intersections in 14 physiographic regions and
subregions. Data collected and included in the report include locations and global
positioning system (GPS) coordinates of the bridges, the physiographic Province,
land use, stream classification, bed and bar material, percent of sand in the
bed material, controls in the banks or on the bed, bank vegetation, bank material,
bank height, and any erosion-related characteristics. Variability in stream
types and common characteristics within each of the physiographic regions also
were described. Thirteen indicators were identified for the stability
assessment method. For each indicator, a rating of poor, fair, good, or
excellent was assigned. An overall rank was obtained by summing the 13
ratings. To address sensitivities of various stream types to the indicators
and rankings, the appropriate ranges of rankings were determined for three
categories of stream channels. Each of the 57 stream-bridge intersections also
was described in terms of lateral and vertical stability. Finally, a
simplified version of Thorne's stream reconnaissance field sheets is
presented for collecting data for the stream stability assessment and to
provide a record of conditions at each visit. (2) |
17. Key Words
Bridge scour, stream stability, inspection, bridge maintenance, hydraulics |
18. Distribution Statement |
19. Security Classif. (of this report)
Unclassified |
20. Security Classif. (of this report)
Unclassified |
21. No. of Pages
157 |
22. Price
N/A |
Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized
Metric Conversion Chart
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE
2. BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW
CHANNEL ADJUSTMENTS
CHANNEL STABILITY AT BRIDGES
METHODS FOR COLLECTING STREAM CHANNEL DATA
CHANNEL STABILITY ASSESSMENT METHODS.
STREAM CLASSIFICATION
PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS
3. FIELD OBSERVATIONS
PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONAL OBSERVATIONS.
EFFECT OF CHANNEL INSTABILITY ON BRIDGES.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHANNEL STABILITY AND SCOUR at bridgeS
4. ASSESSING CHANNEL STABILITY
5. MODIFICATIONS OF THORNE'S RECONNAISSANCE SHEETS
6. EXAMPLES
7. CONCLUSIONS
APPENDIX A
REFERENCES
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Stable stream in central Pennsylvania.
Figure 2. Unstable stream in western Pennsylvania
Figure 3. Variation of channel width over medium timeframe about the stable mean (after reference 14)
Figure 4. Critical bank height and angle
Figure 5. USACE10 stream classification system
Figure 6. Physiographic map of the United States (after reference 66)
Figure 7. Failing banks in the Central Lowlands
Figure 8. Failing banks in the Interior Lowlands
Figure 9. Stream impacts due to disturbances, including hoof damage, vegetation removal, and channel straightening
Figure 10. Impacts of disturbances at bridge (from figure 9)
Figure 11. Wooded land upstream of bridge
Figure 12. Downstream of figure 11, vegetation removed
Figure 13. Mojave River, CA
Figure 14. Meander migration affecting right abutment, Hammond Branch, MD
Figure 15. Single-span bridge over unstable channel
Figure 16. Riprap stabilization wall along Roaring Run, PA
Figure 17. Cross vane downstream of bridge over Potter Run,
Figure 18. Simplified and revised reconnaissance sheets based on Thorne, sheet 1
Figure 19. Simplified and revised reconnaissance sheets based on Thorne, sheet 2
Figure 20. Simplified and revised reconnaissance sheets based on Thorne, sheet 3
Figure 21. Dry Creek, Pacific Coastal—upstream from bridge
Figure 22. Dry Creek, Pacific Coastal—downstream from bridge
Figure 23. Dry Creek, Pacific Coastal—upstream under bridge, photo 1
Figure 24. Dry Creek, Pacific Coastal—upstream under bridge, photo 2
Figure 25. Dutch Bill Creek, Pacific Coastal—upstream from under bridge
Figure 26. Dutch Bill Creek, Pacific Coastal—downstream at bridge
Figure 27. Dutch Bill Creek, Pacific Coastal—downstream from under bridge
Figure 28. Dutch Bill Creek, Pacific Coastal—upstream through bridge
Figure 29. Buena Vista Creek, Pacific Coastal—upstream from bridge
Figure 30. Buena Vista Creek, Pacific Coastal—downstream from bridge
Figure 31. Buena Vista Creek, Pacific Coastal—downstream under bridge
Figure 32. Buena Vista Creek, Pacific Coastal—upstream from under bridge
Figure 33. Jacalitos Creek, Pacific Coastal—downstream from bridge
Figure 34. Jacalitos Creek, Pacific Coastal—upstream from bridge
Figure 35. Jacalitos Creek, Pacific Coastal—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 36. Jacalitos Creek, Pacific Coastal—downstream from under bridge
Figure 37. Murietta Creek, Pacific Coastal—downstream from bridge
Figure 38. Murietta Creek, Pacific Coastal—upstream from bridge
Figure 39. Murietta Creek, Pacific Coastal—upstream toward bridge
Figure 40. Murietta Creek, Pacific Coastal—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 41. Mojave River, Basin and Range—upstream from bridge, photo 1
Figure 42. Mojave River, Basin and Range—upstream from bridge, photo 2
Figure 43. Mojave River, Basin and Range—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 44. Mojave River, Basin and Range—downstream from bridge
Figure 45. Rt. 66 Wash, Basin and Range—upstream from bridge
Figure 46. Rt. 66 Wash, Basin and Range—downstream from bridge
Figure 47. Rt. 66 Wash, Basin and Range—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 48. Rt. 66 Wash, Basin and Range—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 49. Sacramento Wash, Basin and Range—upstream under bridge
Figure 50. Sacramento Wash, Basin and Range—downstream from bridge
Figure 51. Sacramento Wash, Basin and Range—downstream under bridge
Figure 52. Sacramento Wash, Basin and Range—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 53. Rio Puerco, Trans Pecos—downstream from bridge
Figure 54. Rio Puerco, Trans Pecos—upstream from bridge.
Figure 55. Rio Puerco, Trans Pecos—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 56. Rio Puerco, Trans Pecos—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 57. Rio San Jose, Trans Pecos—upstream from bridge
Figure 58. Rio San Jose, Trans Pecos—downstream from bridge
Figure 59. Rio San Jose, Trans Pecos—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 60. Rio San Jose, Trans Pecos—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 61. Arkansas River, Rocky Mountains—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 62. Arkansas River, Rocky Mountains—upstream from bridge
Figure 63. Arkansas River, Rocky Mountains—downstream from bridge
Figure 64. Arkansas River, Rocky Mountains—bridge #2 downstream from other bridge
Figure 65. Cochetopa Creek, Rocky Mountains—downstream from bridge
Figure 66. Cochetopa Creek, Rocky Mountains—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 67. Cochetopa Creek, Rocky Mountains—upstream from bridge
Figure 68. North Rush Creek, Great Plains—upstream of bridge
Figure 69. North Rush Creek, Great Plains—upstream from bridge
Figure 70. North Rush Creek, Great Plains—downstream from bridge
Figure 71. Saline River, Great Plains—upstream under bridge
Figure 72. Saline River, Great Plains—downstream from bridge
Figure 73. Saline River, Great Plains—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 74. South Fork Solomon River, Great Plains—looking downstream at bridge, photo 1
Figure 75. South Fork Solomon River, Great Plains—looking downstream at bridge, photo 2
Figure 76. South Fork Solomon River, Great Plains—left bank
Figure 77. South Fork Solomon River, Great Plains—downstream
Figure 78. West Elk Creek, Central Plains—looking downstream at bridge, photo 1
Figure 79. West Elk Creek, Central Plains—looking downstream at bridge, photo 2
Figure 80. West Elk Creek, Central Plains—upstream from bridge
Figure 81. West Elk Creek, Central Plains—downstream from bridge
Figure 82. Beaver Creek, Central Plains—upstream from bridge
Figure 83. Beaver Creek, Central Plains—downstream from bridge
Figure 84. Beaver Creek, Central Plains—facing upstream under bridge
Figure 85. Beaver Creek, Central Plains—facing downstream under bridge
Figure 86. Brush Creek, Central Plains—upstream from bridge
Figure 87. Brush Creek, Central Plains—downstream from bridge
Figure 88. Brush Creek, Central Plains—downstream under bridge
Figure 89. Unnamed creek (N 19), Central Plains—downstream from bridge
Figure 90. Unnamed creek (N 19), Central Plains—upstream from bridge
Figure 91. Unnamed creek (N 19), Central Plains—upstream under bridge
Figure 92. Unnamed creek (N 19), Central Plains—downstream under bridge
Figure 93. East Fork, Interior Low Plateau—upstream from bridge
Figure 94. East Fork, Interior Low Plateau—looking downstream at second bridge
Figure 95. East Fork, Interior Low Plateau—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 96. East Fork, Interior Low Plateau—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 97. Honey Run, Interior Low Plateau—upstream from bridge
Figure 98. Honey Run, Interior Low Plateau—downstream from bridge
Figure 99. Honey Run, Interior Low Plateau—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 100. Honey Run, Interior Low Plateau—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 101. Unnamed creek (N 28), Interior Low Plateau—upstream from bridge
Figure 102. Unnamed creek (N 28), Interior Low Plateau—downstream from bridge
Figure 103. Unnamed creek (N 28), Interior Low Plateau—downstream under bridge
Figure 104. Unnamed creek (N 28), Interior Low Plateau—rocky bank material
Figure 105. South Fork, Interior Low Plateau—downstream from bridge
Figure 106. South Fork, Interior Low Plateau—upstream from bridge
Figure 107. South Fork, Interior Low Plateau—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 108. South Fork, Interior Low Plateau—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 109. Little Skin Creek, Ozark-Ouachita Highlands—downstream from bridge
Figure 110. Little Skin Creek, Ozark-Ouachita Highlands—upstream from bridge
Figure 111. Little Skin Creek, Ozark-Ouachita Highlands—looking downstream at bridge (left)
Figure 112. Little Skin Creek, Ozark-Ouachita Highlands—looking downstream at bridge (right)
Figure 113. Unnamed creek (N 21), Ozark-Ouachita Highlands—downstream from bridge
Figure 114. Unnamed creek (N 21), Ozark-Ouachita Highlands—upstream from bridge
Figure 115. Unnamed creek (N 21), Ozark-Ouachita Highlands—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 116. Unnamed creek (N 21), Ozark-Ouachita Highlands—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 117. Little Cypress Creek, Atlantic Coastal Plain—downstream from bridge
Figure 118. Little Cypress Creek, Atlantic Coastal Plain—upstream from bridge
Figure 119. Little Cypress Creek, Atlantic Coastal Plain—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 120. Little Cypress Creek, Atlantic Coastal Plain—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 121. Unnamed creek (N 23), Atlantic Coastal Plain—downstream from bridge
Figure 122. Unnamed creek (N 23), Atlantic Coastal Plain—upstream from bridge
Figure 123. Unnamed creek (N 23), Atlantic Coastal Plain—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 124. Unnamed creek (N 23), Atlantic Coastal Plain—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 125. Unnamed creek (N 24), Atlantic Coastal Plain—upstream from bridge
Figure 126. Unnamed creek (N 24), Atlantic Coastal Plain—downstream from bridge
Figure 127. Unnamed creek (N 24), Atlantic Coastal Plain—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 128. Unnamed creek (N 24), Atlantic Coastal Plain—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 129. Peace River, Atlantic Coastal Plain—upstream from bridge at old pedestrian bridge
Figure 130. Peace River, Atlantic Coastal Plain—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 131. Peace River, Atlantic Coastal Plain—downstream under bridge, right bank
Figure 132. Peace River, Atlantic Coastal Plain—upstream from old pedestrian bridge
Figure 133. Alligator Creek, Atlantic Coastal Plain—downstream from bridge
Figure 134. Alligator Creek, Atlantic Coastal Plain—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 135. Alligator Creek, Atlantic Coastal Plain—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 136. Alligator Creek, Atlantic Coastal Plain—upstream from bridge
Figure 137. Stocketts Run, Atlantic Coastal Plain—upstream from bridge
Figure 138. Stocketts Run, Atlantic Coastal Plain—downstream from bridge
Figure 139. Stocketts Run, Atlantic Coastal Plain—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 140. Stocketts Run, Atlantic Coastal Plain—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 141. Mill Stream Branch, Atlantic Coastal Plain—upstream from bridge
Figure 142. Mill Stream Branch, Atlantic Coastal Plain—downstream from bridge
Figure 143. Mill Stream Branch, Atlantic Coastal Plain—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 144. Mill Stream Branch, Atlantic Coastal Plain—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 145. Kent County Tributary, Atlantic Coastal Plain—downstream from bridge
Figure 146. Kent County Tributary, Atlantic Coastal Plain—upstream from bridge
Figure 147. Kent County Tributary, Atlantic Coastal Plain—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 148. Kent County Tributary, Atlantic Coastal Plain—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 149. Morgan Creek, Atlantic Coastal Plain—upstream from bridge
Figure 150. Morgan Creek, Atlantic Coastal Plain—downstream from bridge
Figure 151. Morgan Creek, Atlantic Coastal Plain—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 152. Morgan Creek, Atlantic Coastal Plain—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 153. Hammond Branch, Atlantic Coastal Plain—upstream from bridge
Figure 154. Hammond Branch, Atlantic Coastal Plain—downstream from bridge
Figure 155. Hammond Branch, Atlantic Coastal Plain—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 156. Hammond Branch, Atlantic Coastal Plain—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 157. Pootatuck River, New England—downstream from bridge
Figure 158. Pootatuck River, New England—upstream from bridge
Figure 159. Pootatuck River, New England—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 160. Pootatuck River, New England—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 161. Mill River, New England—upstream from bridge
Figure 162. Mill River, New England—downstream from bridge
Figure 163. Mill River, New England—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 164. Mill River, New England—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 165. Aspetuck River, New England—upstream from bridge
Figure 166. Aspetuck River, New England—downstream from bridge
Figure 167. Aspetuck River, New England—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 168. Aspetuck River, New England—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 169. West Branch Saugatuck River, New England—downstream from bridge
Figure 170. West Branch Saugatuck River, New England—upstream from bridge
Figure 171. West Branch Saugatuck River, New England—looking downstream at bridge (bridge in foreground is the pedestrian bridge)
Figure 172. West Branch Saugatuck River, New England—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 173. Mianus River, New England—upstream from bridge
Figure 174. Mianus River, New England—downstream from bridge. Note weir
Figure 175. Mianus River, New England—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 176. Mianus River, New England—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 177. McKnown Creek, Appalachian Plateau—upstream from bridge
Figure 178. McKnown Creek, Appalachian Plateau—downstream from bridge
Figure 179. McKnown Creek, Appalachian Plateau—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 180. McKnown Creek, Appalachian Plateau—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 181. Wolf Run, Appalachian Plateau—upstream from bridge
Figure 182. Wolf Run, Appalachian Plateau—downstream from bridge
Figure 183. Wolf Run, Appalachian Plateau—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 184. Wolf Run, Appalachian Plateau—upstream face of bridge
Figure 185. Unnamed creek (N 48), Appalachian Plateau—upstream from bridge
Figure 186. Unnamed creek (N 48), Appalachian Plateau—downstream from bridge
Figure 187. Unnamed creek (N 48), Appalachian Plateau—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 188. Unnamed creek (N 48), Appalachian Plateau—looking upstream through bridge
Figure 189. Reids Run, Appalachian Plateau—upstream from bridge
Figure 190. Reids Run, Appalachian Plateau—downstream from bridge
Figure 191. Reids Run, Appalachian Plateau—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 192. Reids Run, Appalachian Plateau—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 193. Piney Creek, Appalachian Plateau—downstream from bridge
Figure 194. Piney Creek, Appalachian Plateau—upstream from bridge
Figure 195. Piney Creek, Appalachian Plateau—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 196. Piney Creek, Appalachian Plateau—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 197. Sandy Creek, Appalachian Plateau—upstream from bridge
Figure 198. Sandy Creek, Appalachian Plateau—downstream from bridge
Figure 199. Sandy Creek, Appalachian Plateau—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 200. Sandy Creek, Appalachian Plateau—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 201. Trout Run, Appalachian Plateau—upstream from bridge
Figure 202. Trout Run, Appalachian Plateau—downstream from bridge
Figure 203. Trout Run, Appalachian Plateau—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 204. Trout Run, Appalachian Plateau—upstream face of bridge
Figure 205. Blackrock Run, Piedmont—upstream from bridge
Figure 206. Blackrock Run, Piedmont—downstream from bridge
Figure 207. Blackrock Run, Piedmont—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 208. Blackrock Run, Piedmont—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 209. Indian Run, Piedmont—upstream from bridge
Figure 210. Indian Run, Piedmont—downstream from bridge
Figure 211. Indian Run, Piedmont—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 212. Indian Run, Piedmont—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 213. Middle Patuxent River, Piedmont—upstream from bridge
Figure 214. Middle Patuxent River, Piedmont—downstream from bridge
Figure 215. Middle Patuxent River, Piedmont—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 216. Middle Patuxent River, Piedmont—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 217. Atherton Tributary, Piedmont—upstream from bridge
Figure 218. Atherton Tributary, Piedmont—downstream from bridge
Figure 219. Atherton Tributary, Piedmont—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 220. Atherton Tributary, Piedmont—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 221. Little Elk Creek, Piedmont—upstream from bridge
Figure 222. Little Elk Creek, Piedmont—downstream from bridge
Figure 223. Little Elk Creek, Piedmont—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 224. Little Elk Creek, Piedmont—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 225. Big Beaver Creek, Piedmont—upstream from bridge
Figure 226. Big Beaver Creek, Piedmont—downstream from bridge
Figure 227. Big Beaver Creek, Piedmont—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 228. Big Beaver Creek, Piedmont—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 229. Buffalo Run, Valley and Ridge—upstream from bridge
Figure 230. Buffalo Run, Valley and Ridge—downstream from bridge
Figure 231. Buffalo Run, Valley and Ridge—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 232. Buffalo Run, Valley and Ridge—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 233. Roaring Run, Valley and Ridge—downstream from bridge
Figure 234. Roaring Run, Valley and Ridge—upstream from bridge
Figure 235. Roaring Run, Valley and Ridge—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 236. Roaring Run, Valley and Ridge—looking upstream at bridge
Figure 237. Potter Run, Valley and Ridge—downstream from bridge
Figure 238. Potter Run, Valley and Ridge—upstream from bridge
Figure 239. Potter Run, Valley and Ridge—looking downstream at bridge
Figure 240. Potter Run, Valley and Ridge—looking upstream at bridge
List of Tables
Table 1. Data items from reconnaissance sheets related to stream stability indicators
Table 2. Summary of common indicators used in channel stability assessment methods
Table 3. Montgomery and Buffington stream classification system
Table 4. Regional equation parameters for selected physiographic regions in the United States
Table 5. River data summary
Table 6. River channel data
Table 7. River bank data
Table 8. Stability indicators, descriptions, and ratings
Table 9. Stability assessment ratings for each factor
Table 10. Overall rankings for pool-riffle, plane-bed, dune-ripple, and engineered channels
Table 11. Overall rankings for cascade and step-pool channels
Table 12. Overall rankings for braided channels
Table 13. Vertical versus lateral stability
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