Publications

An Integrated Approach to Sustainable Roadside Design and Restoration

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References

Bibliography
Appendix A

Bibliography

Context Sensitive Solutions. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/css/

Deakin, Elizabeth. Sustainable Development and Sustainable Transportation: Strategies for Economic Prosperity, Environmental Quality and Equity. University of California at Berkeley. Working Paper 2001-2003.

FHWA Integrated Approach for Building Sustainable Roads. CH2MHill. 2013. FHWA Project Development and Design Manual. 2011.

FHWA The Nature of Roadsides and the Tools to Work With It. Publication Number FHWA-EP-03-005 (HEPN-30) https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/species-type

FHWA Preserving a Landmark in the Sky Rehabilitation of the Going-to-the-Sun Road. 2008. FHWA Sustainable Highways. www.sustainablehighways.org. Accessed 2012.

ICF International Integrating Context-Sensitive Solutions into Transportation Practice. 2009.

Illinois DOT. Bureau of Design and Environment Manual; Chapter Fifty-Nine: Landscape Design and Erosion Control (Illinois Department of Transportation). 2002.

Intercounty Connector Project. www.iccproject.com.

Jones, Kim D., Beverly Storey, Debbie Jasek, Joseph Sai. Synthesis of New Methods for Sustainable Roadside Landscapes Publication Number FHWA/TX-07/0-5330-1. 2007.

Nebraska Department of Roads. Plan for the Roadside Environment. 2008.

New York City Department of Design and the Construction and Design Trust for Public Space. High Performance Infrastructure Guidelines: Best Practices for the Public Right-of-Way (New York NY, New York City Department of Design and the Design Trust for Public Spaces). 2005.

National Research Council. Assessing and Managing the Ecological Impacts of Paved Roads. Washington (D.C.): National Academies Press, 2005.

National Research Council. Committee of Characterization of Wetlands, Wetlands, Characteristics and Boundaries, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1995.

Parsons Brinckerhoff. Assessing the Impact of Climate Variability on Transportation Infrastructure. 2012. State Route 76 Project. www.keepsandiegomoving.com/SR-76-Corridor/SR76-intro.aspx

Transportation Research Board (TRB). Developing Low-Impact Urban Roadsides with Sustainable Landscape Management in Houston, Texas. 2009.

United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED). Our Common Future (also known as the Brundtland Report). 1987.

Washington State DOT. Roadside Classification Plan. 1996. Washington State DOT. Roadside Manual. 2003.

AESTHETICS

FHWA. Highway Safety and Trees: The Delicate Balance. Publication Number FHWA-SA-06-12. 2006. Marin County Fire Department. Community Wildfire Protection Plan. 2005.

National Historic Preservation Act, as amended. www.achp.gov/docs/nhpa%202008-final.pdf. 2006.

Neuman, Timothy R., et al. NCHRP Report 500, Volume 3: A Guide for Addressing Collisions with Trees in Hazardous Locations. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. 2003.

Ohio DOT. Aesthetic Design Guidelines. www.dot.state.oh.us/policy/AestheticDesign/Documents/ODOTAesthetics.pdf. 2000.

Nevada DOT, Landscape Architecture Section. Pattern and Palette of Place: A Landscape and Aesthetics Master Plan for the Nevada Highway System (Carson City NV; Nevada Department of Transportation). www.nevadadot.com/projects-programs/landscape-aesthetics . 2002.

Nevada Community Wildfire Risk/Hazard Assessment Project: Lincoln County. Prepared for The Nevada Fire Safe Council by Resource Concepts, Inc. 2005.

New York State DOT. Information on Living Snow Fences. www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/environmental-analysis/landscape/trees/rs_liv_sn_fence

Schauman, Sally, et al. Visual Perception of the Roadway and Roadside Elements by the Observer in Motion. Washington State Transportation Center, WA-RD 283-1, TRAC/WSDOT, Seattle, Washington. www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/283.1.pdf. 1992.

Texas DOT. Landscape and Aesthetic Design Manual. http://onlinemanuals.txdot.gov/txdotmanuals/lad/lad.pdf. 2009.

GEOTECH

AASHTO. A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets (Green Book), 5th Edition. 2004. AASHTO. Roadside Design Guide, 3rd Edition. 2002.

Li, Ming-Han, James Schutt, Jett McFalls, Eric Bardenhagen, Chan Yong Sung, Lee Whellock. Successful Establishment, Mowing Response and Erosion Control Characteristics of Roadside Vegetation in Texas. Report 0-4949-1. 2008.

HYDRAULIC DESIGN

AASHTO. Stormwater Treatment with Vegetated Buffers. AASHTO Standing Committee on the Environment. 2009.

Environmental Protection Agency. The National Menu of Best Management Practices for Stormwater Phase II. https://www.epa.gov/npdes/national-menu-best-management-practices-bmps-stormwater#edu. 2000.

FHWA. Urban Drainage Design Manual. Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 22, Third Edition. Publication No. FHWA-NHI-10-009. 2009.

FHWA. Culvert Design for Aquatic Organism Passage, Hydraulic Engineering Circular Number 26, FHWA Central Federal Lands. Publication Number FHWA-HIF-11-008. 2010.

J.F. Sabourin and Associates, Inc. An Evaluation of Roadside Ditches and other related Stormwater Management Practices
Addendum. 2000.

Nevada DOT. Nevada DOT Storm Water Quality Handbooks Planning and Design Guide, Appendix B Permanent Best Management Practices. https://www.nevadadot.com/. 2006.

Oregon State University, Geosyntec Consultants, University of Florida and the Low Impact Development Center, Inc. TRB Evaluation of Best Management Practices for Highway Runoff Control. NCHRP Report 565. 2006.

TRB NCHRP 565: Evaluation of Best Management Practices for Highway Runoff Control. 2006.

TRB NCHRP 430: Cost-Effective and Sustainable Road Slope Stabilization and Erosion Control. 2012.

Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Design of Road Culverts for Fish Passage. 2003.

Washington State DOT. Hydraulics Manual. M 23-03.03. Environmental and Engineering Programs. 2010.

Washington State DOT. Highway Runoff Manual M31-16. www.wsdot.wa.gov/publications/manuals/fulltext/M31-16/highwayrunoff.pdf. 2008.

Yu, S.L., and R.J. Kaighn. VDOT Manual of Practice for Planning Stormwater Management. Publication Number FHWA/VA-92-R13, Virginia Department of Transportation, Virginia Transportation Research Council, Charlottesville, VA. 1992.

Yu, S., S. Barnes, and V. Gerde. Testing of Best Management Practices for Controlling Highway Runoff Technical Report. Charlottesville, VA: Virginia Transportation Research Council. 1993.

VEGETATION

AASHTO. Guidelines for Vegetation Management, 1st Edition, with Appendices. 2011.

Barton, Susan, Rick Drake, and Gary Schwetz. Delaware Center for Horticulture. Enhancing Delaware Highways; A Roadside Vegetation Concept and Planning Manual. Dover DE; Delaware Department of Transportation. 2005.

Brown, Janice W. Eco-logical: An Ecosystem Approach to Developing Infrastructure Projects. (Cambridge, MA; U S Department of Transportation Research and Innovative Technology Administration) 2006.

Cook, Thomas W., and Ann Marie Vanderzanden. Sustainable Landscape Management, Design, Construction, and Maintenance. 2011.

EPA. A Source Book on Natural Landscaping for Public Officials. ONLINE ONLY: www.epa.gov/greatlakes

FHWA. Roadside Revegetation: An Integrated Approach to Establishing Native Plants. Publication Number FHWA-WFL/TD-0-005. 2007.

Iowa DOT. Integrated Roadside Vegetation Management Plan. No Date.

Nowak, C.A. and B.D. Ballard. A Framework for Applying Integrated Vegetation Management on Rights-of-Way, Final Report. Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA. ONLINE ONLY: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4107/is_200501/ai_n9467723/. 2004.

TRB NCHRP 363: Control of Invasive Species. 2006.

TRB NCHRP 341: Integrated Roadside Vegetation Management. 2006.

University of Minnesota. Best Practices Handbook on Roadside Vegetation Management. Minnesota Technology Transfer, University of Minnesota. 2000.

Vermont Chapter of the American Society of Landscape Architects. Landscape Guide for Vermont Roadways and Transportation Facilities. Montpelier, VT; The Vermont Agency of Transportation. 2002.

MAINTENANCE

Chester County, Pennsylvania Water Resources Authority. Maintaining Stormwater Facilities A Good Idea Whose Time Has Come.
2004.

FHWA Interim Technical Bulletin. Lifecycle Cost Analysis in Pavement Design. 1998.

FHWA RealCost software. www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/asstmgmt/lccasoft.cfm. FHWA. Maintenance of Drainage Features for Safety. FHWA-SA-09-024. 2009.

FHWA. W-Beam Guardrail Repair and Maintenance: A Guide for Street and Highway Maintenance Personnel. FHWA-RT-90-001. 2008.

International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Lifecycle Assessment (LCA). 2006

New York State DOT Green and Blue Highways Program. www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/operating/oom/transportation-maintenance/green-blue-highways?nd=nysdot

APPENDIX A

Category	Subcategory	Measure	Implemented	Considered but Not Implemented	Not Applicable to Project	Justification / Notes
Aesthetics	Preservation of Views	Develop materials and designs that blend into the environment.
		Specify roadside signs that meet the AASHTO standards but also respond to the local cultural and environmental context.
		Identify important natural features that should be preserved within the clear zone and jointly develop strategies to preserve these features.
		Develop blowing-snow mitigation designs that are safe and visually appealing.
		Determine the impact of vegetative clearing on the local environment.
		Specify plants that will enhance views from the roadway.
		Identify flora to be preserved in the clear zone.
		Specify seed mixes and plantings for water quality features.
		Revegetate with contextually appropriate plant species.
		Specify materials and designs that have an extended lifecycle.
		Develop screening strategies for water quality facilities.
		Develop cut and fill designs that ensure preservation of open vistas and view corridors.
		Mitigate the visual effect of cut and fill on the local roadside environment.
		Construct retaining walls that blend into the natural context.
		Ensure that rock fencing has the least amount of visual impact.
Category	Subcategory	Measure	Implemented	Considered but Not Implemented	Not Applicable to Project	Justification/Notes
Geotechnical	Materials	Ensure that slope angle can be supported by the roadside material.
		Design for mitigation and prevention of future rockfall events.
		Ensure that there is adequate support for structures. Where possible, minimize the area of the ground to be disturbed for the excavation.
		Ensure that if vegetation is used to anchor soil, that it is designed for the long term and will minimize encroachment.
		Ensure that little to no irrigation is needed after initial plant establishment.
		Consider vegetation as a tool that can bolster the palette of geotechnical strategies.
		Check for the design of adequate drainage in wall systems.
		Use local materials for roadside elements (embankments, structures, etc).
		Use recycled materials for roadside elements.
		Stabilize soils with cementitious and recycled materials.
Category	Subcategory	Measure	Implemented	Considered but Not Implemented	Not Applicable to Project	Justification / Notes
Hydraulic Design	General	Identify protected and/or sensitive areas along corridor to help establish drainage pattern.
		Use native trees and brush to ensure stable materials, intercept rainfall and slow runoff accumulation.
		Evaluate the balance in slopes to preserve natural environment.
		Evaluate options to handle or divert runoff with wall design.
		Mimic natural flow conditions.
		Minimize visual impact of water quality features and structures.
	Specific Strategies	Microcatchments
		Micro-terraces
		Slope Transitions
		Bioretention
		Innovative culvert design
		Bioslopes
		Vegetated buffers
	Construction Practices	Restore streambanks.
		Provide for soil erosion control.
		Meet NPDES requirements.
		Stage construction to minimize soil exposure.
		Provide stormwater detention.
		Minimize water ponding on the edge of pavement which can contribute to deterioration of the pavement edge and rutting of the soil.
Category	Subcategory	Measure	Implemented	Considered but Not Implemented	Not Applicable to Project	Justification / Notes
Vegetation	Process	Define vegetation objectives clearly within the context of the larger project objectives.
		Document physical and environmental features of the site (solar aspect, elevation, slopes, grading, drainage, climate, etc.)
		Develop a vegetation plan. Consider plant establishment, plant sizes/spacing and natural forms of weed control.
		Minimize delivery distance of vegetation needs to the project site
		Minimize the costs of the resources and materials required to establish the plants such as the costs of water, fertilizer, pest control and labor required.
		Document the success of vegetation efforts during post-construction and through long-term operations.
	Habitat	Avoid/Minimize/Mitigate Habitat Fragmentation
		Create new habitats where possible and restore or create new connections between habitats.
		Restore/Mitigate Wetlands
		Provide Nesting Locations
		Provide Wildlife Crossings
		Provide Fish Passage
		Schedule Construction to Avoid Wildlife Disruption
	Trees and Plants	Avoid impacts to trees
		Design for a net increase in tree species (replacement greater than 1:1 ratio)
		Re-establish/expand native vegetation in reclaimed work areas
		Use native plant material as living snow fences, sight screens, etc
		Design plant groupings to provide contrast and respond to context.
		Remove invasive and undesirable plant species
		Balance cut and fill
		Reduce use of fertilizers and herbicides
		Reuse and preserve topsoil
Category	Subcategory	Measure	Implemented	Considered but Not Implemented	Not Applicable to Project	Justification / Notes
Maintenance	Hydraulic Design	Ensure that ditches remain traversable after cleaning.
		Clean ditches and structural features of debris and sediment regularly to prevent them from clogging and backing water onto the travel way.
		Ensure that side slopes do not become eroded over time. Plant native vegetation to slow erosion.
		Avoid drainage features built above the ground which can cause injury if hit. Extend or relocate pipe, culvert and other features.
	Geotechnical	Evaluate side slopes for any steepening due to erosion.
		Evaluate any erosion damage around roadside structures such as walls, columns, abutments and drainage structures.
		Evaluate the safety of steep slide slopes for their ability to handle errant vehicles; evaluate the quality of the recovery area (if present) at foot of embankment.
	Vegetation	Develop an Integrated Vegetation Management (IVM) plan to set priorities and direct maintenance actions.
		Control invasive weeds.
		Improve soils to ensure long-term plant health.
		Manage living snow fences.
		Maintain clear zones.
		Keep vegetation away from guardrail.
	Safety	Maintain guardrail and fencing in good condition; inspect regularly.
		Repair damaged guardrail promptly to ensure safe travel.
		Maintain and repair roadside signs, safety devices, etc.
		Clear litter and collect trash from the roadside.